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EN
Various models of DC-DC converters have been presented in many references. This paper provides extended version of a common transfer functions (line-tooutput, control-to-output) of three most popular DC-DC converters BUCK, BOOST and BUCK-BOOST. The extension includes all parasitic resistances and additional voltage source created after linearization of diode characteristic.
PL
W dostępnej literaturze istnieje wiele modeli przetwornic napięcia stałego. Modele te różnią się między innymi rodzajem uwzględnianych rezystancji pasożytniczych. Niniejszy artykuł zawiera modele przetwornic napięcia stałego BUCK, BOOST oraz BUCK-BOOST, wyprowadzone przy pomocy techniki separacji zmiennych. Modele te uwzględniają zarówno rezystancje pasożytnicze wszystkich elementów przetwornicy jak i dodatkowe źródło napięcia powstałe po linearyzacji charakterystyki diody.
4
Content available remote Konsumencka ocena jakości usługi hotelarskiej
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PL
W niniejszym artykule poddano analizie jakość usług hotelarskich z punktu widzenia konsumenta. Przedmiotem badań były informacje uzyskane z ankiety hotelowej, udostępnionej gościom w jednym z hoteli w Bydgoszczy.
EN
In above article, the author has described an introduction process, in handing out the enquiries, in one of the hotels in Bydgoszcz. Those enquiries were supposed to help in evaluating the quality and the standard of the hotel's services. As they contained a lot of useful information, they were very helpful to the owners and management of above mentioned hotel. The author get known with the hotel's enquiries from 1999 till 2003, which were kept in hotel's archives. On the grounds of those materials the author start the statistical researches. Furthermore some of those enquiries contained, very important, especially for management, comments and suggestions how to improve the services, and also it gave a conclusion which questions should have place in those kind of enquiries in the future.
EN
This study examined changes of bacteria numbers in the surface microlayer (SM) and subsurface water (SW) of a lake during a day- and night-time. The research also addresses the synthesis of DNA and cell protein as well as the activity of cellular dehydrogenases depending on time of the day. Results demonstrated that in spring and summer the numbers of bacteria (per cm3 ) in the SM was significantly greater during night-time than day-time (average: May, daytime – 30.058 × 10⁶, night-time – 71.343 × 10⁶; July, day-time – 10.801 × 10⁶, night-time – 40.353 × 10⁶). In October, numbers of bacteria in dayand night-time were not statistically different (respectively: 5.841 × 10⁶ and 3.664 × 10⁶). Results indicated also that the rate of DNA synthesis by SM bacteria was much higher in the night-time (average: May – 2.049 × 10⁻⁶ pg h⁻¹ cell⁻¹; July – 1.363 × 10⁻⁶ pg h⁻¹ cell⁻¹), than in the day-time (average: May – 0.7263 × 10⁻⁶ pg h⁻¹ cell⁻¹; July – 0.3404 ×10⁻⁶ pg h⁻¹ cell⁻¹). In contrast, in October the values of DNA synthesis by SM bacteria were higher in night-time. These changes are significantly smaller in SW at a depth of several dozen centimetres. However, no significant impact was observed of a time of the day on the activity of protein synthesis and activity of cellular dehydrogenases by bacteria inhabiting SM and SW.
PL
W pracy przedstawiono porównanie wyników laboratoryjnych badań rozkładu uziarnienia osadów poflotacyjnych, pochodzących z procesu wzbogacania rudy miedzi. Zaprezentowano również wyniki analizy statystycznej parametrów uziarnienia, na podstawie której wykazano statystycznie istotne różnice w ocenie uziarnienia osadów zbadanych różnymi metodami. Badania przeprowadzono standardowymi metodami sitowymi – przesiewania i przemywania urobku pozyskanego z tej samej próby. Dobór właściwej metodyki i procedury badawczej determinowany jest zawsze analizą wstępną makroskopowego rozpoznania ośrodka gruntowego. Prawidłowo określony rozkład uziarnienia gruntu ma bowiem zasadniczy wpływ na jego klasyfikację i dalej na ocenę przydatności w budownictwie ziemnym. Problem ten nabiera większego znaczenia w przypadku gruntów antropogenicznych, które mogą być wykorzystywane do konstrukcji zapór lub uszczelniania konstrukcji hydrotechnicznych. W ujęciu praktycznym, znajomość ograniczeń wynikających z zastosowania danej metody, uniezależnia od błędnego wnioskowania o wynikach badań. Doskonale zagadnienie to zilustrować można na przykładzie doboru metody służącej ocenie parametrów oraz rozkładów uziarnienia gruntów.
EN
This paper presents the comparison of the results of laboratory tests of postflotation sediments grain size distributions, originating from the copper ore flotation process. The paper also presents the results of statistical analysis conducted on grain size parameters. Statistically significant differences were shown in the assessment of grain size distribution, which result from the selection of the research procedure. A comparison of results recorded for wet and dry sieving methods was conducted within a group of the same samples of postflotation deposits. The selection of an appropriate research method and procedure should also be preceded by a thorough analysis and preliminary determination of the soil medium. A correctly determined grain size distribution is essential for its further classification and then, through grain size criteria, for the assessment of suitability of the analysed material in earth structure construction. This problem is of even greater importance in the case of anthropogenic soils, which are used to construct dams or seal hydroengineering structures. In practical terms knowledge on the limitations resulting from the application of a given method prevents erroneous conclusions on research results. This problem may be perfectly illustrated based on the selection of a method assessing parameters and soil grain size distributions.
PL
Pomiary pola powierzchni śladów przedniego i tylnego koła ciągnika MF 235 wykonano dla 3 różnych ciśnień w oponach i 5 obciążeń. Zastosowana metoda wideo-komputerowa pozwala na dokładne określenie mierzonych powierzchni dla różnych warunków eksploatacyjnych. Przedstawione wykresy oraz sformułowane równania regresji wskazują, iż powierzchnia śladów wzrasta proporcjonalnie do obciążenia i ciśnienia.
EN
The contact areas of tracks left by front and rear tyred wheels of the MF235 tractor were measured for 3 different tyre pressures and 5 loads.The video-computer measuring method used in research enabled exact determination of measured contact areas at different operation conditions. The diagrams presented and formulated regression equations showed that the area of tyred wheel tracks increased proportionally to both, the load and tyre pressure.
EN
The present study examined the impact of solar radiation, including UVB, on the activity of intra- and extracellular bacterial enzymes from the surface microlayer (SM). Following results of the study, it was concluded that solar radiation has a significant impact on the activity of extracellular hydrolases in the SM water. In contrast, no clear changes in activity of these en­zymes were observed in subsurface water (SW). The activity of intracellular enzymes (cellular de­hydrogenases) of bacteria inhabiting the SM and SW underwent no significant changes in the pres­ence of solar radiation. Furthermore, the study also demonstrated substantial changes in the num­bers of bacteria occurring in the SM water depending on the intensity of solar radiation.
16
Content available remote The Rationality of Science. Introductory Remarks
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EN
The paper presents the main ideas of the authoress book 'The Rationality of Science: Problems, Conceptions, and Arguments' (Lublin 2006). It proposes a typology (reconstruction and idealization) of two opposing concepts of the rationality of science, called classical and non-classical. This serves to order and to understand changes that took place in thinking on the rationality of science in the 20th century. Criteria for the distinction between classical and non-classical concepts are also proposed. The following theses proposed in the book are given as discussion suggestions: the thesis of the evaluative and normative dimension of the notion of the rationality of science, the thesis of its theoretical character, and the thesis that the rationality of science is a kind of epistemic rationality. The restriction of problems of the rationality of science to problems of the rationality of propositional knowledge and problems of rationality in the context of justification is argued against. Questions about the relationship between the rationality of inquiry and the rationality of its results (knowledge) and about the philosophical and logical character of the problem of the genesis of knowledge are posed.
17
Content available remote Day-to-night activity of bacteria in the surface microlayer of eutrophic lake
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EN
This study examined changes of bacteria numbers in the surface microlayer (SM) and subsurface water (SW) of a lake during a day- and night-time. The research also addresses the synthesis of DNA and cell protein as well as the activity of cellular dehydrogenases depending on time of the day. Results demonstrated that in spring and summer the numbers of bacteria (per cm[^3]) in the SM was significantly greater during night-time than day-time (average: May, daytime - 30.058 x 10[^6], night-time - 71.343 x 10[^6]; July, day-time - 10.801 x 10[^6], night-time - 40.353 x 10[^6]). In October, numbers of bacteria in day-and night-time were not statistically different (respectively: 5.841 x 10[^6] and 3.664 x 10[^6]). Results indicated also that the rate of DNA synthesis by SM bacteria was much higher in the night-time (average: May - 2.049 x 10[^-6] pg h[^-1] cell[^-1]; July - 1.363 x 10[^-6] pg h[^-1] cell[^-1]), than in the day-time (average: May . 0.7263 x 10[^-6] pg h[^-1] cell[^-1]; July - 0.3404 x 10[^-6] pg h[^-1] cell[^-1]). In contrast, in October the values of DNA synthesis by SM bacteria were higher in night-time. These changes are significantly smaller in SW at a depth of several dozen centimetres. However, no significant impact was observed of a time of the day on the activity of protein synthesis and activity of cellular dehydrogenases by bacteria inhabiting SM and SW.
18
Content available remote Organizowanie szkoleń dla przedsiębiorstw w problematyce zarządzania zasobami
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PL
W artykule prezentowane są główne kroki postępowania w projektowaniu programów szkoleniowych w pełnym cyklu, poczynając od rozpoznania zgłoszonych potrzeb klienta aż do ostatecznego przygotowania zajęć szkoleniowych. W pracach projektowych uwzględnia się średni poziom wiedzy przyszłych kursantów oraz specjalne wskazania metodyczne zamawiającego jako funkcje misji i wizji firm.
EN
This paper is presented the general steps of the project training programs in complete of cicle, the begining of recognising customer's needs to the last preparing treining’s lectures. In projecting works is analized medium level of knowledge trainers-to-be and special me-todical recuirements of client as functions of mission and vision of company.
EN
This paper reports the results of studies of microbiological changes in the water quality of the Vistula and Brda rivers after the opening of sewage treatment plants in Bydgoszcz. The study involved determining the microbiological parameters of water quality. Based on the results obtained, it was found that the quality of the water in both rivers had improved decidedly after the opening of the plants, although an increased number of individual groups of microorganisms was found at the treated sewage outlet from one of the plants.
EN
Ringing of an inductor current occurs in a DC-DC BUCK converter working in DCM when current falls to zero. The oscillations are the source of interferences and can have a significant influence on output voltage. This paper discusses the influence of the inductor current ringing on output voltage. It is proved through examples that the oscillations can change actual value of duty a cycle in a way that makes the output voltage difficult to predict.
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