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PL
Przedstawiono organizację działalności informacyjnej w zakresie medycyny w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Zaprezentowano historię powstania, strukturę i najważniejsze przedsięwzięcia realizowane w Narodowej Bibliotece Medycznej (NLM); rozwój i osiągnięcia Krajowej Sieci Bibliotek Medycznych (NN/LM); genezę i rozwój systemu MEDLARS/MEDLINE oraz koncepcję Zintegrowanych Systemów Zarządzania Informacją (IAIMS).
EN
The article presents the organization of information activity in the field of medicine in the United States of America. It describes the establishment, structure and most important achievements of the National Library of Medicine (NLM); the development and accomplishments of the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM); the origin and evolution of the MEDLARS/MEDLINE system, as well as the concept of Integrated Advanced Information Management Systems (IAIMS).
PL
Federalization or Dissolution? The Relations of the USA and Austria–Hungary in the Last Year of the First World WarThe United States of America played an undeniably pivotal role during the dissolution of Austria–Hungary. This article demonstrates the fact that President Wodrow Wilson was, until the last months of the war, hesitant to support the dissolution of Austria–Hungary. He gradually changed his standpoint over the spring and summer of 1918. It also proves that the Secretary of State Robert Lansing had a major effect on the President’s decision making. In contrast, the secret Peace Inquiry Bureau, or the group of experts named The Inquiry, established by Colonel House with the aim of tackling the issues of peace settlement, lacked inner coherence in terms of the future of Austria–Hungary after the war. The group’s representatives were long in favor of federalization, rather than of the empire’s dissolution. The article also largely examines Austro–Hungarian policy toward the USA, which to this day has not been thoroughly studied in specialized literature. Yet, before the spring of 1918 and to a certain extent even later, Vienna regarded the USA as a possible partner in its efforts to conclude peace. Studying Austro–Hungarian sources, the article analyzes in detail the development of Austro–Hungarian policy, which lacked a unified theme. In this respect, the article also mentions the devastating effect of the Sixtus Affair (April 1918) on the reputation of Austria– Hungary in the USA. Another conclusion of this article is the findings that in Austria–Hungary in the spring and summer of 1918, surprisingly scarce attention was paid to the US policy vis–à– vis Central Europe. President Wilson had not envisaged dissolution of the Hapsburg monarchy at the end of the war. In spite of his one statement from December 1914, the dissolution of Austria–Hungary was not in his plans. After Emperor Charles came to the throne (November 1916), Wilson and Lansing struggled to drive a wedge among the Central Powers and therefore carefully distinguished among them. While Lansing could not rule out the possibility that Austria–Hungary would escape the influence of Germany and would withdraw from the war, as time proceeded, he grew increasingly skeptical. His reservation was based on the widely accepted opinion that the monarchy was Germany’s vassal. As this article proofs, Austria–Hungary was not utterly dependent on Germany, contrary to statements made by various US officials including Wilson, the Emperor’s reputation was damaged by the Sixtus Affair in the spring of 1918. Similarly, with regard to the dangerous German offensive, a growing number of voices in the US administration called for the support of the claims of the exile representatives of the monarchy’s nations. Gradually, the space for differentiating between Austria–Hungary and Germany vanished. The United States had become convinced of the monarchy’s total dependence on Berlin and resolved for its dissolution.
EN
In the United States, systematic efforts towards environmental protection have been undertaken relatively recently. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970, and the basic law, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), has been in force since 1976. All environmental legal acts combine environmental protection, work safety and health issues. That is why the term SHE (safety, health, environment) is commonly used, and these issues are dealt with as a whole. The article presents U.S. environmental protection principles and practices. A number of them are ready models which can be used in Poland.
PL
Systematyczne działania dla ochrony środowiska podjęto w USA stosunkowo niedawno. Amerykańska Federalna Agencja Ochrony Środowiska (USEPA) powstała w roku 1970, a podstawowy akt prawny, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) obowiązuje od 1976 r. Wszystkie akty prawne obowiązujące w tej dziedzinie wiążą w całość zagadnienia ochrony środowiska, bezpiecznej pracy i ochrony zdrowia. Dlatego w powszechnym użyciu jest termin SHE (safety, health, environment) i całościowe traktowanie tych zagadnień. Artykuł omawia amerykańskie zasady i sposoby działania w zakresie ochrony środowiska. Wiele z nich stanowi gotowe wzorce, które możnawykorzystać w praktyce w naszym kraju.
PL
Przedstawiono rozwiązania obiektów mostowych, które znalazły się na liście pięćdziesięciu najważniejszych obiektów zrealizowanych w USA z zastosowaniem prefabrykatów z betonu sprężonego. Listę opracowano z okazji 50-lecia istnienia Instytutu Betonowych Prefabrykowanych Konstrukcji Sprężonych (PCI)
EN
Structural solutions of bridge objects which were listed as the most important realizations in the USA, built of RC prestressed prefabricated members have been described. The list was prepared on the occasion of the fifty years existence of the Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute in the USA.
EN
Agriculture is one of the most weather sensitive production systems and weather data are crucial factors influencing decisions at either individual fann and regional levels. Rapid technological progress in the last few years allows us to improve both, weather data collection and dissemination systems. The paper discussed the problem of establishing agricultural meteorological networks (AMN) on the basis of the subject literature combined with the practical, first-hand experience gained by the author during his stay in the USA.
Aura
|
2006
|
nr 04
28-29
EN
For many years the Federal Environmental Protection Program providing basic guidelines on environmental protection, allowing states with latitude in their prioritization, implementation methods and applied resources, has been in operation in the US. Any state can change federal action plans, amend them, and introduce its own methods more appropriate for the nature in this state. It is obvious if the huge area of the United States is accounted for. The author discusses this situation in the Missouri State, in the central part of the US.
PL
W USA od lat istnieje Federalny Program Ochrony Środowiska, który wytycza podstawowe kierunki ochrony, ale pozostawia poszczególnym stanom pełną swobodę ich realizacji pod względem priorytetu przeprowadzania zadań, sposobu wykonywania oraz stosowanych środków. Każdy stan może zmienić federalny program działań, modyfikować go, także wprowadzać własne metody, bardziej odpowiednie, w zależności od charakteru przyrody w danym stanie. Ze względu na rozległość USA jest to oczywiste. Autor omawia sytuację w tym względzie w stanie Missouri, w środkowej części kraju.
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