Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Několik poznámek k současné německojazyčné frazeografii

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Šichová K. , Šemelík M.

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nr 2

241-253

EN

Among linguists there is a lively interest in phraseology, which is still a relatively young branch of linguistics. However, its basic descriptive application, phraseography, whose task is to collect and describe phraseological expressions of a given language, is still a rather neglected area, at least in terms of integrating theory into practice. The paper reports on two relatively modern phraseological dictionaries of German and takes up the question of their user-friendliness. It examines the notion of phraseme in these dictionaries against the background of František Čermák’s conception of phraseology. Unsurprisingly, it turns out that both dictionaries are in need of substantial improvements if they are to become really effective tools for resolving language problems, which is the essential function of every dictionary. Nonetheless, some of the special features of Deutsche Idiomatik by Hans Schemann deserve recognition and make the dictionary exceptional. For this reason, the paper voices the need for a discussion of Schemann’s phraseographical works in Czech linguistics, or, more precisely, in Czech phraseography. In addition, the paper comments on DUDEN 11: Redewendungen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik which is probably the most popular German dictionary of this type.

2

Několik poznámek ke zpracování slovotvorných elementů v překladovém slovníku

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Šemelík M.

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tom 102

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nr 1

102-117

EN

The aim of this paper is to reflect on a lexicographical work that can be regarded as exceptional (not only in the context of German-Russian lexicography), and to show how its concept could be refined for a new bilingual dictionary of word-forming elements. The Slovar’ slovoobrazovatel’nyh elementov nemeckogo iazyka (SSENI, M. D. Stepanova et al., 1979) can be characterized as a specialized bilingual word-formation dictionary containing 770 entries of word-forming elements of contemporary German and listing Russian equivalents of the respective lexical items. The paper offers a short discussion of word-forming elements in the framework of monolingual and translation lexicography, from the perspective of both general and specialized (word formation) dictionaries. After this exposition, the paper focuses on the characteristics and description of the approach taken by the SSENI. It is posited that the dictionary is outstanding in many respects and that it can, even forty years after its publication, serve as an inspiration for similar dictionaries of other language pairs. Along with the analysis of the SSENI, the paper puts forward some specific suggestions for the treatment of wordforming elements.

3

Tři "nové" modifikační částice v češtině: schválně, normálně a jako

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Rinas K.

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nr 3

163-177

EN

It is a common opinion that Czech modal particles evolved under the influence of the German language. Moreover, investigations of Czech modal particles are heavily Germanbased in the sense that they are intended to identify Czech equivalents of German particles. This article is an attempt to look at the Czech system of modal particles not primarily from the German perspective, but on the basis of a general theory of modal particles. This approach leads to the identification of three Czech particles, the modal functions of which have not yet been noticed. It turns out that they have no clear German equivalents. Therefore, it is likely that they did not evolve under German influence.

4

K lexikografickému zpracování tabuových slov

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Šemelík M. , Lišková M.

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nr 1

39-57

EN

The present study addresses primarily the question of how vulgarisms are treated in various dictionaries, classifying taboo words into four main classes (etymological, euphemistic, terminological, and informal/vulgar). The main focus here is on sexual vulgarisms, as sexuality can be regarded as a multifaceted taboo established by various factors such as religion, psychology and the like. Our claim is that there exist certain taboo mechanisms within the lexicographic process that influence the design of particular dictionary entries. Supported by original research, our study illustrates how these mechanisms apply in the Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary and the Academic Dictionary of Contemporary Czech. Challenges in the description of vulgarisms, e.g. orthography, definition or exemplification, are presented. It is posited that the user aspect must be given enhanced status within the dictionary-making process and that lexicographers often have to base their decisions on common sense rather than a general methodology that often cannot account for various special cases and exceptions.

5

MERLIN: Multilingvální platforma pro evropské referenční úrovně

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Štindlová B. , Čurdová V.

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nr 2

190-200

EN

The paper provides an overview of the motivation, development and major principles of the international project Merlin. The main output of this project is a unique trilingual learner corpus consisting of German, Italian and Czech. The corpus will be available as an online platform illustrating the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) with authentic learner data and enabling users to explore authentic written learner productions and related metadata (e.g. age, first language of the learner, etc.). Each text in the corpus is linguistically analysed during the multiphase error annotation. This process raises some problematic issues concerning the particularly specific character of Czech as a Slavic language. The paper summarises some of these problems and their possible solutions.

6

"Vypadlo to, ale miserabel pro mne". Vícejazyčnost v korespondenci Karla Havlíčka

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Mareš P.

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nr 2

57-70

EN

This paper deals with the occurrence of other languages in the Czech correspondence of Karel Havlíček. Two sets of letters are analyzed: Letters written during Havlíček’s journey to Russia (1842–1844) and letters Havlíček sent to his brother from his confinement in Brixen (1851–1855). The letters from Russia in particular include elements from Latin, Russian and German. The various functions of these elements are described, e.g. Latin sayings primarily evoke contact with the equally educated addressees, while Russian words and phrases illustrate the specificity of the society Havlíček wrote about. German is dominant in the second set of letters. It is used as an integral component of Havlíček’s idiolect, as a means of semantic explanation or as testimony to conflicts with Austrian institutions.

7

A typology of contact phenomena in medieval personal names (A historical onomastic survey based on medieval documents from Hungary):

80%

Slíz M.

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nr 2

361-374

EN

Medieval Hungary was a multicultural country: beside the Hungarian majority it also had Turkic, German, Slavic, Walloon, Italian, etc. inhabitants. Although the majority of medieval documents were written in Latin, there are a number of charters written in other languages, such as German. This cultural and linguistic diversity provides an opportunity to investigate contact phenomena among different languages based on personal name phrases. The paper outlines the methodological adaptability and the limits of using given names, bynames or family names and name phrases in the investigation of contact phenomena. It introduces language and discourse contact phenomena on the level of spelling and orthography and the morphology and syntax of name phrases, based upon examples from charters written in Latin and German.

CS

Maďarsko bylo ve středověku multikulturní zemí: vedle maďarské většiny zde žili také obyvatelé turkického, germánského, slovanského, valonského, italského aj. původu. Ačkoli většina středověkých dokumentů byla psána latinsky, dochovalo se i mnoho listin v dalších jazycích, např. v němčině. Tato kulturní a jazyková diverzita poskytuje příležitost prozkoumat projevy jazykového kontaktu mezi různými jazyky na základě osobních jmen dochovaných v tomto materiálu. Článek se zabývá metodologickými možnostmi a omezeným využitím rodných jmen, příjmí nebo příjmení a jmenných spojení ve výzkumu kontaktních jevů. Představuje (pro)jevy jazykového kontaktu v jazyce a diskurzu na úrovni ortografie, morfologie a syntaxe jmenných spojení a vychází při tom z příkladů zapsaných v listinách latinsky nebo německy.

8

K jazykové situaci v nadnárodních podnicích působících v České republice

80%

Nekvapil J. , Nekula M.

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nr 2

83-95

EN

This article deals with intercultural contact in branches of multinational companies or corporations founded in the Czech Republic by German, Austrian or Swiss owners. Multinationalbusinesses (large ones in particular) are trying to regulate the communication within the company. This is achieved predominantly by introducing an official corporate language in the company, employing people fluent in the language, and promoting language courses. Our research, based on the analysis of questionnaires and semi-structured interview data, has shown that the foreign employees seldom adapt to the language of the local employees, while the adaptation of the local employees to the language of the foreign ones is not only usual but also expected. The regulation of the communication therefore results in the promotion of primarily asymmetrical language adaptation, which benefits the German, Austrian and Swiss owners and the German-speaking foreign employees delegated by them (the so-called expatriates). However, the companies examined also promote the use of English to a considerable extent, which provides a basis for symmetrical communication between local and expatriate employees.

9

Vícejazyčnost literárního života v českých zemích 14. a 15. století : Sedm tematických exkurzů v rámci bohemistiky

61%

Sichálek J.

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nr 6

711-744

EN

Seven short case studies chart the issues surrounding multilingualism in 14th and 15th century Bohemical literature: I) Czech as a „corpus delicti“, II) The alternation of Czech an German in the Latin language kontext, III) Mulitilingualism in practice: between polylingualism and liguistic interference, IV) Multilingualism: mise en forme and mise en page, V) Mélange as a poetic technique, VI) Multilingualism as a literary motif, VII) Literary history versus Bohemical multilingual literature. In addition to the relations between Latin, Czech and German, the author also takes into account Hebrew, Polish, Slovak and Old Church Slavonic, drawing attention inter alia to the need to correct blanket statements about trilingual literary life in the medieval Czech lands.

CS

Studie mapuje v sedmi případových studiích problematiku vícejazyčnosti bohemikálního písemnictví 14. a 15. století: I. Čeština jako „corpus delicti“, II. Alternace češtiny a němčiny v latinskojazyčném kontextu, III. Vícejazyčnost v praxi: mezi polylingvností a jazykovou interferencí, IV. Vícejazyčnost: mise en forme a mise en page, V. Melanž jako poetická technika, VI. Vícejazyčnost jako literární motiv, VII. Literární dějepis versus bohemikální vícejazyčné písemnictví. Vedle vztahů latiny, češtiny a němčiny si autor všímá také hebrejštiny, polštiny, slovenštiny a církevní slovanštiny a upozorňuje mimo jiné na potřebu korigovat en bloc formulovaná tvrzení o trojjazyčném literárním životě středověkých českých zemí.