Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

ON DEATH AND DYING ( IN AUTUMN)

100%

Mackiewicz W.

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2005

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nr 39

99-114

EN

The subject considered is human death and process of passing away. There are a lot of difficulties in defining these events because of troubles with definition of total human being and its complexity. Man exists in multifarious relation to external word and nobody knows which of them finally constitute human body, mind and personality, and which of them decide on human after-death and everlasting existence. The author proposes some solutions of that external mystery, apart from supernatural perspective.

2

THE SPECTRUM OF ATTITUDES TO DEATH IN PERSONS AFFLICTED BY ANOREXIA (Spektrum postaw wobec smierci u osob z anoreksja)

80%

Starzomska M.

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nr 1

185-202

EN

Anorexia nervosa is a grave psychiatric illness characterized by a distorted body image which triggers intensive self-starvation and - as a consequence - significantly diminished body weight. It can be fatal: the mortality rate is thought to be between 4% and 20%. The very essence of this eating disorder is a categorical refusal to be cured in conjunction with a profound denial of illness. The most peculiar aspect of anorexia nervosa that may account for the denial of illness and the difficulty patients have in accepting treatment is egosyntonicity. It means that the illness is highly valued by afflicted individuals and it is inextricably linked with their sense of identity. Thus this illness is existential. Some researchers describe anorexia nervosa as suicide, but the anorexic understanding of death seems to be more complicated. If anorexia is, for the patient, an avenue to a worthwhile life, then, giving up anorexia - gaining weight - can mean giving up the reason for living. Therefore the refusal of eating that in another patient might look suicidal, may for the anorexic patient be the only way of life. The article analyses various aspects of anorexic attitudes to death.

3

What is Death; and is Worth the Time that Philosophers Spend on It?

80%

Sahaj T.

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nr 3

203-213

EN

The aim of the article is to present conceptual difficulties faced by a philosopher who studies death. It can be accepted only from a natural and logical point of view, while my own 'personal' death always remains inconceivable. Similarly, the image of life after death is an inscrutable intellectual puzzle. Moreover - contrary to the expectations expressed by some philosophers - there are hardly any chances to explore the essence of death during the process of dying. That stage of human life is not open to cognitive analysis.

4

BELIEVER PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND FUNERAL PRACTICES IN A NON-BELIEVING COUNTRY

70%

Nesporova O.

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tom 43

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nr 6

1175-1194

EN

The article describes attitudes towards death and funeral rites in contemporary Czech society. It begins by revealing the attitudes to death held by the majority of the Czech population - non-believers. The customary secular funeral ceremony, held in a crematorium, is not entirely well suited to meeting the needs of the bereaved, and this is borne out by the fact that about one-third of all cremations are held without a funeral ceremony. The author argues that the current situation is not solely the result of the economic situation of individuals but also stems from the deeply rooted attitudes and values and the approach to religion of the Czech population. The second part of the article is devoted to the attitudes towards death and the funeral rite preferences of believers, based on a survey conducted with members of three religious groups: Roman Catholics, Protestants (Church of the Czech Brethren), and Jehovah's Witnesses. Finally, the author compares the attitudes of the secular majority and believers, and also outlines the connections between conditions today and under the former communist regime regarding the general approach to death and funeral rites.

5

CRIME AS A METAPHYSICAL ACT. ABOUT ALBERT CAMUS' DRAMA 'CALIGULA'

70%

Zieminski I.

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2006

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nr 3

109-137

EN

The problem of the article is the possibility of a crime as such. The analysis of the Caligula's crime motivation presented by Camus leads to conclusion that Caligula used to kill his dependents not by political or psychological reasons (as revenge for his sister's death, frightening of his own death or desire for eternity). It was not also moral motivation (an attempt to confirm his freedom, to realize absolute evil or to call people for authentic life). The main Caligula's motivation is rather metaphysical experience of his sister's death showing the cruelty of gods (they make people to live only to put them to death). According to Caligula, his own crimes are only imitation of gods to show how cruel and nonhuman the order of world is. The conclusion is that the question about the possibility of crime is incorrect, because the crime is essential part of the order of world.

6

THE EXISTENTIAL PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO (Filozofia egzystencjalna w ujeciu Miguela de Unamuno)

60%

Leszczyna D.

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nr 10

55-76

EN

The article is an attempt to present the philosophy of Miguel de Unamuno, especially his conception of human life. The author of the article focuses mainly on the characteristics and presentation of the attributes of the human existence. The title of Unamuno's most famous work, Del Sentimiento Trágico de la Vida (The Tragic Sense of Life), refers to the human condition of the desire for immortality when faced with the certainty of death. According to Unamuno this desire to live forever is an irrational desire, but it is this desire that makes us human. Thus there is a conflict between our perpetual desire for immortality and our reason - which contradicts it; out of this conflict comes the desire to believe in God, which reason cannot confirm.

7

Czy decydujemy o swojej śmierci?

60%

Jantos M.

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nr 3

171-185

EN

Along with intensively developing, life-prolonging medical technology, various issues arise related to the procedure of dying. May one give up life-sustaining therapy that is medically recommended but undesired by the patient? May one resign from making use of medical procedures (through something known as a living will or advance directive)? People do want to decide about the manner and the time of their own death but they are deprived of this right. Is a suicide committed with the help of a doctor morally justified? Should a medically supported suicide should be pennitted by law? The idea of a living will first appeared in Poland in public debate in 2008. In Polish law there is no prohibition against expressing consent for the future and it is treated as a classical declaration of the patient’s will. According to Article 9 of the European Convention on Bioethics, the physician is obliged to take into consideration the patient’s will expressed in advance. At present, the Polish health system is not capable of ensuring the implementation of a living will signed abroad. The Bill on the Amendment to the Act on Patient Rights and the Patient Rights Spokesman assume the possibility of implementing a living will created in another country. If a patient in New York has a bracelet with the inscription DNR (Do Not Resuscitate), doctors will not attempt to save his life at any cost. Shall the Polish Parliament introduce a similar form of deciding about one’s own life, namely so-called a living will?

8

Dekadentni erotismus a vražda. Obraz fatalni ženy v romanu Miroslava Krleži Povratak Filipa Latinovicza

60%

Jensterle-Doležalová A.

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tom 152

43-52

EN

Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) in his novel Povratak Filipa Latinovicza (1932) formed the myth of the femme fatale in the picture of two women: Regina and Bobočka. Women are the main obsession of the hero, the painter Filip, who returns home after twenty-three years to find lost sources of his identity and lost inspiration for his art. The novel – story of Filip’s life – regarding the problem that women are just objects of desire, is divided into two parts: the trauma of Regina belongs to his youth (first part of the novel) and affects his present; Bobočka is the frustration in his present. Women with no clear identity are mainly presented with the body, they represent the irrational world and mystery and they explore their body to use men and improve their position in society. Eroticism is the place of Evil. In this sense especially bizarre is Bobočka, with whom Filip falls desperately in love: she ruined men in the past and she does the same to present lovers. Filip plays the role of an observer: he experiences especially bizarre erotic scene in a threesome between Bobočka, her lover Kyriales and her man Baločanski. The grotesque, obscene scene is the place of modern hell, where the hero is punished by looking at his beloved with two other men. The end is very characteristic and amplifies the love by – connection death. Baločanski murders Bobočka, the solution of that decadent eroticism is Death. This figures also as a punishment for Bobočka in the sense of Christian philosophy: she was a vampire for the men and Baločanki murders her in the same grotesque manner. This novel was very modern in the literature of Central Europe at the beginning of the twentieth Century. Very modern is the theme of eroticism, its connection with the evil and death, even though the presentation of the woman follows the traditional stereotype of the prostitute. Eroticism in the broken mirror – in the schizophrenic perspective of sensible narrator – expresses the importance of Freud’s psychoanalysis.

9

MAN AT THE GATES OF HEAVEN - THE ROLE OF THE MOTHER OF GOD IN SALVATION. A STUDY BASED ON SONGS AND DOCUMENTS FOUND IN ST. MARY'S SANCTUARIES IN WIELKOPOLSKA (Polish title - below)

60%

Marciniak K.

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tom 93

185-202

EN

(Title in Polish - 'Czlowiek u wrót nieba - rola Matki Bozej w zbawieniu. Studium oparte na piesniach i dokumentach z wielkopolskich sanktuariów maryjnych'). Texts of religious songs have not been analysed ethnologically yet. Despite a great number of them, in folklore and ethnographic literature they are not treated as documents, which allow to reconstruct the world of ideas about the 'heavenly court'. This articles attempts to analyse the perception of the Most Blessed Mother of God in the act of salvation. This study was made on the basis of religious songs, entries into memory books and inscriptions on votive offerings found in St. Mary's sanctuaries in Wielkopolska. The texts analysed by the authoress show Virgin Mary performing different functions - she saves, defends, protects, and reigns. Sometimes she acts together with Jesus, but most often she acts on her own. Excerpts from the songs reflect the 'heavenly hierarchy' in which the Mother of God takes the first place. Virgin Mary in the songs is not a submissive woman who, in obedience to God, raises God's Son but she is a resolute, strong, and merciful person, full of empathy for the human being. The analysis of the songs helps us to discover representations characteristic of folk religiosity and trace its transformations over time.