Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Application of low-temperature low-pressure hydrogen plasma: treatment of artificially prepared corrosion layers

100%

Fojtíková P. , Řádková L. , Janová D. , Krčma F.

Open Chemistry

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2015

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tom 13

|

nr 1

EN

The aim of this work is the application of low-temperature low-pressure hydrogen plasma on artificially prepared corrosion layers, so called plasma chemical reduction. It is necessary to use samples with artificially prepared corrosion layers because it is impossible to use the real artifacts for fundamental research. The bronze was chosen as a sample material. Formation of corrosion layers on the bronze samples was carried out in concentrated hydrochloric acid vapors with the addition of sand. The radio-frequency hydrogen plasma was generated in the flowing regime at a pressure of 160 Pa. Different values of supplied power were chosen as well as different discharge modes: continuous or pulsed mode with varied duty cycles. By the combination of supplied power and mode factors, we selected two values of effective power. The process of plasma chemical reduction was monitored by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and simultaneously, the sample temperature was measured. Rotational temperatures were calculated from OH radicals spectra. Changes in the structure and elemental composition were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX).

2

Research on Changes in Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Welding Caps as a Result of their Usage During Resistance Spot Welding Process

100%

Rdzawski Z. , Kwaśniewski P. , Głuchowski W. , Łagoda M. , Maleta M. , Boczkal S. , Franczak K.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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tom Vol. 68, iss. 1

295--306

EN

Mating electrodes made of copper alloys are commonly used for welding galvanized steel sheets used in the production of car bodies. These alloys are characterized by high mechanical properties, a high level of electrical and thermal conductivity as well as the stability of these properties under changing conditions of current, thermal and mechanical load. Much careful attention was paid to the essence of the ongoing structural changes as well as to the mechanical properties in the welding process (RSW - Resistant Spot Welding) of steel sheets, including high-strength ones. There is a lack of research on structural changes and the related mechanical properties occurring in welding electrodes made of copper alloys caused by the welding process. This study is devoted to these issues and contains a critical review of the research results enabling a better understanding of the relationships between the structure and properties of welding electrodes caused by the cyclic welding process. In order to illustrate the phenomena occurring during the welding process, both in the material to be welded and in the tip electrodes, hardness and structural tests were carried out on electrode samples before and after their exploitation. The data collected in the article supplements a certain lack of information in the literature regarding the microstructural aspects of the welding process of galvanized steel sheets for the production of car bodies. The conducted research may be the starting point for the search for more effective materials for the tip electrodes.

3

Morphology and microanalysis of teeth in skleroderma

86%

Knychalska-Karwan Z. , Pawlicki R. , Karwan T.

Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica

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1986

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tom 24

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nr 3

4

Hydrogen storage alloys prepared by high-energy milling

86%

Staszewski M. , Sierczyńska A. , Kamińska M. , Osadnik M. , Czepelak M. , Swoboda P.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2011

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tom Vol. 44, nr 2

154--160

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work was to investigate an efficiency of high-energy milling, as a method to obtain hydrogen storage alloys with good properties. Design/methodology/approach: Two classes of the alloys were studied: AB2 type with atomic composition of (Ti0.5 Zr0.5)(V0.68 Mn0.68 Cr0.34 Ni0.7) and AB5 type with atomic composition of (Ce0.63 La0.37)(Ni3.55 Al0.3 Mn0.4 Co0.75).The materials were prepared by arc melting and initially pulverized and afterwards subjected to wet milling process in a planetary mill. Findings Both initially obtained alloys had proper, single phase structure of hexagonal symmetry. However their elemental composition was greatly inhomogeneous. High-energy milling causes both homogenization of the composition and severe fragmentation of the powder particles, which after milling have mean diameter of about 3 μm (AB2 alloy) and below 2 μm (AB5 alloy). The morphology of obtained powders reveals that they tend to form agglomerates consisting of large number of crystallites. Mean crystallite sizes after milling are of about 4.5 nm and of 20 nm, respectively. The specific surface of the powders, measured using BET method, equals 8.74 m2 /g and 2.70 m2 /g, respectively. Research limitations/implications The results provide the information on the possibility of obtaining hydrogen storage alloys by high-energy milling and on the transformations taking place as a result of this process. Practical implications: The obtained powders can be used to produce the elements of hydrogen-nickel batteries and fuel cells, providing improved properties; especially extreme rise of the specific surface of the hydrogen storage material, in compare to the standard methods.

5

Synchrotron microanalytical methods in the study of trace and minor elements in apatite

86%

Rakovan J. , Luo Y. , Borkiewicz O.

Mineralogia

|

2008

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tom Vol. 39, iss. 1/2

31--40

EN

Synchrotron X-ray facilities have the capability for numerous microanalytical methods with spatial resolutions in the micron to submicron range and sensitivities as low as ppm to ppb. These capabilities are the result of a high X-ray brilliance (many orders of magnitude greater than standard tube and rotating anode sources); a continuous, or white, spectrum through the hard X-ray region; high degrees of X-ray columniation and polarization; and new developments in X-ray focusing methods. The high photon flux and pulsed nature of the source also allow for rapid data collection and high temporal resolution in certain experiments. Of particular interest to geoscientists are X-ray fluorescence microprobes which allow for numerous analytical techniques including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of trace element concentrations and distributions; X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) for chemical speciation, structural and oxidation state information; X-ray diffraction (XRD) for phase identification; and fluorescence microtomography (CMT) for mapping the internal structure of porous or composite materials as well as elemental distributions (Newville et al. 1999; Sutton et al. 2002; Sutton et al. 2004). We have employed several synchrotron based microanalytical methods including XRF, microEXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure), microXANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) and CMT for the study of minor and trace elements in apatite (and other minerals). We have also been conducting time resolved X-ray diffraction to study nucleation of and phase transformations among precursor phases in the formation of apatite from solution at earth surface conditions. Summaries of these studies are given to exemplify the capabilities of synchrotron microanalytical techniques.

6

Wear mechanisms of multilayer TiN/Ti/a-C:H coatings investigated by transmission electron microscopy technique

86%

Major L.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

|

2014

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tom Vol. 14, no. 4

615--621

EN

Wear mechanisms of multilayer TiN/Ti/a-C:H coatings were investigated by transmission electron microscopy technique. Mechanical properties of the TiN/Ti/a-C:H multilayer coating were tested by a ball-on-disk. Microstructure of the coatings was analyzed after the mechanical treatment. Two types of wear mechanisms were discovered: cracking layer by layer remove and tribofilm formation. Cracking was performed by the ‘layers motion’ mechanism. After a one layer step movement they were fixed again. Tribofilm was built of two types of fractions. One was homogenous, the second one had layered structure. The qualitative chemical EDS analysis showed, that titanium oxide dominated in the homogenous area, while in the layered structure partial graphitization process was found. The graphite formation during the wear process, from the carbon phase presented in the coating, is a beneficial phenomenon due to the fact that graphite is a very good lubricant. The presence of the graphite phase in the tribofilm has been confirmed by the qualitative EDS chemical analysis, electron diffraction pattern and the high resolution technique. The article presents new ideas and techniques in materials science, especially in surface engineering, as well as in mechanics and mechanisms of wear of multilayer coatings.

7

ANALIZA SPOŁECZNYCH I INDYWIDUALNYCH UWARUNKOWAŃ BEZROBOCIA W POLSCE

86%

Żółtaszek A.

Polityka Społeczna

|

2016

|

tom 43

|

nr 1(502)

27-34

EN

Unemployment is an social issue meaning that a part of a population is capable and willing to work but cannot find a job. The employment policy is design to solve short and middle term structural problems of labor market. Most analysis of unemployment’s causes and consequences is perform on macro level and says a lot about “the unemployment” but nothing about “the unemployed”. Perceiving the unemployment in a microanalysis needs to establish whether it coexists with other social, psychological, or medical issues. Confirming such relations can be very helpful in preventing some problems and promoting good practices. Therefore the aim of this paper is to perform a microanalysis of unemployment’s social causes in Poland in 2011. Firstly, by incorporated parametric and nonparametric test it has been verified if potential determinants are correlated with unemployment. Then a logit model of unemployment was constructed to measure the direction and strength of these associations. In this research representative dataset of 17 500 Poles from the Social Diagnosis 2011 individual survey was used. All calculations were performed in STATA MP 11.

PL

Bezrobocie to zjawisko społeczne oznaczające, że część ludzi zdolnych i chętnych do podjęcia pracy nie znajduje zatrudnienia. Prowadzona w kraju polityka koncentruje się na rozwiązywaniu doraźnych i średniookresowych problemów strukturalno-koniunkturalnych i społecznych rynku pracy. Większość prowadzonych badań dotyczących przyczyn i konsekwencji bezrobocie ma charakter makroanaliz i mówi wiele o bezrobociu, ale nie o bezrobotnym. Rozważając bezrobocie w skali mikro, należy zadać sobie pytanie, czy współwystępuje ono z innymi zjawiskami społecznymi, psychologicznymi, medycznymi. Ustalenie takich powiązań powinno okazać się przydatne nie tylko w zapobieganiu niektórym problemom społecznym, ale także w promowaniu dobrych praktyk. Dlatego celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie mikroanalizy społecznych uwarunkowań bezrobocia w Polsce w 2011 r. Do badania zastosowano model logitowy bezrobocia oraz dane z bazy Diagnozy Społecznej osób indywidulanych 2011 dla 17 500 osób.

8

Processes of the formation of the Fe (Mn)-bearing intermetallic phases in the Al-Fe-(Mn)-Si alloys

86%

Warmuzek M. , Gazda A. , Sieniawski J. , Mrówka G.

Advances in Materials Science

|

2003

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tom Vol. 3, nr 2(4)

81--91

EN

In the present work the intermetallic phases in an Al corner of the Al-Fe- (Mn)-Si diagram were analysed in the area of the co-existence of the ternary α-AlFe (Mn) Si and quaternary α-Al(FeMn) Si compounds. The microstructure of the alloys, chemical composition of the phase constituents and thermal effects during continuous slow cooling were examined using microscopic observation, X-ray microanalysis and differential scanning calorimeter. The phase components present in the alloy AlSi2.5(Fe+Mn)12 (where Mn = 0.03, 0.25, 1.8, 3.0% mass.) were identified on the base of their chemical composition. The successive progress of the peritectic trans-formation L+Al3Fe (Mn, Si) - α-Al. +α-Al (FeMn) Si was shown as the Mn content in an alloy increased until the primary precipitation process of the quaternary α-Al (FeMn) Si phase started. The chemical composition of the phase components was estimated during the progress of the phase transformation. The content of Si in the primary Al3Fe phase was evaluated to be in the range 0.9-2.0% mass. Simultaneously, the Mn presence (0.5-8.5% mass. increasing with an increase in the Mn content in the alloy) was stated in this primary phase. A limit of the Mn concentration in the alloy promoting the process of the primary precipitation of the α-Al (FeMn) Si phase was established as 2.5% mass. This Mn effect was enhanced by 1.3% Cr addition into quaternary alloy. The temperature and the sequence of the phase transformations during slow cooling (5K/min) of the examined alloys were identified. The temperature range of the primary precipitation of the binary, ternary and quaternary intermetallic phases, influenced by the Mn content in the alloy, was estimated.

9

Analiza ilościowa składu pierwiastkowego na mikroanalizatorze rentgenowskim

86%

Piekoszewski W. , Tuszyński W.

Problemy Eksploatacji

|

1999

|

tom nr 1

269-281

PL

W referacie przedstawiono metody analizy ilościowej składu pierwiastkowego na mikroanalizatorze rentgenowskim. Omówiono zalety i wady stosowanych w Zakładzie Tribologii metod mikroanalizy. Przedstawiono wyniki badań przeprowadzonych na mikroanalizatorze Voyager 3050 firmy Noran Instruments z zastosowaniem procedur "wzorcowych" i "bezwzorcowych".

EN

The authors presents methods of X-ray quantitative analysis of elemental composition using energy dispersive spectrometer Voyager 3050 (Noran Instruments-USA). Two methods of quantitative analysis, i.e. standard and standardless were employed and the results are compared. Both virtues and drawbacks of the methods are pointed out.

10

Niejednorodność chemiczna domieszek metali nieżelaznych w stalach

86%

Bazan J. , Stransky K. , Derda W.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2005

|

tom Vol. 72, nr 12

574-578

PL

Przedmiotem niniejszego opracowania są wyniki mikroanalizy niejednorodności rozmieszczenia metali nieżelaznych wzdłuż granic ziaren w stali niskowęglowej. Metale te. podobnie jak fosfor i siarka, wiele stanowią niepożądane domieszki i negatywnie wpływają na wiele własności stali. Wyniki analizy chemicznej dla próbek w stanie lanym, stali wytopionej w warunkach laboratoryjnych, poddano obróbce statystycznej. Wyznaczono m.in. wartości współczynnika segregacji oraz tzw. efektywnego współczynnika podziału dla poszczególnych pierwiastków.

EN

The paper presents results of microanalysis of heterogeneity of non-ferrous metals distribution along the grain boundary in low carbon steel. These metals like phosphorus and sulphur are unwanted impurities which have a negative effect on steel properties. Results of chemical analysis for as cast samples of steelmaking under laboratory conditions were statistically treated. There were determined segregation indexes and calculated effective distribution coefficients for individual elements.

11

Effect of sodium butyrate treatment on the granule morphology, histamine level and elemental content of the bone marrow- derived mast cell

86%

Rydzynski K. , Dalen H.

Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica

|

1994

|

tom 32

|

nr 1

12

Application of scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis [SEM] in the study of certain processes in Mollic Gleysols

86%

Drozd J. , Licznar M. , Licznar S.

International Agrophysics

|

1994

|

tom 08

|

nr 1

13

Lead in the cell wall thickenings of Funaria hygrometrica protonemata exposed to this metal - a microanalysis studies

72%

Krzeslowska M. , Lenartowska M. , Jozwiak K. , Samardakiewicz S. , Bilski H. , Wozny A.

Acta Physiologiae Plantarum

|

2007

|

tom 29

|

nr 1 Suppl.

14

Directionally solidified CMSX-4 nickel based superalloys; microstructure, orientation, residual stress, microanalysis

72%

Major B. , Kubiak K. , Bonarski J. , Szczerba M. , Major Ł. , Rakowska A.

Inżynieria Materiałowa

|

2010

|

tom Vol. 31, nr 3

614-617

EN

Analysis has been performed in two directions: (i) examinations of residual stress in single-crystal blades in as cast state and after heat treatment using X-ray method, (ii) diagnostics of crystallographic preferred orientation (XRD, EBSD) and study of microstructure in the micro (SEM,TEM) and nanoatomic (HREM) scale. Method of residual stress measurement in single -crystal material has been elaborated. Examinations by SEM and TEM verified two phases character of materials comprising: cubical precipitates of y'-phase surrounded by y phase of matrix. The size of precipitates was about 1 ~m. The material has a monocrystalline structure with <001> axial orientation for precipitates and <110> orientation for the substrate. The density of dislocations was smaller in the centre of the sample and they were localized at the yy' border or they cross the border along the (110) plane. For the more detailed study of dislocations at the interphase, the filtration technique "twin-oval" mask of reflection on the Fourier transform for TEM examinations was applied. Beside microstructure studies, a chemical SEM/EDX and TEM/EDS microanalysis was carried out. Examinations of residual stress revealed its high variation in "as cast" state at the various places of the blade. Application of heat treatment led to the stress relaxation and its uniformity.

PL

Prowadzono analizę w dwóch kierunkach: (i) badania metodą rentgenowską naprężeń własnych w monokrystalicznych łopatkach w stanie odlanym i po obróbce cieplnej, (ii) diagnozowania uprzywilejowanej orientacji krystalograficznej (XRD, EBSD) oraz mikrostruktury na poziomie skali mikro (SEM, TEM) oraz nano i atomowej (HREM). Opracowano metodę wyznaczania naprężeń własnych w materiale o charakterze monokrystalicznym. Badania SEM i TEM zweryfikowały charakter dwufazowy materiału, tj. osnowa otacza zbliżone do sześcianów wydzielenia y', wielkość których wynosiła około 1 ~m. Struktura tworzywa ma charakter monokrystaliczny o osiowej orientacji typu <001> dla wydzieleń oraz <110> dla osnowy. Dyslokacji w środku próbki było zdecydowanie mniej i lokowały się one albo w granicach faz y/y', albo przecinały je wzdłuż płaszczyzn (110). W celu ujawnienia w badaniach TEM dyslokacji na granicy faz zastosowano technikę filtracji maską twin-oval refleksu na transformacie Fouriera. Obok analizy mikrostruktury przeprowadzono badania mikroanalizy SEM/EDX oraz TEM/EDS. Pomiary naprężeń własnych w stanie po krystalizacji wykazały duże ich zróżnicowanie w łopatce. Zastosowana obróbka cieplna prowadziła do relaksacji naprężeń i ich ujednorodnienia.

15

Macro- and microhardness of IN-713C nickel superalloy constituents

72%

Binczyk F. , Śleziona J.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2009

|

tom Vol. 9, iss. 4

9-12

EN

The results of investigations of the effect of modification and cooling rate on the macrohardness of castings and microhardness of phase constituents in IN-713C nickel superalloy were described. As an inoculant, cobalt aluminate CoAl2O4 in composition with aluminium powder and colloidal silica was used. Changes in the cooling rate were obtained using a cast stepped test piece with steps of 6, 11 and 17 mm thickness. Macrohardness of the cast test piece steps was measured by Brinell technique, while Vickers method was used to measure the microhardness of \gamma and \gamma' phases present in the alloy matrix, as well as the hardness of eutectic carbide precipitates. A significant effect of the cooling rate and modification treatment on the results of the measurements was stated, and difficulties in performing correctly the microhardness measurements due to the precipitates dimensions, especially after the modification treatment, were highlighted.

16

Effect of modification and cooling rate on the microstructure of IN-713C alloy

72%

Binczyk F. , Śleziona J. , Kościelna A.

Archives of Foundry Engineering

|

2009

|

tom Vol. 9, iss. 4

5-8

EN

The results of investigations of the effect of modification and cooling rate on the microstructure of castings made from IN-713C nickel superalloy were described. As an inoculant, cobalt aluminate CoAl2O4 in composition with aluminium powder and colloidal silica was used. Changes in the cooling rate were obtained by the use of cast stepped test piece with steps of 6, 11 and 17 mm thickness. The phase and chemical composition of microstructural constituents, i.e. of \gamma phase, \gamma' phase and eutectic carbide precipitates, was evaluated. A significant effect of the cooling rate and modification treatment on the stereological parameters of carbide precipitates was confirmed. Problems in evaluation of the chemical composition of these precipitates in the case of a high degree of the structure refinement were indicated.

17

Sources of Magnetic Particles from Air Pollution in Mountainous Area

72%

Kantor P. , Raclavska H. , Matysek D. , Raclavsky K. , Svedova B. , Kucbel M.

Inżynieria Mineralna

|

2019

|

tom R. 21, nr 1

47--52

EN

Measurement of magnetic susceptibility of topsoil represents a very useful tool for the detection of atmospherically deposited magnetic particles. The samples of forest soils from the Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains (the Czech Republic) were used for identification of emissions sources of particles with magnetic ordering. Magnetic susceptibility was measured at bulk samples of grain size class under 2 mm. Microanalysis using electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used for the determination of particles in the magnetic fraction. The samples of dust from the sintering plant of the Iron Works in the town of Třinec were analysed. The values of magnetic susceptibility of forest soils in the Třinec region are increased. In the relatively near vicinity of the industrial area, the average value for Javorový Mount was 7.90×10-6 m3/kg, for Ostrý Mount it was 6.69×10-6 m3/ kg. It was proved that they were higher than the average values from the Beskydy Mountains (4.64×10-6 m3/kg). The concentrations of lead and magnetic susceptibility in soils showed significant correlation dependence (rs = 0.85). The iron and steel industry represent the primary source of the pollution load in forest soils of the studied area. Statistically, significant dependences between the organic matter content and the lead and zinc concentrations as well as between the magnetic susceptibility values and the iron concentrations in forest soils were found. It was confirmed that the airborne particles are deposited on vegetation and accumulated in the organic horizon of forest soils.

PL

Pomiar podatności magnetycznej wierzchniej warstwy gleby stanowi bardzo przydatne narzędzie do wykrywania osadzonych z atmosfery cząstek magnetycznych. Próbki gleb leśnych z Beskidu Morawsko-Śląskiego (Czechy) wykorzystano do identyfikacji źródeł emisji cząstek o właściwościach magnetycznych. Podatność magnetyczną mierzono w próbkach zbiorczych w klasie ziarnowej poniżej 2 mm. Mikroanaliza z użyciem mikroskopu elektronowego ze spektrometrem dyspersyjnym energii rentgenowskiej została użyta do oznaczenia frakcji magnetycznej cząstek. Przeanalizowano próbki pyłu ze spiekalni Huty Żelaza w Trzyńcu. Stwierdzono wzrost wartość podatności magnetycznej gleb leśnych w regionie Trzyńca. W stosunkowo bliskim sąsiedztwie obszaru przemysłowego Javorový Mount średnia wartość wynosiła 7,90 × 10-6 m3/kg, w przypadku Ostrý Mount 6,69 × 10-6 m3/kg. Wykazano, że były one wyższe niż średnie wartości dla Beskidów (4,64 × 10-6 m3/kg). Zawartość ołowiu i podatność magnetyczna w glebach wykazały istotną korelację (rs = 0,85). Hutnictwo żelaza i stali stanowi główne źródło ładunku zanieczyszczeń w glebach leśnych badanego obszaru. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotne zależności między zawartością materii organicznej a stężeniem ołowiu i cynku, a także między wartościami podatności magnetycznej a stężeniami żelaza w glebach leśnych. Potwierdzono, że zawieszone w powietrzu cząstki osadzają się na roślinności i gromadzą się w organicznym horyzoncie gleb leśnych.

18

Zastosowanie destylacji membranowej do oczyszczania zaolejonych ścieków

72%

Gryta M.

Przemysł Chemiczny

|

2019

|

tom T. 98, nr 10

1639--1641

PL

Do oczyszczania zaolejonych ścieków powstających na statkach zastosowano destylację membranową. W badaniach wykorzystano dwa rodzaje membran kapilarnych z polipropylenu. Badano wpływ składu ścieków, grubości membran i czasu ich eksploatacji na wydajność oczyszczania oraz jakość otrzymywanego destylatu. Podczas 1000 h pracy modułów membranowych stwierdzono spadek wydajności procesu wskutek foulingu membran, co ograniczono, stosując ich periodyczne mycie. Niezależnie od składu ścieków membrany zatrzymywały związki organiczne i sole, co pozwoliło uzyskać czystą wodę o małym przewodnictwie właściwym. Morfologię oraz skład osadów badano metodą mikroskopii skaningowej połączonej z mikroanalizą rentgenowską.

EN

The wastewater collected from the port sewage treatment plant was treated by using 2 types of polypropylene membranes with a porosity of 73%, and a pore size of 0.2 μm but differing in thickness. A decrease in the process efficiency due to membrane fouling was found during the 1000 h long test. The filter cake was removed by washing with 3% HCl. The morphol. and compn. was studied by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersing spectrometry. Regardless of the sewage compn., a high quality water was obtained in each studied case.

19

Analiza w skali mikro

58%

Padkowska K.

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

|

2013

|

tom nr 9-10

31--35

PL

Miniaturyzacja obejmuje swym zakresem znaczną część sprzętu laboratoryjnego, którego klasyczne odpowiedniki są obecne we współczesnych laboratoriach. Dzięki zastosowaniu nowoczesnych technologii możemy osiągnąć duże oszczędności związane ze zminiaturyzowaniem sprzętu poprzez znaczne ograniczenie liczby odczynników, czasu analizy i czasu pracy przy zachowaniu tej samej dokładności pomiarów.

EN

Miniaturization includes within its scope a large part of laboratory equipment, whose classical counterparts are present in modern laboratories. Thanks to modern technology, we can achieve significant savings associated with miniturized equipment by reducing the amount of reagents, work time and analysis time while maintaining the same measurement accuracy.

20

Analiza SEM czarnego tonera na wydrukach. Część II

58%

Łasińska A.

Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego

|

2021

|

tom 13

|

nr 24

221-249

EN

Document examiners are frequently asked to determine whether or not a printout originated from a particular laser printer. The printer can rarely be identified unless some unique defects or irregularities of the printing are present on the printout. This article presents an overview of a systematic approach to characterizing and discriminating the toner of different laser printers using scanning electron microscopy. A total of twenty-one collected printouts were printed on twenty-one different Brother and Konica Minolta printing machine models. Sixteen printouts were obtained using printers with original toner cartridges while five printouts were obtained using printers with compatible cartridges. Clear criteria were established for individual assessment. Based on the SEM images and established criteria the details of topography of the toner structure were revealed. Due to this tudy, the differences or similarities of toners on tested printouts were determined. The SEM technique can be successfully, simply, and rapidly applied to the analysis of toners on paper documents.

PL

Eksperci w zakresie badań dokumentów są często proszeni o określenie, czy wydruk pochodzi z określonej drukarki laserowej. Drukarkę rzadko można zidentyfikować, chyba że na wydruku są widoczne jej unikalne wady lub nieprawidłowości. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości identyfikacji i weryfikacji tonerów na wydrukach uzyskanych z różnych drukarek laserowych przy użyciu skaningowej mikroskopii elektronowej. W sumie 21 wydruków uzyskano z 21 różnych modeli maszyn drukujących Brother i Konica Minolta. Szesnaście wydruków uzyskano z drukarek, w których były oryginalne kasety z tonerem, a pięć z drukarek z zamiennikami. Ustalono jasne kryteria oceny indywidualnej. Na podstawie zdjęć SEM oraz tych kryteriów ujawniono szczegóły topografii struktury tonera. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań określono różnice lub podobieństwa tonerów na badanych wydrukach.