Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Considerations on General Methodological Assumptions of the Sciences of Sport

100%

Kosiewicz J.

|

nr 1

65-101

EN

The considerations included in the article are the result of several years of teaching general methodology for doctoral studies at Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. The presented text consists of two basic parts. The first includes reminiscences and associated methodological resentment. The second presents a wide panorama of standpoints concerning functions and kinds of hypotheses, their role and significance in contemporary research programs of formal, empirical (connected with natural sciences and biology), and humanities nature. Sketchy and encyclopaedic interpretations, presented in the context of commentaries by the author of this paper, thereby dominate. The aim of the first part is to draw attention to some methodological mistakes which often appear and which have become common in some academic milieus to such a degree that some intervention and postulatory correction, referring to Polish and Western methodological literature, is advisable. These shortcomings are connected, among other things, with the structure of the scientific work, with the formulation and application of hypotheses, with relations taking place between the general methodology and specialized methodologies, kinds and types of research work, with reliability of information on sources of creative information, as well with the category of verification in its relation, on the one hand, to confirmation and corroboration, and on the other hand, to testing, checking, falsification, and terms close in meaning to the last one. The abovementioned resentment results, first of all, from the fact that the authors discussed in the first part usually insist on erroneous solutions, negating a priori, without becoming acquainted with the literature on the subject or making attempts to explain or initiate a methodological argument referring to sources and studies. That resentment is significant, among other things, in the causal sense - that is, because of the fact that, firstly, it justifies and substantiates the need for a statement presenting controversial questions in a content-related and formal way. Secondly, because thanks to such (that is, cognitive-emotional) introduction, the whole argument - not only in the first, but also in the second part - is much more interesting. It is saturated with authenticity. Many readers know the figures mentioned and are familiar with their - sometimes too insouciant (sometimes not very reliable) - attitudes to important issues from the field of research methods. It is also interesting why the people cited make mistakes. Hence, it is also advisable to look at a wider methodological context of justification (included in the much longer second part) dedicated to perhaps the most thorough characteristics of the hypothesis in the literature on the subject, which is available to the author. Without presentation of the controversial issues in the first part, the second part, more important from the methodological viewpoint, might be omitted by a considerable proportion of readers. In that part attention is paid mainly to issues concerning working, initial, zero, primary, introductory, directing, gradual, auxiliary, ad hoc auxiliary, bridge, futile and true, dangerous and safe, quite natural and neutral, individual and general, complete and incomplete, deep, strong, probabilistic and non-probabilistic (that is, deterministic), related, falsifying, basic, psychological, metaphysical and materialist hypotheses, as well as those concluding ones - that is, those constituting the final effect of definite (concluded here and now) research; hence, those which have undergone verification, confirmation, corroboration or modification as those which predict and explain a given research problem in the best possible way.

2

A probabilistic concept of load assessmentof self-ignition engines

100%

Girtler J.

Polish Maritime Research

|

2008

|

tom nr 2

65-70

EN

A proposal of probabilistic interpretation of loading process of self-ignition combustion engines, was presented. Probabilistic description of loading the engines was proposed with taking into account known parameters (indices) of their operation. It was demonstrated that instantaneous load of such engines can be considered a random variable. Attention was paid to the fact that the load can be taken as a multi-dimensional random variable. Engine load changes during its operation were considered as the loading process and presented in the form of a multi-dimensional stochastic process whose states are loads considered to be random variables. It was demonstrated that the loading process can be taken as the stochastic one of asymptotically independent incements, stationary and ergodic. Justification of the above mentioned features of the loading process is contained in the presented hypotheses. It was also demonstrated that in testing the load process of self-ignition engines stochastic relation between thermal and mechanical loading should be taken into account.

3

Considerations on General Methodological Assumptions of the Sciences of Sport

100%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2012

|

tom 56

|

nr 1

65-101

EN

The considerations included in the article are the result of several years of teaching general methodology for doctoral studies at Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. The presented text consists of two basic parts. The first includes reminiscences and associated methodological resentment. The second presents a wide panorama of standpoints concerning functions and kinds of hypotheses, their role and significance in contemporary research programs of formal, empirical (connected with natural sciences and biology), and humanities nature. Sketchy and encyclopaedic interpretations, presented in the context of commentaries by the author of this paper, thereby dominate. The aim of the first part is to draw attention to some methodological mistakes which often appear and which have become common in some academic milieus to such a degree that some intervention and postulatory correction, referring to Polish and Western methodological literature, is advisable. These shortcomings are connected, among other things, with the structure of the scientific work, with the formulation and application of hypotheses, with relations taking place between the general methodology and specialized methodologies, kinds and types of research work, with reliability of information on sources of creative information, as well with the category of verification in its relation, on the one hand, to confirmation and corroboration, and on the other hand, to testing, checking, falsification, and terms close in meaning to the last one. The abovementioned resentment results, first of all, from the fact that the authors discussed in the first part usually insist on erroneous solutions, negating a priori, without becoming acquainted with the literature on the subject or making attempts to explain or initiate a methodological argument referring to sources and studies. That resentment is significant, among other things, in the causal sense - that is, because of the fact that, firstly, it justifies and substantiates the need for a statement presenting controversial questions in a content-related and formal way. Secondly, because thanks to such (that is, cognitive-emotional) introduction, the whole argument - not only in the first, but also in the second part - is much more interesting. It is saturated with authenticity. Many readers know the figures mentioned and are familiar with their - sometimes too insouciant (sometimes not very reliable) - attitudes to important issues from the field of research methods. It is also interesting why the people cited make mistakes. Hence, it is also advisable to look at a wider methodological context of justification (included in the much longer second part) dedicated to perhaps the most thorough characteristics of the hypothesis in the literature on the subject, which is available to the author. Without presentation of the controversial issues in the first part, the second part, more important from the methodological viewpoint, might be omitted by a considerable proportion of readers. In that part attention is paid mainly to issues concerning working, initial, zero, primary, introductory, directing, gradual, auxiliary, ad hoc auxiliary, bridge, futile and true, dangerous and safe, quite natural and neutral, individual and general, complete and incomplete, deep, strong, probabilistic and non-probabilistic (that is, deterministic), related, falsifying, basic, psychological, metaphysical and materialist hypotheses, as well as those concluding ones - that is, those constituting the final effect of definite (concluded here and now) research; hence, those which have undergone verification, confirmation, corroboration or modification as those which predict and explain a given research problem in the best possible way.

4

Process of self-ignition engine loads and its properies

88%

Girtler J.

Journal of KONES

|

2006

|

tom Vol. 13, No. 3

101-108

EN

The paper presents a probabilistic interpretation of self-ignition combustion engine load, with regards to known parameters (rates) of engine operation. It has been shown that load of engines of this kind, considered in any moment, can be regarded as a multi-dimensional random variable. Changes of engine load in time of operation are considered herein as a process of loads and presented in a form of multidimensional stochastic process, of which states are loads as random variables. The process of loads can be regarded as a stochastic process with gains asymptotically independent, being stationary and ergodic. The researches on self-ignition engine loads should consider the stochastic dependence between thermal and mechanical loads. Load considered in arbitrary moment of work of each engine has been accepted as a random variable. Loads considered in successive moments make the process of loads.. The moments, however, are not random variables, but parameters of the process. Apart from the hypothesis specified above also other ones have been formulated. For verification of the hypotheses there have been proposed: the method of non-deductive (inductive) inference, called reductive inference and the method of deductive inference, called the „modus tollens” rule. The proposed approach to analysis of self-ignition engine loads is essential because the loads are ones of the most significant causes of surface (linear) as well as volume wear of the engines, what in consequence leads to engine failures. The engine failures happening during operation are random events. The failures considered in successive moments of their occurrence make the process of failures, which is a random process.

5

Social Sciences and Common Perceptions of Sport

88%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2013

|

tom 60

|

nr 1

64-74

EN

This paper provides a discussion on various aspects and features of the concept of the social sciences of sport. The concept originated recently and was formulated in 2007 during the preparations for the establishment of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport. The Society, however, was not formed until the beginning of 2009. Among other things, the concept includes such academic disciplines and fields as sport sociology, sport philosophy, sport psychology, sport pedagogy, the history of physical fitness, sport and Olympism, sport politics and the international conditions of sport, sport economics, sport organizations and management, the social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, the social relations regarding training and sport tactics, as well as the humanistic theory of martial arts. The author presents a growth in interest of different social aspects and issues of sport at the beginning of the twentieth century. He indicates the significant development of sport during the second half of the last century, especially towards its end and at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The social sciences of sport was also underlined as the reason for the creation of a new, dynamically developing cognitive paradigm. According to the Author, it is mainly connected with the institutional and functional, organizational and methodological conditions of the social science of sport which specifically complemented the educational and research standards for the academic community around the globe. The Author emphasizes the social sciences of sport’s distinctive and autonomous part in sport science due to its specific and detailed merit-related issues and methodological foundations. He also stresses that not only does natural science (particularly biological science) play an important role in sport science, but also that the social science of sport has a vital and fundamental value in it. In his opinion, natural (biological) science in relation to sport refers mainly to one person’s organism, whereas social science refers, for the most part, to the axiological, cultural, symbolical, esthetic, ethical perception of physical exertion. Moreover, research conducted in this field encompasses the professional, pragmatic, utilitarian, cathartic, escapist, ludic, hedonistic, epistemological and recreational aspects of differently perceived professional sports or sport for all. The Author points out that the amount of available courses - lectures, classes, seminars - in the field of social sciences themselves, as well as in the social science of sport, is being gradually reduced, which undoubtedly lowers not only the knowledge, but also the perception, interpretation, explanation and comprehension of sport in the context of the humanistic approach. Furthermore, he indicates this trend’s influential role in the development of common-sense thinking, which makes opinion-forming and valuable comments on the subject of sport undergo cognitive deformations. He points out its negative influence on the listeners, audience and fans’ consciousness, opinion and attitude, as well as on the interpretative context of the observed events - not only ones associated with sport, but also those happening beyond it, for instance in social, family, peer, professional, political and religious life.

6

The Logical Burdens of Proof. Assertion and Hypothesis

88%

Chiffi D. , Schang F.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

|

2017

|

tom 26

|

nr 4

509–530

EN

The paper proposes two logical analyses of (the norms of) justification. In a first, realist-minded case, truth is logically independent from justification and leads to a pragmatic logic LP including two epistemic and pragmatic operators, namely, assertion and hypothesis. In a second, antirealist-minded case, truth is not logically independent from justification and results in two logical systems of information and justification: AR4 and AR4¢, respectively, provided with a question-answer semantics. The latter proposes many more epistemic agents, each corresponding to a wide variety of epistemic norms. After comparing the different norms of justification involved in these logical systems, two hexagons expressing Aristotelian relations of opposition will be gathered in order to clarify how (a fragment of) pragmatic formulas can be interpreted in a fuzzy-based question-answer semantics.

7

Social Sciences and Common Perceptions of Sport

88%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2013

|

tom 60

|

nr 1

64-74

EN

This paper provides a discussion on various aspects and features of the concept of the social sciences of sport. The concept originated recently and was formulated in 2007 during the preparations for the establishment of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport. The Society, however, was not formed until the beginning of 2009. Among other things, the concept includes such academic disciplines and fields as sport sociology, sport philosophy, sport psychology, sport pedagogy, the history of physical fitness, sport and Olympism, sport politics and the international conditions of sport, sport economics, sport organizations and management, the social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, the social relations regarding training and sport tactics, as well as the humanistic theory of martial arts. The author presents a growth in interest of different social aspects and issues of sport at the beginning of the twentieth century. He indicates the significant development of sport during the second half of the last century, especially towards its end and at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The social sciences of sport was also underlined as the reason for the creation of a new, dynamically developing cognitive paradigm. According to the Author, it is mainly connected with the institutional and functional, organizational and methodological conditions of the social science of sport which specifically complemented the educational and research standards for the academic community around the globe. The Author emphasizes the social sciences of sport’s distinctive and autonomous part in sport science due to its specific and detailed merit-related issues and methodological foundations. He also stresses that not only does natural science (particularly biological science) play an important role in sport science, but also that the social science of sport has a vital and fundamental value in it. In his opinion, natural (biological) science in relation to sport refers mainly to one person’s organism, whereas social science refers, for the most part, to the axiological, cultural, symbolical, esthetic, ethical perception of physical exertion. Moreover, research conducted in this field encompasses the professional, pragmatic, utilitarian, cathartic, escapist, ludic, hedonistic, epistemological and recreational aspects of differently perceived professional sports or sport for all. The Author points out that the amount of available courses - lectures, classes, seminars - in the field of social sciences themselves, as well as in the social science of sport, is being gradually reduced, which undoubtedly lowers not only the knowledge, but also the perception, interpretation, explanation and comprehension of sport in the context of the humanistic approach. Furthermore, he indicates this trend’s influential role in the development of common-sense thinking, which makes opinion-forming and valuable comments on the subject of sport undergo cognitive deformations. He points out its negative influence on the listeners, audience and fans’ consciousness, opinion and attitude, as well as on the interpretative context of the observed events - not only ones associated with sport, but also those happening beyond it, for instance in social, family, peer, professional, political and religious life.

8

The role of hypothesis in scientific research

75%

Janota A. , Lobotková Z. , Slivka M. , Halgaš J.

Logistyka

|

2010

|

tom nr 6

EN

The paper deals with importance of hypothesis in the process of scientific research. The authors explain meaning of commonly used basic terms and characterize research methodology, research process and its structure as well as types of research problems. The main attention is paid to the role of hypotheses, their classification and possible formulations.

PL

Artykuł zajmuje się ważnością hipotez w procesie badania naukowego. Autorzy objaśniają znaczenie ogólne wykorzystanych terminów i charakteryzują metodologię naukową, proces badania i jego strukturę oraz rodzaje problemów naukowych. Główną uwagę zwracają na rolę hipotez, ich klasyfikację i możliwość formułowania.

9

Rozumienie hipotezy w słownikach i podręcznikach zakresu nauk społecznych

75%

Narkiewicz-Niedbalec E.

Relacje. Studia z nauk społecznych

|

2016

|

nr 1

111-126

PL

Autorka podejmuje analizę wybranych przykładów definicji hipotez. Pochodzą one ze słowników, encyklopedii i podręczników nauk społecznych. Pokazuje różnorodność przyjmowanych definicji i konsekwencje ich zastosowania. Autorka sięga po przykłady z logiki, psychologii i socjologii. Przywołuje stanowisko reprezentantów badań ilościowych i jakościowych. Opowiada się za jednoznacznym wyborem jednej definicji hipotezy i konsekwentnym jej stosowaniem przy redagowaniu hipotez we własnych badaniach empirycznych.

EN

The author analyses selected examples of definitions of hypotheses. They come from dictionaries, encyclopaedias and social science textbooks. The author shows diversity of the adopted definitions and the consequences of their application. She refers to the examples of logic, psychology, and sociology. The author also recalls the position of representatives of quantitative and qualitative research. She is in favour of an explicit choice of one definition of a hypothesis and of its consistent application it in editing hypotheses in empirical research.

10

Hypothesis of loads cycle reduction to equivalent fatigue cycle

75%

Dębski M. A. , Dębski D. K. , Gołoś K. M.

Prace Instytutu Lotnictwa

|

2005

|

tom Nr 4 (183)

17-21

EN

Paper presents a new scientific hypothesis for reduction of any given fatigue cycle to the equivalent cycle, in sense of the fatigue wear. This hypothesis should allow designers to enhance quality of the computational fatigue analyses, particularly analyses of the riveted structures. In effect, implementation of the presented hypothesis should allow designers create lighter, more stressed and - hopefully - equally safe riveted structures.

PL

W pracy zaproponowano nową hipotezę redukcji zadanego, dowolnego cyklu obciążenia zmęczeniowego do cyklu równoważnego w sensie zużycia zmęczeniowego. Hipoteza ta powinna pozwolić na na podniesienie jakości obliczeniowych analiz zmęczeniowych - zwłaszcza konstrukcji nitowanych. W efekcie powinna też umożliwić projektowanie coraz lżejszych, bardziej wysilonych i co najmniej równie bezpiecznych struktur nośnych konstrukcji.

11

The Theoretical Analysis Model and Statistical Test Research on Enterprises Development - A Study of Data from 195 Large and Medium Manufacturing Enterprises in China

63%

Yin H. , Guo T. , Li B. , Zhu J. , Sun X.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2013

|

tom R. 89, nr 3b

198--206

EN

On the basis of dynamic capabilities theory, this paper has put forward the theoretical analysis model and examined questionnaire data from 195 large and medium manufacturing enterprises in 2011 through statistical test methods including intermediary role term and SEM model. The results are as follows: first, in the test for basic constructs, the correlation of independent and dependent variables Sig. <0.001 and Pearson coefficient>0.500, all multiple correlation coefficient > 0.800, all determination coefficient R2 >0.650, Durbin-Watson coefficient approximated to 2.000, all check coefficient has presented distinct character, the whole regressive model explained variation achieved significant standard and all hypothesis have passed the statistical test. Secondly, during the tests for hypothesis with intermediary role term, the regressive coefficient intermediary variable was up to 0.723 and markedly different from 0(Sig. <0.001), the regressive coefficient of organization modularization, intellectual capital and knowledge resource were decreased respectively, determination coefficient R2 increased to 0.889 with significant higher explanation power. It shows that the regressive model with intermediary variable has influenced much on comprehensive regression effect and the hypothesis of intermediary role term have passed the statistical tests.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę teoretyczną danych ze 195 dużych i średnich przedsiębiorstw produkcyjnych z 2011 roku. Wykorzystano do tego celu testy statystyczne, w tym model SEM. Zamieszczone wyniki pokazują, że zastosowany model regresyjny ze zmiennymi pośrednimi ma duży wpływ na ogólny efekt regresji. Analiza hipotezy o roli pośrednika, na podstawie dokonanych testów, okazała się prawdziwa.

12

Jen popis s čísly? Perspektivy korpusové lingvistiky:

63%

Čech R.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

|

2014

|

tom 97

|

nr 4-5

171-184

EN

The aim of the article is both to point to the descriptive character of a majority of corpus linguistic analyses and to argue that this character (which is manifested by the classification, sorting or labelling of language data) represents a limit in corpus linguistic research. Further, an experimental approach (in the sense of empirical testing of a hypothesis) is proposed as a possible way of overcoming this limit. Finally, some methodological aspects of current state of corpus linguistics, namely the notion of representativeness and the interpretation of quantification, are critically discussed.

13

The main areas of methodological reflection in the supply chains research

63%

Ciesielski M. , Konecka S.

LogForum

|

2019

|

tom 15

|

nr 3

351-361

EN

Background: The most important contemporary methodological problems in the study of supply chains include creating and verifying hypotheses and theories as well as selecting appropriate research schemes. An acceptance of the different ways to explain problems (induction, deduction or abduction) is key. It should be remembered that interesting and useful results can be achieved only with well-formulated questions and research problems. All of these issues relate to the need to strengthen methodological rigor within the research into supply chains. Methods: The primary method employed in this article is critical analysis. This article focuses on the most important issues related to the construction of a theory and its verification, as well as the issue of the pattern of research and the cognitive scheme. In addition, the issue of the correctness of definitions has been developed, as these are often wrongly formulated and do not fulfil their role. Results: The main purpose of this article is to indicate that supply chain research requires a change in the general model of scientific practice, assigning a higher rank to replication research and increasing the role of scientific criticism. Potential drivers of supply chain research are all types of reasoning: deduction (reasoning, checking), reduction and its special case induction (translation, command), and the systematization of knowledge. The knowledge gained from this research is so extensive and varied that its further development is possible through refutation, i.e. thesis making, defence and falsification. The aim of this article is also the systematization and analysis of theories and methodological assumptions in the area of supply chain management. Conclusions: The analysis points to a need to structure the definitions of supply. What needs to be established is a set of basic theories useful in the study of supply chains and the assessment of the assertions formulated with regards to hypotheses. The improvement of methodological assumptions, as well as the search for methodological elements useful in this study, need to be continuously ensured. The scope of the theories used in the research should be broadened, but at the same time, new theories should be examined which also pertain to their usefulness in explaining and creating the concept and practical recommendations. It is suggested that research on supply chains needs to be approached in a slightly broader way than has been done so far in the literature. The methodology is recognized as a system of analysis in a particular area of study or activity. Therefore, the majority of publications retrieved according to this key word refer only to examples of the use of particular methods, tools for researching supply chains, or only some aspects of its functioning. However, methodology can also be understood as a philosophy of science. This approach to supply chain research methodology is an important research gap and a new view on supply chain management .

PL

Wstęp: Do najważniejszych, współczesnych problemów metodologicznych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw należą: tworzenie i sprawdzanie twierdzeń oraz teorii i wybór schematów badania. Kwestią krytyczną jest też akceptacja sposobów wyjaśniania (indukcja, dedukcja lub abdukcja). Trzeba przy tym pamiętać, iż wartościowe rezultaty można uzyskać tylko przy dobrze sformułowanych pytaniach i problemach badawczych. Wszystkie wymienione kwestie wiążą się z potrzebą wzmocnienia rygoryzmu metodologicznego w badaniach związanych z łańcuchami dostaw. Metody: W artykule podstawową metodą jest analiza krytyczna. Wyniki: Dokonano systematyzacji i analizy teorii i założeń metodologicznych w obszarze zarządzania łańcuchami dostaw. Wnioski: Analiza dowodzi, że wpierw należy zlikwidować bałagan w definiowaniu łańcuchów dostaw. Można odwołać się do teorii grafów i używać prostej definicji: zbiór przedsiębiorstw i relacji między nimi, w którym firmy są dla siebie dostawcami i odbiorcami. Trzeba także rozwijać zbiór podstawowych teorii przydatnych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw i ocenić poziom asercji formułowanych hipotez. Należy stale dbać o ulepszanie założeń metodologicznych i szukać elementów metodologii przydatnych dla omawianych badań. Warto zwiększać zakres teorii wykorzystywanych w badaniach. Ale jednocześnie należy ustalić pochodzenie wykorzystywanych i nowych teorii i ich przydatność w procesie wyjaśniania i tworzenia koncepcji oraz rekomendacji dla praktyki.

14

The main areas of methodological reflection in the supply chains research

63%

Ciesielski M. , Konecka S.

LogForum

|

2019

|

tom Vol. 15, no. 3

351--361

EN

Background: The most important contemporary methodological problems in the study of supply chains include creating and verifying hypotheses and theories as well as selecting appropriate research schemes. An acceptance of the different ways to explain problems (induction, deduction or abduction) is key. It should be remembered that interesting and useful results can be achieved only with well-formulated questions and research problems. All of these issues relate to the need to strengthen methodological rigor within the research into supply chains. Methods: The primary method employed in this article is critical analysis. This article focuses on the most important issues related to the construction of a theory and its verification, as well as the issue of the pattern of research and the cognitive scheme. In addition, the issue of the correctness of definitions has been developed, as these are often wrongly formulated and do not fulfil their role. Results: The main purpose of this article is to indicate that supply chain research requires a change in the general model of scientific practice, assigning a higher rank to replication research and increasing the role of scientific criticism. Potential drivers of supply chain research are all types of reasoning: deduction (reasoning, checking), reduction and its special case induction (translation, command), and the systematization of knowledge. The knowledge gained from this research is so extensive and varied that its further development is possible through refutation, i.e. thesis making, defence and falsification. The aim of this article is also the systematization and analysis of theories and methodological assumptions in the area of supply chain management. Conclusions: The analysis points to a need to structure the definitions of supply. What needs to be established is a set of basic theories useful in the study of supply chains and the assessment of the assertions formulated with regards to hypotheses. The improvement of methodological assumptions, as well as the search for methodological elements useful in this study, need to be continuously ensured. The scope of the theories used in the research should be broadened, but at the same time, new theories should be examined which also pertain to their usefulness in explaining and creating the concept and practical recommendations. It is suggested that research on supply chains needs to be approached in a slightly broader way than has been done so far in the literature. The methodology is recognized as a system of analysis in a particular area of study or activity. Therefore, the majority of publications retrieved according to this key word refer only to examples of the use of particular methods, tools for researching supply chains, or only some aspects of its functioning. However, methodology can also be understood as a philosophy of science. This approach to supply chain research methodology is an important research gap and a new view on supply chain management.

PL

Wstęp: Do najważniejszych, współczesnych problemów metodologicznych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw należą: tworzenie i sprawdzanie twierdzeń oraz teorii i wybór schematów badania. Kwestią krytyczną jest też akceptacja sposobów wyjaśniania (indukcja, dedukcja lub abdukcja). Trzeba przy tym pamiętać, iż wartościowe rezultaty można uzyskać tylko przy dobrze sformułowanych pytaniach i problemach badawczych. Wszystkie wymienione kwestie wiążą się z potrzebą wzmocnienia rygoryzmu metodologicznego w badaniach związanych z łańcuchami dostaw. Metody: W artykule podstawową metodą jest analiza krytyczna. Wyniki: Dokonano systematyzacji i analizy teorii i założeń metodologicznych w obszarze zarządzania łańcuchami dostaw. Wnioski: Analiza dowodzi, że wpierw należy zlikwidować bałagan w definiowaniu łańcuchów dostaw. Można odwołać się do teorii grafów i używać prostej definicji: zbiór przedsiębiorstw i relacji między nimi, w którym firmy są dla siebie dostawcami i odbiorcami. Trzeba także rozwijać zbiór podstawowych teorii przydatnych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw i ocenić poziom asercji formułowanych hipotez. Należy stale dbać o ulepszanie założeń metodologicznych i szukać elementów metodologii przydatnych dla omawianych badań. Warto zwiększać zakres teorii wykorzystywanych w badaniach. Ale jednocześnie należy ustalić pochodzenie wykorzystywanych i nowych teorii i ich przydatność w procesie wyjaśniania i tworzenia koncepcji oraz rekomendacji dla praktyki.

15

Newtonova metodologie a kritika mechanického materialismu:

63%

Zavadil R.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

|

2020

|

tom 42

|

nr 2

285-304

EN

This article will introduce Isaac Newton’s fundamental methodological concepts applied for a solution concerning a question of gravity in his Principia Mathematica. The method of deduction of propositions from phenomena can be described as demonstrative induction. The main aim is to show that this method proposed by Newton explicitly contains a criticism of hypothetico-deductive methodology as an inadequate approach to the study of nature. As opposed to hypothetico-deductive method, demonstrative induction is capable of producing theories with much richer empirical and epistemological value. Delimitation against hypothetically deduced theories is closely connected with criticism of mechanical materialism, most notably in a form proposed by René Descartes. Consequently, it has led Newton to not only reject the universality of mechanical premise but also to certain level of immunization against all competitive hypothetically based theories.

CS

V tomto článku budou představeny základní aspekty metodologie Isaaca Newtona aplikované v Principia Mathematica na řešení otázky povahy gravitační síly. Metoda vyvozování propozic přírodních jevů může být označena jako demonstrativní indukce. Cílem článku je ukázat, že tato metoda, jak ji zastával Newton, v sobě explicitně obsahovala kritiku hypoteticko-deduktivní metody jako zcela neadekvátního přístupu ke zkoumání přírody. Oproti hypoteticko-deduktivní metodě je demonstrativní indukce schopna produkovat teorie empiricky i epistemologicky mnohem bohatší. Vymezení se vůči hypoteticky založeným teoriím je úzce spjato s kritikou mechanického materialismu především v podobě, v jaké ji zastával René Descartes. Ve svých důsledcích to Newtona dovedlo nejen k odmítnutí univerzálnosti mechanické premisy, ale také k určité imunizaci vůči veškerým konkurenčním hypoteticky založeným teoriím.

16

Evidence for a sauropod-like metacarpal configuration in ankylosaurian dinosaurs

63%

Senter P.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica

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2011

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tom 56

|

nr 1

EN

Ankylosaurian dinosaurs are armored, quadrupedal members of the ornithischian clade Thyreophora. Ankylosaurs are typically portrayed with the metacarpals slanted and distally divergent, with their proximal ends arranged in a shallow arc, both in the literature (Matthew 1922; Gaston et al. 2001; McCrea et al. 2001; Vickaryous et al. 2004) and in museum mounts (Fig. 1). In contrast, Carpenter (1984) illustrated the metacarpals of the ankylosaur Sauropelta edwardsorum Ostrom, 1970, from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming and Montana, with their proximal ends arranged in a tight, semicircular arc, but even in that depiction the metacarpals were slanted and distally divergent. Members of the thyreophoran clade Stegosauria, the sister taxon to the Ankylosauria (Butler et al. 2008), have also typically been portrayed with slanted and distally divergent metacarpals (Marsh 1891; Gilmore 1914; Galton and Upchurch 2004). Some researchers expressed the opinion that stegosaur metacarpals were held vertically, not distally divergent, with their proximal ends arranged in a tight, semicircular arc, so that the metacarpus formed a vertical half−tube (von Huene 1931; Thulborn 1990; Christiansen 1997) such that flexion of digit I would move it toward digit V. Manual manipulation of stegosaurian metacarpals has since confirmed that this is the correct configuration of the stegosaurian metacarpus (Senter 2010). Here I investigate the possibility that the ankylosaurian metacarpus exhibited a similar configuration. As in the previous study on stegosaurs (Senter 2010), I treat the slanting and spreading configuration and the vertical semi−tubular configuration as competing hypotheses, each with a set of testable predictions. Each hypothesis of metacarpal configuration in ankylosaurs predicts that the configuration (1) is allowed by the shapes of the metacarpals, (2) provides a better fit (alignment and contact of opposing articular surfaces) between the metacarpals than the competing hypothesis, (3) does not compromise the goodness of fit between the metacarpals and the phalanges, (4) is not contradicted by articulated specimens, and (5) agrees with ichnological evidence. In the previous study on stegosaurs I included an additional prediction: that the configuration provides sufficient support for and does not disarticulate the more proximal forelimb bones. Here, that prediction is omitted, because the ankylosaurian carpus is unknown (Vickaryous et al. 2004) except for a single carpal described by Maleev (1954).

17

Zagrożenia dla tożsamości logistyki i jej rozwoju

63%

Szołtysek J.

Logistyka

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2017

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tom nr 1

14--17

PL

Artykuł poświęcono rozważaniom o zagrożeniach, jakie dla rozwoju logistyki płyną z niedojrzałej metodologii prac naukowych oraz z braku wiedzy w zakresie istoty wkładu do rozwoju teorii.

EN

The paper is devoted to deliberations about threats for the development of logistics that come from the immature methodology of scientific works and from the lack of knowledge of the meaning of contribution to the development of theory.

18

Polyphenol-protein complexes and their consequences for the redox activity, structure and function of honey. A current view and new hypothesis - a review

63%

Brudzynski K. , Maldonado-Alvarez L.

Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences

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2015

|

tom 65

|

nr 2

EN

There is increasing evidence that protein complexation by honey polyphenols is changing honey structure and function. This relatively less investigated filed of honey research is presented in a context of known mechanism of formation of the stable polyphenol-protein complexes in other foods. At a core of these interactions lies the ability of polyphenols to form non-covalent and covalent bonds with proteins leading to transient and/or irreversible complexes, respectively. Honey storage and thermal processing induces non-enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols to reactive quinones and enables them to form covalent bonds with proteins. In this short review, we present data from our laboratory on previously unrecognized types of protein-polyphenol complexes that differed in size, stoichiometry, and antioxidant capacities, and the implications they have to honey antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Our intent is to provide a current understanding of protein-polyphenol complexation in honey and also some new thoughts /hypotheses that can be useful in directing future research.

19

Level practical skills of 7th grade pupils while working with technical material – metal

63%

ĎURIŠ M. , SOJKOVÁ M.

Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka

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2016

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tom 7

|

nr 4

117-128

EN

At the beginning of this article we characterize the current technological education in primary schools affected by the negative impact of school reform (2008–2012). We then further describe of the methodology of field of educational research: aims, methods, hypothesis and research sample. We analyze the main research tools: non-standardized educational practical tests and observation sheets. Based on statistical processing of the student results we verify the hypothesis of the research.

20

Wpływ historii obciążenia na trwałość zmęczeniową gruntów związanych cementem

63%

Brzeziński K. , Zbiciak A.

Drogownictwo

|

2014

|

tom nr 9

288--293

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest propozycja metody oceny wpływu historii obciążenia na trwałość zmęczeniową gruntów związanych cementem. Skupiono uwagę na matematycznym opisie metody. Wykorzystano wyniki badań doświadczalnych dostępne w literaturze. Posłużono się w pracy uogólnieniem pojęcia jednostkowej szkody zmęczeniowej, co pozwoliło na sformułowanie prostej w opisie i zastosowaniu hipotezy zmęczeniowej, uzależniającej trwałość zmęczeniową od historii obciążenia.

EN

The paper deals with a method of assessing the impact of load history on fatigue life of cement treated soils. The mathematical description of the method is presented. Experimental results available in the literature have been used. A generalization of the concept of unit fatigue damage was used in the paper allowing the formulation of a simple hypothesis defining the fatigue life as a function of the load history.