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EN
The study presents the concept of a composite business indicator for Poland’s regions and an economic estimation of such an indicator for nine administrative regions (voivodeships), indl. an experimental forecast for the 3rd quarter of 1995.
PL
Celem pracy jest zbadanie zmian efektów skali w regionach FADN w Polsce w latach 2004-2011. Wnioskowanie oparte jest na analizie profili technologicznych, które dla wyszczególnionych grup gospodarstw rolnych dane są zestawem oszacowanych parametrów funkcji CES w postaci zagnieżdżonej dla wyróżnionych czynników produkcji takich jak: kapitał, praca, ziemia. Dane pochodzą z bazy Farm Accountancy Data Network. Gospodarstwa rolne są grupowane również według regionów i przewa-żającego rodzaju działalności. Z badania wynika, że profile technologiczne są zmienne w czasie, z odmienną dla wyróżnionych grup producentów rolnych skłonnością do zmian profilu. Zaobserwowano tendencję do wyboru profili minimalizujących rolę ziemi jako czynnika produkcji.
EN
The purpose of this paper is to assess returns to scale in Polish FADN regions in the period 2004-2011. Our analysis is based on technological profiles which for each group of agricultural producers are given by parameters of three factor (capital, labour, agricultural area) nested CES functions. The data are obtained from the Farm Accountancy Data Network database. Farms are classified on the basis of specialization and region. The results show that technological profiles change in time, and the tendency to change the profile is different in analyzed groups. We observed the tendency to choose such profiles that minimize the agricultural area.
EN
The purpose of the paper is to identify advantages and disadvantages of various methods of constructing rankings. The subject of our study is important due to the international debate on development and welfare measurement methods and ways of comparing results obtained for different countries. Because GDP per capita does not allow sufficient assessment, countries are compared on the basis of many criteria and results are usually presented in form of rankings. We discuss different outranking methods originating from multidimensional statistical analysis and multicriteria optimization and compare them taking into consideration the effect of each method and each set of criteria on the final result. Our remarks are illustrated by rankings of development and economic performance built for European Union countries. Our observations and results can be regarded also as an opinion in the discussion on the report of the International Commission onMeasurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress chaired by J.E. Stiglitz and A. Sen.
EN
In this paper we try to outline the mainstreams of operations research and to classify them as completed and underway in methods and applications. In particular, we consider the methods of decision support with subjective criteria evaluation in vaguely described situations. The aim of the paper is to articulate the current trends and challenges in operations research.
PL
W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono kolejną wersję modelu dla prognozowania podstawowych wskaźników makroekonomicznych z wykorzystaniem danych z testów koniunktury. W pracach Białowolskiego, Kuszewskiego i Witkowskiego (2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012b) rozwijano metodykę budowy modeli dla prognozowania tempa zmian produktu krajowego brutto, stopy bezrobocia i wskaźnika cen towarów konsumpcyjnych. W zbiorze regresorów tych modeli, oprócz opóźnionych w czasie zmiennych endogenicznych, uwzględnia się wyłącznie wyniki różnych testów koniunktury. Badanie dotyczy specyfikacji modelu prognostycznego metodą bayesowskiego uśredniania klasycznych oszacowań (Bayesian averaging of classical estimates, BACE). Przyjęte rozwiązanie umożliwia automatyzację proces doboru postaci modelu. W kolejnym etapie postępowania jest rozważany wpływ sezonowości deterministycznej i stochastycznej szeregów czasowych na wynik procesu prognozowania. Zaproponowano intuicyjną procedurę uwzględniania obu rodzajów sezonowości w procesie prognozowania. Po zakończeniu procesu estymacji i doboru modeli weryfikowano ich możliwości prognostyczne.
EN
This paper presents another version of model designed to forecast main macroeconomic indicators with the use of economic survey data. In previous papers (Białowolski, Kuszewski, Witkowski, 2010a, 2010b, 2011, 2012a, 2012b) methods for developing models used for forecasting GDP growth rate, unemployment rate and CPI were proposed. The set of regressors in those models included only lagged dependent variables and indices based on various survey data. In this paper the specification of the forecasting model is selected with the use of Bayesian averaging of classical estimates (BACE). This algorithm enables an automatic process of selection of functional form of the model. Next the influence of deterministic and stochastic seasonality in time series on forecasting process is concerned. An intuitive procedure of applying and selecting among both types of seasonality in the forecasting process is discussed. Afterwards their forecasting capabilities are considered.
6
Content available remote Daily patient geometry correction: application of NAL and eNAL protocols
51%
EN
Purpose: To test the NAL and eNAL correction protocols using daily patient setup displacements. Methods and material: In total, the analysis was performed for 749 and 797 kV CBCT images for gynecological and prostate patients, respectively, each of 30 patients. After the planning procedure, patients were set up on the treatment table in the treatment position every day. The on-line correction protocol was applied. KV CBCT images were acquired by means of x-ray lamp mounted orthogonally on Linac. Patient setup displacement was assigned. NAL and eNAL corrections protocols were simulated using daily data from online corrections for these two groups of patients. The overall systematic error and random error were calculated for each direction. Results: For the prostate group, the random errors for daily Raw data (no correction) in LAT, LONG, and VERT directions were 2.0 mm, 1.6 mm, and 3.2 mm, respectively. For NAL and eNAL protocols, they were in the range of 1.8 mm to 3.2 mm. For the gynecological group, the random errors were: for daily Raw data 2.2 mm, 1.7 mm, and 3.2 mm, respectively. For NAL and eNAL protocols, they were in the range of 2.0 to 3.4 mm. For the prostate group, values of systematic errors 1.8 mm, 1.8 mm, and 3.3 mm, respectively for Raw data. For NAL and eNAL protocols, these values were less than 1.8 mm. For the gynecological group, the systematic errors were 2.6 mm, 2.3 mm, and 2.8 mm, respectively, for Raw data. For NAL ana eNAL protocols less than 1.8 mm. For the gynecological group, for Raw data, 45% of the total displacement vectors exceeded 5 mm, whereas only 25% did after the NAL procedure and 29% after the eNAL procedure. For the prostate group, for Raw data, 34% of the total displacement vectors exceeded 5 mm, whereas only 22% did after NAL procedure and 28% after eNAL procedure Conclusions: For gynecological and prostate cancer patients, the NAL and eNAL correction protocols can be safely applied to substantially reduce setup errors.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wybrane zagadnienia związane z mieszaną rzeczywistością. W szczególności skupiono się na wykorzystaniu mieszanej rzeczywistości w kontekście wizualizacji obrazowych danych medycznych. Technologia została szczegółowo omówiona oraz porównana z wirtualną i rozszerzoną rzeczywistością oraz drukiem 3D. Zaprezentowano szerokie spektrum zastosowań, m.in. wykorzystanie mieszanej rzeczywistości w szkoleniu oraz do wizualizacji danych pacjentów onkologicznych zobrazowanych w tomografii komputerowej oraz w technice PET.
EN
This article covers the topics related to the use of the mixed reality in the field of medical data visualization. It enables the user to see the data as a 3D hologram that is a part of the users’ environment. There is a detailed comparison to the virtual and the augmented reality and the relation to the 3D printing. A wide variety of applications of the mixed reality in education and in visualization of the patients’ computed tomography and positron emission tomography data is presented.
EN
Current economic crisis shed dark light on the possibilities of creating a valuable and reliable short and medium term forecasts with the use of the most commonly applied econometric models in the structural or autoregressive form (SVAR, VAR), but also models of the general equilibrium (CGE, DSGE). The models failed to forecast especially at the verge of the crisis when the information on upcoming peak in the business cycle would be of the highest value. This situation was a stimulus to undertake research oriented at creating a family of models that would react faster and with higher precision to dynamic changes in the economic environment. As a result it is expected that a family of models will be specified, identified and estimated. They should provide leading and more accurate information on basic macroeconomic variables - GDP, unemployment and inflation. Each of the specifications will be subject to two objectives: (1) the minimum ex-ante forecast error and (2) immediate and reliable accessibility of data. The database applied in the procedure will comprise of time series from the Research Institute of Economic Development (RIED) on sentiment in manufacturing industry, households, trade and construction. The series on economic activity in Poland cover the period of 1995-2009.
9
Content available remote Uncertainties in the measurement of relative doses in radiotherapy
45%
EN
Both the measurement of the dose and the measurement of its distribution, like any other measurements, are subject to measurement uncertainties. These uncertainties affect all dose calculations and dose distributions in a patient’s body during treatment planning in radiotherapy. Measurement uncertainty is not a medical physicist's error, but an inevitable element of their work. Planning the dose distribution in a patient’s body, we often try to reduce it in the volume of critical organs (OaR - Organ at Risk) or increase the minimum dose in the PTV region by a few percent. It is believed that the measurement uncertainty should be taken into account in these calculations at the stage of treatment planning. The paper presents the method of calculating the measurement uncertainty for different physical quantities in radiotherapy as percentage depth dose, profile function and output factor, due to the fact that these quantities have a particular impact on the calculated dose distributions in a patient’s body. The uncertainties that must be taken into account in planning treatment the planned dose per fraction and real in PTV, maybe different up to 4%.
PL
Fizyk medyczny to zawód, który wymaga umiejętności zastosowania metod fizyki w medycynie. Jeżeli dziedziną medycyny jest radioterapia, wówczas należy nauczyć się wykorzystania metod pomiarowych promieniowania jonizującego (dozymetria kliniczna) oraz informatyki (systemy planowania leczenia) w praktyce klinicznej. W procesie dydaktycznym wymagane jest wykorzystanie sprzętu medycznego, który jest w codziennym użytku. Pojawia się konflikt (pozorny), czy aparatura medyczna ma być wykorzystywana do celów edukacyjnych, czy też leczenia chorych. W okresie, kiedy informatyka i związana z nią technologia bardzo dynamicznie się rozwijają, kwestią czasu było pojawienie się wirtualnych akceleratorów, symulatorów. Rozwiązanie to bardzo ułatwia, z punktu widzenia organizacji pracy, proces szkolenia nie tylko fizyków medycznych, ale również lekarzy oraz elektroradiologów obsługujących aparaty terapeutyczne w radioterapii.
EN
Medical physicist is a profession that requires the ability to apply physics methods in medicine. If the field of medicine is radiotherapy, then you should learn how to use radiation measurement methods (clinical dosimetry) and computer science (treatment planning systems) in clinical practice. The teaching process requires the use of medical equipment that is in use daily. There is a conflict (an apparent one) whether medical equipment is to be used for educational purposes or for treating patients. In the period when IT and related technology is developing very dynamically, it was just the matter of time when virtual accelerators, simulators appear. In such virtual reality we can use these programs to move virtual accelerator’s gantry, collimator... This solution greatly facilitates, from the point of view of work organization, the training process not only of medical physicists, but also doctors and technicians in radiotherapy.
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