Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Why is it so Difficult to Define Terrorism?

100%

Wojciechowski S.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

|

2009

|

tom 38

58-72

EN

The term ‘terrorism’ is among the most frequently used words. It accompanies us on an everyday basis. It is apparently understood in a similar manner throughout the world, but it is actually interpreted and defined in different ways. “All vogue words appear to share a similar fate: the more experiences they pretend to make transparent, the more they themselves become opaque”. Terrorism is no exception to that rule. This has become particularly apparent following the events of September 11, Bali, Madrid and London. Terrorism is characterized not only by its manifold nature and complexity but also by the problem with its definition.

2

How Could We Explore the Terrorist Issue?

100%

Wojciechowski S.

Przegląd Strategiczny

|

2013

|

nr 2

49-59

EN

The problem of terrorism can be analyzed by means of a wide array of research theories and models. There is however a question which of these may be regarded as especially useful to analyze different aspects of terrorism such as its reasons, characteristics and effects. Among concepts or theories which more or less fulfill the above-mentioned requirements, one can mention: chaos theory, decision theory, spatial competition theory, exchange theory, black box theory, theory of disaster, system model, model of billiard balls, core model, asymmetrical model, network model or concept of hybridity.

3

The “Islamic State,” an Unidentified Terrorist Object

100%

Raufer X.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

|

2016

|

nr 2

45-55

EN

Massive media coverage presents us with a picture of a single-entity network of “global partisans,” which we can call the Islamic State (IS), the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, ISIS, ISIL, Daesh, or the Takfiri. The aim of this study is to show that, while day after day we are told of the horrors perpetrated by this entity, warned of the threat posed to Europe by the imminent invasion of thousands of bloodthirsty moujahidin, and presented with terrifying figures about the size of its arsenal and “armies,” nothing is ever said of the heart of the matter: What is the Islamic Sate? What is its nature? Its essence?

4

Następna faza: Bioterroryzm?

100%

Carey J. , Eliopoulos P. , Gross N.

Business Week / Polska

|

2001

|

nr nr 11(116)

50-53

XX

Jak pokazują wydarzenia ostatnich tygodni, ataki biologiczne mogą wywoływać nie mniejsze zamieszanie niż fanatyczni piloci kamikadze. Coraz łatwiej przychodzi wyobrazić sobie dziesiątki tysięcy ofiar, sparaliżowaną gospodarkę i powszechny chaos. Terroryści mogą wciąż sięgnąć po broń w rodzaju wirusa ospy, dżumy czy wyprodukowane w laboratoriach genetycznych wirusy "nowej generacji".

5

An Analysis of Medias Role Case Study of Army Public School (APS) Peshawar Attack

100%

Qureshi R. , Gulraiz A. , Shahzad Z.

Social Communication. Online Journal

|

2016

|

nr 2(14)

20-30

EN

The study aimed at analyzing the role of media during and after terrorist attacks by examining the media handling of APS Peshawar attack. The sample consisted of males and females selected on convenience basis from universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. It was hypothesized that (1) Extensive media coverage of terrorist attacks leads to greater publicity/recognition of terrorist groups (2) Media coverage of APS Peshawar attack increased fear and anxiety in public (3) Positive media handling/coverage of APS Peshawar attack led to public solidarity and peace. The results indicate that i) Media coverage of terrorist attacks does help terrorist groups to gain publicity and recognition amongst public ii) Media coverage of Aps Peshawar attack did not increase fear/anxiety in fact it directed the Pakistani nation towards public solidarity and peace.

6

Słowo wstępne

85%

Wojciechowski S.

Przegląd Strategiczny

|

2013

|

nr 1

9-10

7

Cross-border Cooperation in Counteracting the Threat of Terrorism in the Aspect of Euro 2012

80%

Bąk T.

Internal Security

|

2012

|

tom 4(2)

99-116

EN

Article attempts to present cross-border cooperation between the Polish and Ukraine in the field of safety in respect of the European Football Championship EURO 2012 organized by both countries. The author presents risks from the geopolitical considerations of Poland as well as a detailed description of one of them, which is modern terrorism. Events of recent years have shown that the modern terrorist strategy focuses on sports and mass events. Taking into account the fact that EURO 2012 was one of Europe's biggest sports events one should consider the risk of terrorist threats to be higher at that time. These factors provide a basis to present a number of institutions that counteract terrorism and detect the culprits. The Author has also characterized the relationship between members of terrorist groups and transnational organized crime. The article includes descriptions of the Polish-Ukrainian cooperation in order to ensure the highest standards of safety during the matches and accompanying events. The Author also identifies the areas of cooperation between the host - countries, including: security in cross - border traffic and international transport as well as common anti-terrorist exercises of Polish and Ukrainian services. In conclusion, the Author puts forward the argument that the good preparation of organizing countries for EURO 2012 helped avoid the risk associated with terrorism or any negative phenomena, which may disturb the peace of this event.

8

Samospalenia Tybetańczyków - już terroryzm czy jeszcze nie?

80%

Bielawski K.

Prace Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Gdańsku

|

2014

|

tom 31 Holistyczna ocena bezpieczeństwa : aspekt współczesny

323-333

XX

Kwestia niepodległości Tybetu przewija się w dyskursie politycznym od lat. Tybetańczycy wielokrotnie buntowali się przeciw chińskiej dominacji, co zawsze spotykało się z dotkliwymi represjami. Chińska praktyka zwalczania wszelkich przejawów niepodległości doprowadziła do tego, że Tybetańczycy zaczęli poszukiwać nowych metod protestu i w ten sposób narodził się fenomen samospaleń. Samospalenia zyskały na popularności ze względu na swoją doniosłość (w sensie religijnym) i potencjalną medialność. Ponadto chiński aparat represji nie jest w stanie skutecznie przeciwdziałać tej praktyce - samospalenia są bowiem aktem indywidualnym i trudnym do wykrycia w momencie jego planowania. By móc skuteczniej zwalczać tę metodę protestu, Chiny uznały samospalenia za akt terroryzmu. W opracowaniu dokonano próby zarysu analizowanego zjawiska i rozstrzygnięcia, czy samospalenia w Tybecie faktycznie zbliżyły się do obiektywnego, naukowo rozumianego terroryzmu, czy też wciąż jest to tylko polityczna etykieta legitymizująca zwalczanie tybetańskiego ruchu narodowo-niepodległościowego. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The issue of Tibetan independence appears in political discourse very often. For years, Tibetans have repeatedly rebelled against Chinese domination, which always led to severe repression. Chinese practice of combating all expressions of independence made Tibetans seek new methods of protest, and thus the phenomenon of self-immolation was born. Popularity of self-immolation increased due to its seriousness (in a religious sense) and potential media attention. In addition, the Chinese apparatus of repression is not able to effectively counter this practice - in fact, self- immolations are individual and difficult to detect acts at the planning phase. In order to effectively combat this method of protest, China pronounced self-immolation an act of terrorism. The article attempts to outline the analyzed phenomenon and determine whether self-immolation in Tibet actually fulfills the definition of terrorism from scientific point of view, or whether it is still just a political label which is supposed to justify combat against the Tibetan national-independence movement. (original abstract)

9

The Origins and Waves of Terrorism

80%

Chojnowski L.

Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law

|

2017

|

nr nr 4

171-178

EN

The level of publicity on issues related to terrorism means that in opinions of many it has become one of the main problems of the modern world. But in reality, the phenomenon of terrorism has been present in societies almost from the beginning of human history and its perception may not have changed so much over time. The paper presents the genesis and waves of terrorism throughout history, with special emphasis on the beginning of this phenomenon identified with the activity of Sicarii organisation in the first century; the birth of modern terrorism at the end of the 18th century; its intensification in the interwar period and in the second half of the twentieth century.(original abstract)

10

Wpływ terroryzmu na rozwój turystyki międzynarodowej

80%

Marczak M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego. Ekonomiczne Problemy Turystyki

|

2012

|

nr nr 4(20)

89-102

XX

Głównym celem artykułu jest próba określenia wpływu terroryzmu na rozwój turystyki międzynarodowej. W opracowaniu omówiono m.in. problem bezpieczeństwa w turystyce, a także zdefiniowano pojęcie terroryzmu, ukazując jego odmiany. Analizie poddano ponadto przyczyny występowania terroryzmu oraz jego główne cechy. Omówiono również przykłady aktów terrorystycznych wymierzonych bezpośrednio lub pośrednio w turystów. Przyjęto następującą tezę badawczą: terroryzm stanowi jedną z istotnych barier w rozwoju turystyki międzynarodowej. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza destynacji, w których najczęściej do-chodzi do zamachów terrorystycznych. Ich wpływ na rozwój turystyki jest wówczas dość znaczący, natomiast w miejscach, w których zamachy terrory-styczne zdarzały się incydentalnie, wpływ ten ma charakter przejściowy i dotyczy z reguły krótkich przedziałów czasowych.(abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The chief purpose of the present article is an attempt to determine the influence of terrorism on the development of international tourism in the area of selected tourist destinations. The study covers among others the problem of safety in tourism; the no-tion of terrorism was defined including its main variations. Furthermore, the reasons of the occurrence of terrorism were analyzed and the chief features of terrorism were presented. The article also includes an analysis of the measures undertaken by various international institutions with the aim of combating and counteracting terrorist phenomena. The following research thesis was accepted in the article: terrorism constitutes one of significant barriers in the development of international tourism. This is true especial-ly of those regions where terrorist attacks occur most frequently. Their influence on the development of tourism is fairly significant in these cases. In those locations where terrorist attacks are incidental, this influence is of a transitory nature and it usually concerns short periods of time.(original abstract)

11

Coordination of the Anti-Terror Activities in the Republic of Poland

80%

Jaloszynski K. , Wlodkowic P.

Internal Security

|

2010

|

tom 2(2)

201-210

EN

The article attempts to present solutions concerning coordination of actions carried out by entities responsible for counter-terrorism activities in Poland. The author makes references to solutions applied in this field in the USA and some European countries, in which terror threats are real. A special attention has been put on National Counterterrorism Center, which coordinates anti-terror activities in the USA. Moreover, its main tasks have been presented, as well as state organizations which operate as partners to NCTC and deal with counter-terrorism issues. The author presents also German solutions applied by Federal Criminal Police – BKA. As well as these, the author focuses on English solutions conducted in accordance with the counter-terrorism strategy named CONTEST and French solutions which resulted in creating the Anti-Terrorism Coordination Unit (UCLAT), operating under supervision of the National Police Director General.In the article, a special emphasis has also been laid on co-ordination of counter-terrorism activities undertaken in the Republic of Poland after 2011. Much space has been devoted in the article to Interdepartmental Centre for Countering Organised Crime and International Terrorism and to Internal Security Agency’s Anti-Terrorism Centre, which was established much later, i.e. in 2008. Creation of Internal Security Agency’s Anti-Terrorism Centre enabled introduction of counter-terrorism action system, operating on the three-levels, i.e. strategic, operational and tactical. The article presents also the current state of solutions in the field of co-ordination of the anti-terror activities in the Republic of Poland.

12

Is network theory the most suitable for understanding terrorist radicalisation?

80%

Reinskou M. C. T.

Security Forum

|

2017

|

tom 1

|

nr Volume 1 No. 1/2017

39-47

EN

Terrorist radicalisation has been broadly discussed in different research environments, and there are many different opinions about reasons why some people resort to such extreme acts of terrorism. In January 2015, the Kouachi brothers went into the satire company of Charlie Hebdo in France and killed 12 people, and in November the same year a group of terrorists killed 139 people in different attacks in Paris. There have been many terrorist attacks not only in European countries, but also around the world in general. It is not something new, but globalisation and closeness to the media make us more aware of the terror than earlier. The purpose of the paper is to argue, by using different theories within the terrorism studies, that network theory is not the most suitable way to understand terrorist radicalisation, but that different theories in general supplement each other. At the beginning terminology will be explained, followed by introducing network theory, comparing theories on the basis of different factors like understanding terrorist's background, and look at both internal and external factors that influence individuals. Subsequently, different theories will be compared on how well they explain the root causes for violent actions leading to final conclusions.

13

Poland in the system of international cooperation in the scope of physical elimination of terrorism in the European Union

80%

Zubrzycki W.

Internal Security

|

2010

|

tom 2(1)

65-74

EN

Terrorism is considered to be one of the biggest threats not only to local, but also to worldwide security. The article presents legal basis for fighting terrorism in the European Union as wells as the definition of a terrorist act in the Polish legislation. Compared to the police system of physical combatting terrorism in Poland, the most essential element of which is the Anti-terrorist Operation Office at the National Police Headquarters, cooperation between the European Union Member States in this area is presented. The author describes the history, aims, possibilities and particular stages of the cooperation within the ATLAS group. Its members are the leaders of all central anti-terrorist units of the Union states. It also shows legal regulations which facilitate cooperation of the European Union police special units. In this context, it presents legal possibilities for Polish police officers to take part in missions abroad and the assumptions which make it possible to adjust the Polish law to the Union regulations. Cooperating among anti-terrorist units, which is discussed in this article, includes training cooperation and information exchange, as well as assistance in solving a crisis situation in one of the Member States. It is an important instrument used to strengthen the security of the united Europe.

14

Cyberterrorism as a Modern Security Threat

80%

Majdan P.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Poznaniu

|

2017

|

tom 72 nr 1 Aktualne wyzwania dla polityki rozwoju w Unii Europejskiej

161-171

XX

XXI wiek niesie za sobą ciągłe zmiany, które w dodatku następują bardzo dynamicznie. Zmiany te można dostrzec niemal w każdej dziedzinie życia. W większości przypadków mają one pozytywny wpływ na funkcjonowanie społeczeństw. Jednak należy mieć świadomość, iż w dobie ogromnego rozwoju powstaje również wiele wyzwań oraz zagrożeń. Jednym z nich jest cyberterroryzm. Jest to nowa, prężnie rozwijająca się odmiana terroryzmu, która odbywa się w cyberprzestrzeni, a jej skutki mogą być katastrofalne dla człowieka, państwa, a także organizacji międzynarodowych.(abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The 21st century has ushered in a period of rapid change that can be seen in nearly every aspect of life. In most cases, they have a positive impact on society. However, one cannot help noticing that in an era of tremendous growth there are also a number of challenges and threats. One of them is cyber-terrorism. This is a new, rapidly growing form of terrorism, which takes place in cyberspace, with possibly devastating consequences are for people, states and international organizations.(original abstract)

15

Wywieranie presji na społeczeństwo - terroryzm

80%

Bąk T.

Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Techniczno-Ekonomicznej w Jarosławiu. Współczesne problemy zarządzania

|

2014

|

nr nr 5 Bezpieczeństwo publiczne

11-21

XX

Seria ataków terrorystycznych na terytorium Stanów Zjednoczonych w dniu 11 września 2001 roku i 11 marca 2004 roku w Madrycie i Hiszpanii, geneza terroryzmu oraz podłoże i skutki ataków terrorystycznych są tematem artykułu pod tytułem "Wywierania presji na społeczeństwo- terroryzm". Terroryzm jest pojęciem politycznym nierozłącznie związanym z rządzeniem, władzą i dążeniem do niej, przy wykorzystaniu politycznych przemian. Działania terrorystyczne mogą przyjmować formy aktów kryminalnych typu podpalenia, morderstwa i użycie ładunków wybuchowych w celu wywołania paniki, zaburzenia porządku i zastraszenia. Wiele grup terrorystycznych ma podłoże religijne. Metody, techniki i cele stosowane przez terrorystów mimo upływu czasu niewiele się zmieniły. Największą siatką terrorystyczną na świecie jest Al-Ka'ida. Jeśli chodzi o taktykę i metody działania terrorystów, to są one dopasowane do zaplanowanych celów i dążeń politycznych. Terroryzm jest poważnym problemem naszego stulecia ze względu na nasilającą się przemoc, co przedstawia poniższe opracowanie. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The series of terrorist attacks on the United States of America on 11th September 2001 and 11th March 2004 in Madrid - Spain; the origins of terrorism, its background and consequences are the subject of the article named 'Terrorism as a form of pressure exertion on society'. Terrorism is a political term intrinsically interlinked with governing, authority and striving for it by means of political changes. Terrorist activities may take form of criminal actions such as arson, murders, booby - traps in order to cause panic, public disorder and intimidation. Many terrorist groups are of religious background. Their methods, techniques and aims have not changed much with time. The biggest terrorist network in the world is Al Qaeda. The tactics and methods are adjusted to planned targets and political objectives. Terrorism is a serious problem of this century for its increasing violence which is presented in this study. Key words: attack, society, pressure, terrorism. (original abstract)

16

The Problem of Radical Salafism in Sweden in the Context of Terrorist Threats

80%

Kosmynka S.

Przegląd Europejski

|

2020

|

nr nr 4

117-130

XX

Artykuł jest prezentuje problem radykalnego salafizmu w Szwecji w kontekście krystalizacji zagrożeń terrorystycznych. Ze względu na radykalizację terroryzmu jest to ważny problem, będący udziałem także wielu innych państw europejskich i pozaeuropejskich. Celem artykułu jest diagnoza wyzwań dla bezpieczeństwa, płynących ze strony nurtów radykalnych w środowiskach imigranckich, a także działań zapobiegawczych, wdrażanych na przestrzeni ostatnich lat przez szwedzkie władze. Ponieważ badania nad terroryzmem i ekstremizmem salafickim implikują przyjęcie metod interdyscyplinarnych, w artykule zastosowano metodę historyczną i systemową, a także odwołano się do M.Sagemana "teorii sieci" ilustrującej mechanizmy funkcjonowania komórek terrorystycznych. Główne wnioski, płynące z zawartych w tekście rozważań, dotyczą istnienia zagrożeń terrorystycznych w państwie, którego fundamentem jest wielokulturowość i nastawienie na integrację. Ekstremizm dżihadystyczny usiłuje prowadzić swą narrację i w takim środowisku oraz dotrzeć ze swym przesłaniem do mieszkających na terenie Szwecji młodych muzułmanów. Stanowi to z kolei pożywkę dla postaw antymigranckich i niechętnych muzułmanom, które - jakkolwiek nie są dominujące - zaznaczają się w pejzażu społecznym tego państwa

EN

The article demonstrates the phenomenon of the radical Salafism in Sweden in the context of terrorist threats. Due to the radicalisation of terrorism, it is an important problem that also affects many other European and non-European countries. The aim of the article is the analysis of the background of the activity of some radical groups and the terrorist cells that make references to the character of this problem. The article refers to some social and economic conditions for violent radicalisation and its challenges for the security. It is focused on the most important dimensions of the counter-terrorism strategy implemented by the Swedish authorities to fight and prevent extremism. The methodological analysis is based on the integration of historical and system method and refers to Marc Sageman's theory of the jihadist networks, which is more appropriate to understand how they appear and operate. The main conclusion of the article is that jihadist extremism has appeared in the multicultural society which is based on the idea of integration and inclusion. Sweden has implemented the multidimensional and integrated counter-terrorism policy to prevent violent extremism. Regarding the positive attitudes towards immigrants still are the majority, it should be emphasised that the terrorist threat fuels the anti-immigration orientation.(original abstract)

17

A New Area for Turkish–Polish Cooperation? Terrorism and the International Criminal Court

80%

Kirdar S.

The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs

|

2015

|

nr 1

61-77

EN

The article focuses on the potential for Turkish–Polish cooperation on defining and countering international terrorism with reference to how the security and defence interests of both countries converge in terms of their strategic partnership at the EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) and NATO levels and how this convergence might trigger the next phase of bilateral partnership under the umbrella of the International Criminal Court (ICC). First, the current state of the international crime of terrorism in relation to the ICC will be explored; second, Turkey’s attempts to incorporate terrorism into the ICC framework will be discussed; third, the role of Poland as a member of both the EU and NATO will be outlined; and finally, the potential cooperation between Turkey and Poland on defining international terrorism will be discussed. It argues that Poland, a state party to the ICC, can encourage Turkey’s ratification of the Rome Statute by fostering a dialogue on the untapped potential of defining and countering terrorism through the mechanisms and processes of international criminal law institutionalised in the ICC.

18

Counter Terrorism in the 21st Century and the Role of the European Union

80%

Bonansinga D.

Polish Political Science Review. Polski Przegląd Politologiczny

|

2015

|

nr Vol. 3, Iss. 1

35-46

EN

Terrorism is designed, as it has always been, to have profound psychological repercussions on a target audience and to undermine confidence in government and leadership. Nevertheless, after the 9/11 attacks, it is possible to claim that terrorism has changed and the European Union's response, along with the world one, has also changed. By means of discursive analysis, this paper aims at exploring the complexity of the new threats that terrorism poses to the globalised world by combining 21st century technologies with the most extreme reading and vision of the clash of civilisation. The analysis will then proceed with an assessment of the change of approach that has guided EU action in the aftermath of 9/11 and with a critical examination of the issue of global actorness.(original abstract)

19

Fundamental Problems of Fighting Terrorism and Sabotage by The Police

80%

Wisniewski B.

Internal Security

|

2010

|

tom 2(2)

195-200

EN

Terrorism and sabotage are not news ways of undermining security of the state, especially its internal security. Their dangerous impact results from their destructive effectiveness. Terrorism and sabotage threats are not limited to war time operations or crises preceding them. At any moment, representatives of political and administrative power, mobilization system as well as key political, economic and military objects may be the targets of sabotage or terrorist attacks. The aim of those actions is to disorganize state’s economy, its defensive potential, political life and administration, weaken country’s role on the international arena and undermine its alliances. An effective fight with the mentioned threats results from legal order in a given country and requires preparation of various specialized institutions. On account of the function that they play, the police (and armed forces) are predisposed to take that fight. The requirement for police to engage in combating terrorism and sabotage results from the great number of potential objects that can be attacked as well as from the police’s responsibility. The analysis and assessment of the before-mentioned threats indicates that preparations for terrorism and sabotage combat are similar. That refers mainly to principles and ways of counteracting terrorism and sabotage. Integration of preparations in those areas allows to prepare for sabotage combat during terrorism combat preparations and vice versa.

20

Terror and Insecurity: The Impact of Boko Haram Crisis on Nigeria's External Image

80%

Adeyemi-Suenu A.

International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences (ILSHS)

|

2015

|

tom 2 (1)

2-34

EN

The use of terror as a ratio for resolving internal fundamental differences is not uncommon in neo-colonial societies. This is not saying that flashes of same are not recogn ised in the developed environment. The prevalence of this alternative appears as old as the political history of Nigeria. This work underscores the theoretical and historical basis of rebellion in Nigeria primarily focusing on the rise, fundamental philosophy and the vision of the Boko Haramists. The central thesis of this work is that Boko Haram activities have negative effects on Nigeria's external image and fundamentally, it exposes the nature and dynamics of Nigeria's security problems. The work contributes in part to the literature on this issue but significantly, it situates the problems within strategic logic which amplifies the degeneration of the problems and the incessant rebellion against the Nigerian State.(original abstract)