Olmutinib (Olita™) is an oral third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) which is used to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A simple, rapid, and sensitive method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) has been developed for the determination of olmutinib. Sample preparation was performed following simple one-step protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Olmutinib and internal standard (dasatinib) were separated on an Eclipse Plus C18 RRHD (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 μm) column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid in water with gradient elution. A total run time of 1.7 min was achieved. Detection was performed on a positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, using transitions of m/z 487.2 → 402.1 for olmutinib and m/z 488.2 → 401 for dasatinib (IS), respectively. The calibration curve (R2 = 0.999) was linear over the range of 1–500 ng/mL. The recovery of olmutinib ranged from 85.8% to 95.5%. This method can be applied to pharmacokinetic studies of olmutinib.
Non-small cell lung cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancer with a very high mortality rate. Trying to understand the mechanisms underlying the progression of this type of cancer, it is necessary to evaluate the changes occurring at molecular level in cancer cells. Besides the widely studied signaling pathways and genes which are dysregulated in NSCLC, there is a large group of non-coding RNAs involved in cancer pathogenesis. Those RNAs are tissue specific heterogeneous class of RNAs that play many functions in physiological condition in cells, nevertheless current data has shown that lncRNAs are also functional in different types of cancer. Moreover, it has been suggest that lncRNAs are involved in cancer progression by controlling key signaling pathways involved in diverse types of tumors. Notch signaling is one of those pathways, very often deregulated in NSCLC. Therefore in this review I summarized recent outcomes according the importance of lncRNAs in regulation of Notch pathway in the pathogenesis of NSCLC.
Introduction: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are the standard of treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with EGFR (endothelial growth factor receptor) gene activating mutation. Objective: The evaluation of the efficacy and toxicity of TKI drugs in NSCLC patients treated in single centre. Material and methods: NSCLC patients treated with TKI (gefitinib, erlotynib, afatinib) between 2012– 2016 were retrospectively analysed. We evaluated: overall response rate (ORR) which is the sum of complete responses (CR) and partial remissions (PR), progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and adverse events (AE) according to CTCAE (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events) scale. Results: The study group were 16 patients ORR was 50% (CR: 1, PR: 7). Median PFS and OS was 8,7 and 22,9 months respectively. Adverse events observed mainly in stage 1 and 2 were related to hyponatraemia, hyperbilirubinemia, skin toxicity and mucositis. There was one death reported due to infectious complications. Conclusion: The efficacy and toxicity of TKI in study group were found to be similar to those described in the literature.
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Study Objective: The aim of this study was to test a panel of 6 reference genes in order to identify and validate the most suitable reference genes for expression studies in paired healthy and non-small cell lung cancer tissues. Method: Quantitative real-time PCR followed by the NormFinder- and geNorm-based analysis was employed. The study involved 21 non-small cell lung cancer patients. Results: The analysis of experimental data revealed HPRT1 as the most stable gene followed by RPLP0 and ESD. In contrast, GAPDH was found to be the least stable gene. HPRT1 together with ESD was revealed as the pair of genes introducing the least systematic error into data normalization. Validation by bootstrap random sampling technique and by normalizing exemplary gene expression data confirmed the results. Conclusion: Although HPRT1 and ESD may by recommended for data normalization in gene expression studies on non-small cell lung cancer, the suitability of selected reference genes must be unconditionally validated prior to each study.
INTRODUCTION Tumor growth, invasion of surrounding tissues and metastasis require degradation of the protein components of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes. Matrix metalloproteinases play a major role in the process of digesting ECM components and intensify the adverse effects around the growing tumor. Increased expression and activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 have been observed in many malignancies. The aim of this study was to design and apply a method based on RNA interference to reduce the expression of gelatinases. MATERIAL AND METHOD Silencing oligonucleotides directed at MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes were designed based on the mRNA sequences (GenBank) in the sirna program. Gene constructs were synthesized and cloned into the pSUPER.neo vector. After verifying their correctness, plasmid DNA was used to transfect human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. The changes in the level of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA were determined by the Real TimeTM PCR technique. RESULTS After 24 hours of shRNA/MMP-2 construct application, no changes in the MMP-2 mRNA level were observed. In turn, after 10 days a 33.1% reduction was noticed. Downregulation of the MMP-9 gene was more efficient. After 24 hours of using plasmids carrying shRNA/MMP-9 constructs, a 95.6% decrease in the number of MMP-9 mRNA copies was observed. After 10 days, the level of MMP-9 gene expression was 26.2% in comparison to the mRNA level established for the control cells. CONCLUSIONS The RNA interference technique can be successfully used to downregulate the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 genes. The obtained results confirmed that our shRNA/MMP-2 and shRNA/MMP-9 constructs are capable of reducing the mRNA level in the non–small cell lung cancer A549 cell line.
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W S T Ę P Wzrost guzów nowotworowych, inwazja otaczających tkanek oraz powstawanie przerzutów wymagają degradacji białkowych składników macierzy pozakomórkowej oraz błon podstawnych. Metaloproteinazy macierzy pozakomórkowej odgrywają podstawową rolę w trawieniu składników macierzy i nasilają wiele niekorzystnych zmian w otoczeniu rozwijającego się nowotworu. W przebiegu licznych nowotworów szczególnie podkreśla się negatywną rolę metaloproteinaz należących do grupy żelatynaz. Celem pracy było zaprojektowanie i zastosowanie metody wykorzystującej zjawisko interferencji RNA, pozwalającej obniżyć ekspresję genów MMP-2 i MMP-9. MATERIAŁ I METODY Materiał do badań stanowiły ludzkie komórki nowotworowe niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuca linii A549. Wyciszające konstrukcje genetyczne zaprojektowano opierając się na sekwencjach mRNA dla MMP-2 i MMP-9, pochodzących z bazy danych GenBank, za pomocą programu komputerowego sirna, a następnie wklonowano do plazmidu pSUPER.neo. Po zweryfikowaniu prawidłowości otrzymanych konstrukcji, plazmidowy DNA wykorzystano do transfekcji komórek eukariotycznych A549. Do oceny zmian poziomu ekspresji mRNA MMP-2 i MMP-9 zastosowano metodę Real Time TM RT – PCR. WYNIKI W komórkach A549, do których wprowadzono zaprojektowane konstrukcje shRNA/MMP-2, po 24 godzinach nie zaobserwowano zmian poziomu mRNA MMP-2, natomiast po 10 dniach odnotowano 33,1% spadek ekspresji tego genu. Wydajniejszy był proces wyciszania ekspresji genu MMP-9 , gdyż w komórkach transfekowanych plazmidami niosącymi konstrukcje shRNA/MMP-9 zaobserwowano 95,6% spadek liczby kopii mRNA MMP- 9 już po 24 godzinach. Po 10 dniach poziom ekspresji genu MMP-9 wynosił 26,2% w stosunku do poziomu ustalonego dla komórek kontrolnych. WNIOSKI Technika interferencji RNA może być wykorzystywana do wyciszania ekspresji genów żelatynaz związanych z procesem metastazy nowotworów. Wstępne wyniki potwierdziły zdolność zaprojektowanych konstrukcj i genetycznych do potranskrypcyjnego wyciszania ekspresji tychże genów w komórkach niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuca linii A549
Study Objective: The aim of this study was to test a panel of 6 reference genes in order to identify and validate the most suitable reference genes for expression studies in paired healthy and non-small cell lung cancer tissues. Method: Quantitative real-time PCR followed by the NormFinder- and geNorm-based analysis was employed. The study involved 21 non-small cell lung cancer patients. Results: The analysis of experimental data revealed HPRT1 as the most stable gene followed by RPLP0 and ESD. In contrast, GAPDH was found to be the least stable gene. HPRT1 together with ESD was revealed as the pair of genes introducing the least systematic error into data normalization. Validation by bootstrap random sampling technique and by normalizing exemplary gene expression data confirmed the results. Conclusion: Although HPRT1 and ESD may by recommended for data normalization in gene expression studies on non-small cell lung cancer, the suitability of selected reference genes must be unconditionally validated prior to each study.
Several studies have reported different expression levels of certain genes in NSCLC, mostly related to the stage and advancement of the tumours. We investigated 65 stage I-III NSCLC tumours: 32 adenocarcinomas (ADC), 26 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 7 large cell carcinomas (LCC). Using the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we analysed the expression of the COX-2, hTERT, MDM2, LATS2 and S100A2 genes and researched the relationships between the NSCLC types and the differences in expression levels. The differences in the expression levels of the LATS2, S100A2 and hTERT genes in different types of NSCLC are significant. hTERT and COX-2 were over-expressed and LATS2 under-expressed in all NSCLC. We also detected significant relative differences in the expression of LATS2 and MDM2, hTERT and MDM2 in different types of NSCLC. There was a significant difference in the average expression levels in S100A2 for ADC and SCC. Our study shows differences in the expression patterns within the NSCLC group, which may mimic the expression of the individual NSCLC type, and also new relationships in the expression levels for different NSCLC types.