Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

The economic and social position of the Hungarian university lectureres and researchers from Cluj

100%

Tokes G.

Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)

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2005

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tom 15

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nr 3

70-88

EN

The study presents the economic an social situation of the Hungarian university lecturers and researchers from Cluj in 2002. The author examines the economic and social differentiation of the Hungarian university lecturers and researchers from Cluj through a model that contains six classes. These classes are: upper class, upper-middle class, middle class, under-middle class, working class and underclass. The empirical data demonstrate that the financial situation of the Hungarian university lecturers and researchers from Cluj is better than that of the most Hungarians in Romania and the Romanian society in general, and they are aware of this fact. However, this middle strata is not a homogenous one. The survey demonstrates that there is a relationship between the occupational position of the interviewed person and his economic situation, but there is no direct relationship between the social origin and the economic situation. There is, however, a tendency according to which those individuals whose parents belonged to the upper and upper-middle class would themselves, too, belong to the upper or upper-middle class, while only half of the persons belonging to the middle and lower-middle class had parents belonging to the upper or upper-middle class.

2

CHANGES IN THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND THE EMERGING MIDDLE CLASS IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

100%

Jaguscik J.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2008

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nr 4(191)

91-111

EN

The article presents the development of social stratification research in China and theoretical findings of leading Chinese sociologists. The opening reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978 effected profound changes in Chinese social structure. One of the main results of the reforms was the emergence of middle class, whose part in the social structure is, however, far from sufficient. Underdevelopment of the middle class, lack of access to educational opportunities and high employment in agriculture are the main structural problems of China which will need to be solved in the days to come.

3

FOREIGNERS TO HUMAN NATURE

88%

McCadden C.

Annales Scientia Politica

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2019

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tom 8

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nr 1

5 – 26

EN

Is there a relation between wealth and human nature? Can the Delphic maxim "know thyself” (γνῶθι σεαυτὸν) help us decide whether or not to be affluent and wealthy? And if so: how rich? Human beings, says Aristotle, can only use and benefit from a limited amount of goods and services. The very rich have more than they need; the poor are in need because they have the minimum required to live, or even less. Only in the ‘middle’ do we find those who enjoy ‘true wealth’. Any society should search to increase the number of persons who possess enough and therefore are ‘truly wealthy’. Every human being should have what one needs. To achieve a ‘truly rich’ ‘middle class’ (Aristotle) rather than aspiring to increase its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), per capita GDP or income equality in terms of a normal distribution a country must solve the welfare problem of its population. That means it must end with the food, health, education, employment, and other such gaps. This paper argues that the hierarchical stratification of the contemporary Mexican society that favours an outrageously rich minority could renew its social order with the understanding of two Aristotelian categories: attainment of ‘real wealth’ for large ‘middle class’. This would allow Mexico to become a member of the developed world by turning into a mostly middle class country.

4

TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL CAPITAL IN A TOWN MICROSTRUCTURE: DOLNÝ KUBIN IN 1900 - 1950 (A CASE STUDY)

88%

Bumova I.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2004

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tom 52

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nr 1

1-32

EN

The authoress analyses cases of political capital transfer in a small-town environment between 1900 and 1952. The focus of her study are representatives of the middle class and elite, who held both the executive power and the economic power at Dolný Kubin. Of her special interest are historical turning points that caused the transfer of executive power and economic power to the innerly differentiated middle class. She examines reflections of these changes in the way of life and value orientation of their representatives and the town community. The analysis revealed that the Slovak representatives of the new middle class (from after-1918 and WWII generations) were more open to the offers from the Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945) and helped to endorse its practical policy. However, regarding the state, the representatives of the after-1918 generation were divided, while the representatives of the war generation were loyal to its ideology. On the other hand, that section of the old middle class represented by members of the Slovak families active before 1918 did not respond to the appeals of the regime and remained in opposition to it. The analysis of the material confirmed that current political systems may influence value orientation of the examined strata of population. Political capital, implying to a great degree the value orientation of an individual, contradicts the ideologies of totalitarian regimes. At this point usually the most striking dichotomy emerges between values cherished by an individual and those endorsed by the state . In case an individual accepts values declared by the ideological system, the continuity is considered as disrupted.

5

VOJENSKÁ LITERATÚRA V MEŠTIANSKOM PROSTREDÍ V OBDOBÍ NOVOVEKU

88%

Čičaj V.

Vojenská história

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2018

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tom 22

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nr 1

82 - 106

EN

The military topic has always been a point of interest not only of the members of the armed forces themselves but also the military theoreticians who had been publishing scripts with military themes since the ancient times. Always, apart from that, there was also the professional military literature at the level of regulations, exercise rules or practical manuals and guidebooks. What is interesting is that in Modern Times, the military topic also resonated in the non-military environment and has found its fans among the middle class. The author focuses his attention on the reception of book publications with military theme in the non-military environment, concentrating on the private and institutional libraries in Slovakia. Compared to the aristocratic libraries, the books with military themes were logically represented in a much smaller number. However, it is surprising that the middle class libraries did not contain the accessible works of antique authors and were limited to the literally modern, practical works - the townsmen owned various manuals for handling particular weapons (muskets, spears, cutting weapons), works focusing on the contemporary situation in the military science and practice or scripts dedicated to military constructions. The author examined all the middle class libraries containing any works of this type, identifying and analysing in detail the individual works which were often mentioned in the inventory only in form of an incomplete record. He also drew attention to the works dealing with the military topic only partially, such as the works on military health care or spiritual service. In conclusion, he clarified the practical reasons leading the middle class to acquisition of the professional military literature.

6

Professionalno-kvalifikatsionnyie indikatoryi srednego klassa v Ukraine

75%

Rosetska Y. B.

Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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2015

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tom 3 (69)

68-77

EN

The formation of the middle class in any country is the key and core of economic development, so we need to study the conditions and problems of the middle class in Ukraine. The level of education and training of employees are the foundation of stratification patterns in developed countries, so the purpose of this article is to analyse the characteristics of vocational qualification structure of Ukrainian population and its correlation with the level of material well-being. To achieve this goal, we considered vocational qualification structure of the population, dynamics and distribution of the employed population according income and occupational group. The study showed that there is no correlation between the level of professional qualifications and income in Ukraine. There is also no correlation between education, qualification, income and social status. These trends weaken the prerequisites for the formation of the middle class. For the development and strengthening of the middle class Ukraine requires coordinated economic policy at all levels, including: definition of property rights education program, transformation of wages system in the public sector, overcoming the oligarchic system of government.

7

MIDDLE CLASSES IN THE URBAN SORROUNDING - TRANSFORMATION OF GROUP VALUES ?

75%

Popelkova K. , Vrzgulova M.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2005

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tom 53

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nr 4

381-398

EN

The article deals. with the problem of difficult life circumstances of the middle class in Slovakia in 20th century. Comparing the atributes of groups and common values of two professional groups members (entrepreneurs and private vine-growers) in two different towns in Slovakia (Trencin and Modra) the authoresses tried to characterize and describe the main features of social transformation.The submitted study is an attempt to empirically examine the situation at the period of social and post-socialist transformation over the past 15 years. In the focus there are the re-establishment processes concerning small and middle entrepreneurs, namely private vine-growers, studied by a model analysis of both the examined groups and the situations in which they appeared after the nationalisation in 1948, and then after 1989. The main frameworks of the research are the value-systems of these craftsmen and vine-growers, changes of the local community, formation and stability of social strategies and perspectives, legislature and real life in entrepreneurial activities. The authors paid a special attention to the first attempts of individual subjects to start an independent (private) business after 1989, their primary philosophy, strategies and objectives, and a gradual re-evaluation and modification of the goals under the impact of a triad of closely intertwined components of the process: modernisation - transformation - globalisation. Asking questions about the position of the middle classes, namely the social groups of small and middle entrepreneurs and vine-growers in the social structure of the chosen towns, the composition of these groups, their position in the town community, or whether they at all form a social group with some common consciousness, strategies and goals, the authoresses have sought to comprehend their contemporary social and economic position. An analysis and comparison of group value systems cherished by these professional groups before 1948 and then after 1989 reveal dynamism of the relation between the value ideal (the proclamation) and everyday life values (the reality). From the methodological aspect, the study is an attempt to carry out a horizontal comparison - a comparison within a social space: the country, the society, urban environment and historical time are identical, what is different are these two different components of the middle classes at two different towns. Comparing the results of the research the authoresses came to conclusions that both the fates of the groups and the group values and their transformation (emerging from the strategies, goals and everyday behaviour of individual members of both examined groups) exhibit many common as well as different features.

8

NEW YORK BOHEMIANISM IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

75%

Smith M. S.

ARS

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2012

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tom 45

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nr 2

212 – 222

EN

In the second half of the 19th century, artists in the United States were under social and economic pressures, which led many to live in poverty. As a consequence, Parisian Bohemianism was easily imported by expatriate artists and found a fertile ground in New York City. Traditionally, Paris and the Fine Arts were associated to vice and spiritual corruption and, at first, the bohemian lifestyle only reinforced these stereotypes. Yet, the growing capital injected onto the European art market brought the Fine Arts into a more acceptable sphere. As a result Bohemianism came to represent very contradictory values. Through novels, the printed press and paintings, Bohemianism came to be a vehicle for a wide variety of images which reflected the many changes which the United States were undergoing from the 1850s to the 1900s. For all these reasons, Bohemianism became in the United States a complex movement which underlined the complexities of a society entering its “Modern” age.