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EN
The aim of this article is to present the situation of the milk and dairy products market in the EU countries and in the countries which are the world’s major milk producers in view of changes caused by the potential liberalisation of the global milk trade. The volume of trade in milk and dairy products, as well as production, demand and prices paid by consumers were analysed. The study uses the general equilibrium model of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). Projections were made according to the propositions included in the modalities negotiated at the World Trade Organisation forum in December 2008. It was proved that the progressing liberalisation of foreign trade may increase the competitive pressure both on regional markets and on the global market. In consequence, the dairy producers and processors from the EU countries may lose part of the market to the suppliers from the countries with lower costs of production. Such countries as New Zealand, the USA, Brazil and China may benefit from the liberalization.
EN
The authoress aims to identify the state of competitiveness of the Polish fruit and vegetables sector in comparison to the European Union countries, especially taking into account the new member states. The production potential and trade in fresh and processed fruit and vegetables were analyzed. The analysis of competitiveness was made on the basis of selected market and trade indicators, labour productivity and average turnover of processing enterprises. The determinants of competitiveness of Polish horticulture were also discussed
6
Content available remote Konkurencyjność zasobowa rolnictwa UE i USA
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EN
The aim of this paper was to investigate the intensity and determine the type of intra-industry trade in agri-food products of Poland and the EU with the US. Analysis was based on data coming from the Comext-Eurostat database applying the 6-digit HS classification in 2007 and 2018. The intensity of intra-industry trade was established using the Grubel-Lloyd index, taking the diversification of intra-industry trade into horizontal, high-quality vertical, and low-quality vertical trade into consideration. The individual types were determined applying the criteria of similarity in unit values in exports and imports, proposed by David Greenaway et al. [1994]. Analysis showed that trade in agri-food products of Poland and the EU with the US developed mainly following a model of inter-industry specialisation. Intra-industry trade was observed primarily in trade in highly processed products. Analyses of EU trade with the US indicate the greatest role of intra-industry trade in high quality differentiated products, which may hardly be supplemented by other goods, while in Polish trade with the US it was vertical trade in low quality goods, which may be relatively readily replaced by products coming from other countries, in turn potentially leading to the loss of Poland’s share in the target market.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zbadanie intensywności i określenie typu handlu wewnątrzgałęziowego produktami rolno-spożywczymi Polski i UE z USA. Analizę przeprowadzono na podstawie danych pochodzących z bazy Comext-Eurostat, na 6-cyfrowym poziomie klasyfikacji HS w latach 2007 i 2018. Intensywność handlu wewnątrzgałęziowego wyznaczono za pomocą wskaźnika Grubela-Lloyda, uwzględniającego zróżnicowanie wymiany wewnątrzgałęziowej na poziomą i pionową wysokiej oraz niskiej jakości. Poszczególne typy wymiany określono na podstawie kryteriów podobieństwa wartości jednostkowych w eksporcie i imporcie, zaproponowanych przez Davida Greenawaya i współautorów [1994]. Na podstawie zrealizowanych badań można stwierdzić, że handel produktami rolno-spożywczymi Polski i UE z USA rozwijał się głównie zgodnie z modelem specjalizacji międzygałęziowej. Wymianę wewnątrzgałęziową obserwowano przede wszystkim w obrotach produktami o wyższym stopniu przetworzenia. W obrotach UE z USA stosunkowo największe znaczenie miał handel wewnątrzgałęziowy produktami zróżnicowanymi wysokiej jakości, które względnie trudno jest substytuować innymi wyrobami, natomiast w wymianie Polski z USA – handel pionowy artykułami niskiej jakości, stosunkowo łatwo dającymi się zastąpić standardowymi wyrobami pochodzącymi z innych krajów, co może prowadzić do utraty udziałów w rynku docelowym.
10
Content available remote The Determinants of International Competitiveness
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EN
Competitiveness, both on the micro- and the macroeconomic scale, is at present acquiring key importance for the economic progress of each country. At present the increase in international competitiveness is one of the most important developmental challenges for many countries. This paper tries to synthesize existing classifications of the competitiveness determinants and shows changes in the character of competition. From the great variety of these classifications one common point is emerging for consideration. Nowadays, competitiveness is not restricted only to competition in prices and costs. The quality factors begin to play a much more important role. In parallel with the changing competition character, evolution from the hard competitiveness determinants to the soft ones is observed. It is also worth stressing that unique production factors, created by man, are being taken into account much more than the traditional ones.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the situation of the milk and dairy products market in the EU countries and in the countries which are the world’s major milk producers in view of changes caused by the potential liberalisation of the global milk trade. The volume of trade in milk and dairy products, as well as production, demand and prices paid by consumers were analysed. The study uses the general equilibrium model of the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP). Projections were made according to the propositions included in the modalities negotiated at the World Trade Organisation forum in December 2008. It was proved that the progressing liberalisation of foreign trade may increase the competitive pressure both on regional markets and on the global market. In consequence, the dairy producers and processors from the EU countries may lose part of the market to the suppliers from the countries with lower costs of production. Such countries as New Zealand, the USA, Brazil and China may benefit from the liberalization.
PL
Układając tafle szkła w elektrycznych piecach możemy zmienić ich chłodny charakter i przygotować specjalnie ukształtowane elementy, wzbogacone o kolor i fakturę, mogące posłużyć do budowy w pełni rzeźbiarskich kompozycji (il. 22, 23).
EN
The article estimates the static effects of a customs union in agri-food trade of the new Member States of the European Union. It was proved that in all the countries of Central and Eastern Europe which are members of the Community the acceptance of Community acquis in trade policy resulted in both the effect of trade creation and trade diversion, where the former was stronger.
PL
W artykule oszacowano statyczne efekty utworzenia unii celnej w handlu rolno-spożywczym nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej. Dowiedziono, że we wszystkich krajach Wspólnoty z regionu Środkowej i Wschodniej Europy przyjęcie unijnego acquis communautaire w dziedzinie polityki handlowej wywołało zarówno efekt kreacji, jak i przesunięcia handlu na inne rynki, przy tym siła tego pierwszego była większa.
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