Współczesne interpretacje przemian religii i religijności w coraz większym stopniu uwzględniają fakt jej wewnętrznego zróżnicowania. Wydaje się to odzwierciedlać zarówno fakt wzrastającego zróżnicowania samych koncepcji interpretacyjnych, jak i fakt zwiększającej sięróżnorodności form współczesnych manifestacji życia religijnego.(fragment tekstu)
EN
The data of the research project RAMP (Religious and Moral Pluralism) including representative national trials from 11 European countries in 1998 (N-12342) were used to test hypotheses on the subject of social conditions and consequences of New Age and fundamentalism. The concept of New Age has been operationalised in two forms: as a contradiction of fundamentalism (inclusive, nonliteralist, universalist religiousness and also the one which emphasises the nonpersonal and nonpunitive conception of God) and in the form of proastrological attitude which is one of the central motifs of this form of worldview. In case of fundamentalism and proastrological attitude indicators of the social condition and affluence of the society speak rather for the localisation of forms of religious orientation in the less modernised parts of the society which is confirmed by predictions of the theory of authoritarianism and predictions of the market model as for the compensative functions of these forms of religiousness. Predictions based on the theory of authoritarianism have also been confirmed in reference lo social consequences of fundamentalism and astrology the adherents to which appeared to be more punitive and inclined to religious and ethnic prejudices. New Age (understood as a contradiction of fundamentalism) and the overall religiousness on the other hand appeared to be conducive to the reluctant attitude to death sentence and tolerance of religious and ethnic minorities. (original abstract)
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Cultural and religious factors do have some connection with results achieved in business; it is particularly well visible on the financial market. The paper presented possibilities of researching connections between cultural and religious factors and success in business, based on selected measures. Analysis covers three areas: top managers' incomes, effectiveness measured by return on capital, risk appetite of financial institutions with international capital and international board of managers. Indicators of correlations and comparison of measures used for analysis confirm inter-relationships of cultural and religious factors and success in business. (original abstract)
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Przedstawiono wpływ globalizacji na europejską przestrzeń kulturową. Autor podkreśla, że globalizacja jest potężną siłą, która znacząco zmienia lokalną tożsamość kulturową w państwach, narodach i grupach etnicznych, a ponadto jest odpowiedzialna za dualistyczny obraz świata wartości społeczno-politycznych.
EN
Article dedicated to the problem of globalization influence on East European cultural space. Author points that globalization is powerful force significantly altering local cultural identity given states, nation and ethnic groups, moreover it's responsible for dualistic picture of world of socio-political values. It's important - according to author - to take into account that globalization helps to unveil openness to the signs of the new civilization, on the other hand globalization ensues cultural life's diversification and what is more important affirmation of regional and local identity in national and ethnical dimension. In East European area we witness strong roots of traditional political culture genre that can be characterize by the presence of acceptance for establishments, ceremonies and hierarchical dependency. Such ideas as democracy, self-government, law have their own distinctive features, deeply rooted in local tradition. Cultural and civilizational model of life in eastern part of Europe is embedded in notion of frontier that combines such ideas as friend and foe. Globalization singes influence are reinforced by mass media impact and at the same time they gather significant social acceptance. (original abstract)
Wiedzę ukrytą trudno jest kontrolować i badać. Nieroztropne byłoby pytanie o nią w ankiecie, nie da się jej też po prostu zaobserwować z zewnątrz, trudno regulować jej funkcjonowanie za pomocą przepisów czy uchwycić ją przy pomocy narzędzi informatycznych. Niniejszy artykuł omawia wykorzystanie etnografii jako sposobu na badanie tego trudno uchwytnego zjawiska.(abstrakt oryginalny)
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This paper does not claim to be the most thorough study of bureaucracy from the cultural perspective. It is rather an attempt to use some examples and cases that help to proof that bureaucracy existing in every place in the world, apart from its social end economic aspect posesses also the cultural face. However, we try desperately to separate from stereotypes and thus the more typical patterns of behaviour in bureaucratic environment were described.(original abstract)
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International Management means directing an enterprise's performance exceeding the countries' boundaries (i.e. across national borders). The international environment, especially its cultural dimension, plays a dominant role in shaping the effectiveness of internationalised business. The aim of this thesis is to present the cultural aspects of International Management problems. The first part of this paper shows major areas of International Management. Then there are brief characteristics of International Management concepts that refer to cultural dilemmas: the evolutionary theories of Transnational Corporations: the EPRG concept and I/R grid as well as N.J. Adler's intercultural management models. The subsequent chapter presents selected problems of strategy and organizational structures, human resources management and international marketing in cultural aspects. The final part presents the concept of cultural effectiveness.(original abstract)
Aspekty kulturowe znacząco wpływają na funkcjonowanie i możliwości rozwoju wielu branż. Jedną z branż, na rozwój której wpływ czynników związanych z kulturą jest szczególnie widoczny, jest branża funeralna. Celem artykułu jest analiza wpływu czynników kulturowych na możliwości rozwoju marketingu funeralnego w Polsce. Po krótkiej charakterystyce specyfiki tej branży w Polsce z uwzględnieniem aspektów prawnych, przedstawiono różne obszary działań marketingowych (w tym próby poszukiwania nowatorskich rozwiązań) szeroko rozumianej branży funeralnej. Działania te ukazano na tle podobnych działań podejmowanych przez przedsiębiorstwa pogrzebowe w innych krajach wraz ze wskazaniem możliwości adaptacji niektórych z nich na rynku polskim.(abstrakt autora)
EN
Cultural aspects exert significant influence on the functioning and development opportunities in many sectors. A sector with the most conspicuous impact of the culture-related factors is the funeral one. The paper is aimed at analyzing the influence of the cultural factors on the development opportunities of the funeral marketing in Poland. A short specification of this sector in Poland, considering its legal aspects, is followed by a presentation of various areas of marketing activities (including attempts at looking for innovative solutions) within the broadly-taken funeral sector. Such activities are presented against similar activities of funeral companies abroad, including the opportunities to adapt some of them on the Polish market..(author's abstract)
Przedstawione podobieństwa i różnice w zachowaniach negocjacyjnych przedstawicieli różnych krajów związane są głównie z kulturą. Od jej znajomości i uszanowania miejscowych zwyczajów zależą w dużej mierze (a może przede wszystkim) sukcesy negocjacyjne. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The framework of the paper's contents is as follows:1. Cultural conditioning of behaviours during negotiations.2. Methodological basis of inter-cultural studies of behaviours during negotiations.3. Similarities and differences in behaviours during negotiations as exhibited the representatives of the European Union countries. (original abstract)
Jest faktem notoryjnym, że fraza "o wyższości świąt Bożego Narodzenia nad świętami Wielkiejnocy" (względnie odwrotnie), którą współczesna polszczyzna zawdzięcza Janowi Tadeuszowi Stanisławskiemu, stała się synonimem nierozwiązywalnego sporu. Proponuję jednak pochylić się w perspektywie naukowej nad hipotezami badawczymi wyrażonymi w dwóch wersjach tej formuły. Konkluzja, ewentualnie wnioski cząstkowe (gdyby niemożliwe okazało się - co należy uznać za wysoce prawdopodobne - udzielenie definitywnej odpowiedzi) mają posłużyć jako punkt wyjścia do konfrontacji z niektórymi instytucjami prawnymi uregulowanymi w dziale szóstym ustawy z 26 czerwca 1974 r. - Kodeks pracy oraz zastanowienia się nad ich znaczeniem dla prawa pracy - zwłaszcza de lege ferenda. (fragment tekstu)
EN
The answer to the question of superiority of Christmas over Easter (or vice versa) is seemingly simple. The historical precedence of the feast of the Resurrection of the Lord implies also its theological importance. The theology following St. Paul ("And if Christ has not been raised, then empty is our preaching; empty, too, your faith [...]. But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep" - 1 Co. 15, 14. 20.) indicates that it is Easter that gives Christmas and other feasts their meaning. Despite of this it is hard to deny that Christmas has become more important from a cultural point of view (regarding the phenomenon of the feast and associated rituals). For this reason, both the theology and the culture could hypothetically (but probably not in practice) legitimize Good Friday (or even the entire Paschal Triduum being one three-day feast of the Passover of Christ) and Christmas Eve as new public holidays in Poland. It would entail the prohibition of work in retail outlets and change the scope of article 15110 point 11 of the Labour Code. (original abstract)
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The demand for public relations services globally has gone high during the last decade. This has come about primarily due to the increase in competition for foreign markets among multinational corporations. Practitioners as well as theorists of PR are required or rather forced, because it's not a matter of choice, to be global communicators, governed by a whole new set of personal and professional rules. The nature of its rapidly growing economies results in huge opportunities for businesses but also great challenges. Asian region has its own unique approach to practicing public relations. The aim of this article is to identify the core cultural elements that have the effect on public relations practices. (original abstract)
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This article makes a contribution to address the overwhelming 'present-mindedness' of tourism geography scholarship. Using a range of archival sources an analysis is undertaken of the rise and demise of racial segregation on South Africa's beaches during the period 1953-1989. The division of beach space along racial lines is an aspect of the implementation of what was termed 'petty apartheid'. This analysis reveals that the national government's attempts to legislate the making of beach segregation were uneven and contested in different coastal centres. By the 1980s, however, mounting opposition and resistance to the apartheid state resulted in the crumbling of beach apartheid and the formal desegregation of beach spaces. (original abstract)
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The article is an attempt to answer the following questions: whether the twenty-first century economic realities are conditions conducive to the implementation of succession programs, or inconstancy of environment, globalization processes and increase the qualifications of managers is in contradiction with the idea of succession? whether the prevailing conditions of culture in Poland, it is possible to implement the succession process in Polish enterprises?The first part of the article shows a review and an analysis of the Polish business culture in the background of selected world cultures. Cultural factors shaping the organizational leaders and managers and the results of their impact are presented in this section. The next part is a representation of the essence and importance of succession to the position of CEO with regard to shaping her national, regional, global and organizational cultures. There are analyzed research reports and scientific studies in this area. The article ends with the presentation conceptions about the integration of the succession process and talent management, valuation of chances of their implementation in a few predictable environment of the twenty-first century and the announcement of the planned research in this area. (original abstract)
Dysproporcje w rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczym Szczecina 331m.in.: stworzyć duopol Łódź-Warszawa, zlokalizować nowe lotnisko, utworzyć szybkie połączenia kolejowe (np. ze stolicą) oraz II transeuropejski korytarz transportowy. Konkludując zauważmy, iż rozwój Łodzi i regionu rodzi wiele problemów i kontrowersji. Uwzględniając jego złożoność i wielopłaszczyznowość, w opracowaniu zaprezentowano jedynie główne aspekty, inicjatywy i koncepcje rozwojowe łódzkiej gospodarki. Należałoby stwierdzić, iż dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania analizowanego regionu muszą być tworzone pragmatyczne oraz kompleksowe warunki implementacji polityki strukturalnej i intraregionalnej w powiązaniu z polityką makroekonomiczną, przez stosowne lokalno-regionalne instytucje. (fragment tekstu)
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W artykule scharakteryzowano zmiany, jakie zaszły w odniesieniu do czynników lokalizacji przedsiębiorstw. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na zakres postrzegania współczesnych czynników lokalizacji oraz ich znaczenie. Wykazano, iż o jakości lokalizacji danego miejsca w znacznej mierze decydują obecnie czynniki jakościowe, "miękkie", mające bardzo często charakter pozaekonomiczny. Zwrócono również uwagę na fakt, iż zarówno jakość lokalizacji, jak również wymagania przedsiębiorstw co do walorów lokalizacyjnych, są zmienne w czasie. W warunkach zmienności otoczenia, analizy lokalizacyjne przeprowadzane przez przedsiębiorstwa powinny mieć zatem charakter ciągły. (abstrakt oryginalny)
EN
Factors that affect the location of a business were analyzed in this study. Particular attention was paid to the perceived importance of modern factors affecting business location. It was found that today the location of an enterprise is increasingly affected by qualitative factors referred to as non-economic or soft. It was also demonstrated that both the quality of business location and entrepreneurs' expectations related to location advantages change over time. In a rapidly changing business environment, business site selection and location analyses should be performed continuously.(original abstract)
W artykule podejmiemy refleksję wokół samotności i osamotnienia jako doświadczeń obecnych niemal na każdym etapie życia człowieka. Zdefiniujemy określenie samotność, osamotnienie, samotny w aspekcie negatywnym i pozytywnym. Przybliżymy tę problematykę w kontekście uwarunkowań społecznych oraz działalności edukacyjnej. Zatrzymamy się również nad znaczeniem i rolą religijnego przeżywania i przezwyciężania samotności. Podkreślimy, że proces autorealizacji stanowi przestrzeń do tego, aby człowiek stawał się osobą twórczą i pozytywnie podchodził do otaczającej rzeczywistości świata i ludzi oraz wyzwalał się z przeświadczenia, że samotność i osamotnienie tylko i wyłącznie mu doskwierają.(abstrakt oryginalny)
Postsocjalizm jako kategoria empiryczna, stosowana przez etnologów i antropologów kultury, służy uchwyceniu charakterystycznej dla społeczeństw w stanie transformacji sytuacji współistnienia różnych systemów wartości, praktyk i instytucji społecznych oraz społecznych i kulturowych skutków doświadczenia socjalizmu. W tej perspektywie Ukraina jest dobrym przykładem ilustrującym szeroką gamę postaw względem dziedzictwa ZSRR od całkowitego odrzucenia po nostalgię. Pogłębiona refleksja nad specyfiką mentalności społeczności postsocjalistycznych przyczynia się do zrozumienia innych procesów, m.in. narodowotwórczych w krajach byłego ZSRR.(abstrakt oryginalny)
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Post-socialism as an empirical category, applied by ethnologists and cultural anthropologists, serves to capture the situation of the coexistence of different systems of values, social practices and institutions, and the social and cultural consequences of the experience of socialism. In this perspective, Ukraine is a good example illustrating a wide range of attitudes towards the USSR heritage from total rejection to nostalgia. An in-depth reflection on the post-socialist mentality contributes to understanding other processes, including processes of nation building in the former USSR countries.(original abstract)
This study examined the perceptions of able-bodied beggars to factors responsible for their prevalence and the land uses they occupied for their activities in Ibadan metropolis. Nigeria. Data were obtained from 117 (18, 12, 46, 13 and 28 in the areas of Sango, Iwo Road, Sabo, Challenge and Oja Oba, respectively) randomly selected able-bodied beggars using a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using percentages, mean index, standard deviation, chi-square and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The study showed that 51.3% of the beggars were males; the youngest was 19 years old, while the oldest was 59 years. The average age of the beggars was 33 years. Further findings revealed that the average household size for the study area was 5, while the standard deviation was 2.6. The important perceived factors responsible for the prevalence of begging among the able-bodied beggars, measured on a 5-point Likert Scale, were homelessness (4.29), lack of skills for gainful employment (3.77), debt (3.64), meeting cost of education/children's education (3.64), inability to secure a job (3.52) and lack of food (2.97). The study further revealed that the prevalence of begging among able-bodied beggars varied with land uses. Against this background, it was concluded that the information obtained on the socio-economic attributes of able-bodied beggars, perceived determinants of their prevalence and their targeted land uses could be utilized by policy-makers and urban planners to proffer lasting solutions to the menace of begging.(original abstract)
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Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wybranych aspektów uwarunkowań kulturowych samozatrudnienia Polek w USA. (fragment tekstu)
EN
Self-employment as a sign of entrepreneurship is an important source of work places in the United States of America. In 2015 15,0 million people, which is 10,1 percent of the total employment in the United States, led their own business. The citizens of the United States who have been born abroad increase the shared number among both, self-employed as well as those who were hired. As far as the number of established by Poles companies in the USA is considered, The Fiscal Policy Institute Report claims that Poles occupy the tenth place as immigrants. Among entrepreneurs the percentage of females is constantly increasing. Selfemployment of Polish immigrant females under examination corresponds with a current trend of entrepreneurship of females in Poland but their "cultural equipment" differs from the "cultural equipment" of their hosts. That results in their different approach in creating and running business. Perhaps the United States' culture that is a positive reinforcement in creating and engaging new technologies will influence the tendency and undertaking of innovative activities and strategies of business development among female immigrants from Poland. (original abstract)
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The article is dedicated to changes in the cultural affitude of Polish society towards the banking sector under the conditions of progressing financialization and arising consequences for the banking sector. First of all, attention is focused on the cultural characteristics of Poles, their affitude towards finance, especially in the period of transition. The main reference to cultural conditions relates to the tendency to save, incur loans, and the affitude towards banks. It is complemented, among other things, by the model of cultural dimensions by G. Hofstede andS. Schwartz, in line with which attempts are made to explain the mechanisms shaping the financial (banking) system and the financialization tendency. This picture is confronted with the present shape and evolution of the Polish banking sector since 1989, including the role of foreign capital. In particular, attention is focused on the image of banks towards challenges related to the global financial crisis and the main problem of Polish banking institutions, namely household mortgage debt in foreign currencies. The author presents a thesis that significant financialization cannot be indicated in Poland and the historical and cultural aspects do not cause its expansion to the same degree as in a number of other countries. However, certain features, such as preference for loans rather than savings, are favorable for this direction. (original abstract)
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Different philosophical frameworks between China and the West found their reflection in diverging concepts of managing relations with the outside world. China focused more on circumstances, managing situation and preventing conflicts, the West was resolution oriented, aimed at fighting opponents and looking for victory in conflicts. China has introduced the idea of harmony-hierarchy world, while the West, on the opposite, tends to freedom-conflict patterns of relations. On China's side, thinking habits and old thought paradigms of statecraft are until now deeply ingrained in mentality, thus shaping China´s policy today. Understanding the background of Chinese traditional thinking modes and mind heritage helps better understanding of China´s rise in global affairs as well as of Sino-American relations as the key element in a search for global leadership. (original abstract)
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