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1

O ETNICKÝCH SKUPINÁCH – A BEZ ETNICITY. K PŮLSTOLETÉMU VÝROČÍ VYDÁNÍ ETHNIC GROUPS AND BOUNDARIES

100%

Jakoubek M.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2019

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tom 51

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nr 2

137 – 151

EN

On the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of publishing Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, a work edited by Fredrik Barth, the author reflects on the reasons and causes of the renown and impact of the book that is today generally considered a key text in ethnic studies, be it in the anthropological or broader social-scientific discourse. As a starting point for the re-evaluation the author takes a period view on the book, i.e. considers the context of the time when it was written and published. In some cases the period contextualization leads to quite unexpected findings. First of all, there is a kind of paradox, since in the book, considered essential in the study of ethnicity, F. Barth does not use the term “ethnicity” a single time. At the same time the author shows that in many cases period authors did not consider the book to represent a watershed in ethnic studies. Moreover, as is further shown, the reception of the book was – especially in North America – quite delayed and only very slow. In other words, contemporary responses to the book are not in accordance with the canonical narrative of its influence and impact. So, if we insist on the key position of Ethnic Groups and Boundaries in ethnic studies, at least some of the explanations thereof need to be revised; and perhaps some new ones need to be found, too. A 50th Anniversary is an exceptionally suitable time for this enterprise.

2

POP-CULTURE AND ETHNICITY

100%

Kuligowski W.

Kultura i Społeczeństwo

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2007

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tom 51

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nr 1

79-102

EN

Popular culture is that aspect of modern cultural changes which is often ignored or dismisses - especially those which occur in relation to ethnicity. That view largely stems for a general attitude to pop culture which can be generally defined as conclusion stemming from the Frankfurt school. That is a view which is false and restrictive. Popular culture belongs to the same class of concepts as, for example, medieval or French culture and therefore it deserves the same consideration. The article argues in favour of the view whereby popular culture currently constitutes a permanent and irremovable element of the day-to-day cultural landscape at the beginning of the 21st Century. It is also one of the most important building blocks which create ethnic identity. Examples which support this thesis are the diverse musical practices - Japanese visual rock, Palestine and Israeli rap, Serb turbo-folk as well as selected kinds of music from around the world, such as reggae and bhangra in Britain, rai in France and salsa in the United States. These manifestations of pop culture perfectly show the pop cultural foundations of today's ethnicity in various parts of the world.

3

Egyptians and immigrants: the dynamics of societal and cultural changes in Hellenistic Egypt

100%

Lada C.

Antik Tanulmanyok (Studia Antiqua)

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2005

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tom 49

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nr 1/2

155-171

EN

This article examines the key factors of the cross-cultural interaction between Egyptians and Greeks and the dynamics of social and cultural change in Hellenistic Egypt. The author argues that, contrary to previous views, ethnicity did not play a direct role in the structuring of society and that, as a result, a particularly close and widespread cross-cultural interaction could develop.

4

ETHNIC SUCCESSION IN A ROMAN CATHOLIC PARISH IN AN AMERICAN TOWN

100%

Mucha J.

Etnografia Polska

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2004

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tom 48

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nr 1-2

161-175

EN

The aim of this article is to analyze a specific case of 'ethnic succession'. This topic emerged in the social sciences in the early 1900s, within the first Chicago school (the Robert Park school). Since that time, many models of succession (drawing upon biological ecology) have been presented. In this paper, a succession in one specific field and one specific place is analyzed: an unfinished process of takeover of a Roman Catholic parish by the rapidly growing Hispanic population from the shrinking Polish American population in the West Side of South Bend in northern Indiana. This process meant also the cultural elimination of the Hungarian Americans from the 'independent' religious life in the town's quarter. In the multicultural contexts, religion is often closely related to ethnicity, and in the well-known theory authored by Milton Gordon, religion is one of three possible bases of ethnicity in American society. In the case discussed here, the two ethnic groups, Hispanics and Polish Americans, belong to the same religious denomination. Moreover, historically speaking, Roman Catholicism has been a very significant element of their ethnic identities. From the recent cultural point of view, however, these are two quite different types of Catholicism. Ethnic succession discussed in this text has important consequences for the cultural features of Catholicism in the whole town. In the article, the local Polish American community and the Hispanic community is briefly presented, and then the 'succession' problems discussed. To the extent it makes sense (and the empirical material is available), the elements of the 'process of passage' and the 'ceremony of passage', important for socio-cultural anthropology, are presented as well.

5

CONSCRIPTION AND THE POPULATION CENSUS IN THE CZECH LANDS IN THE CONTEXT OF DETERMINING THE ETHNICITY OF INHABITANTS AND IN CONNECTION WITH RULINGS OF THE HIGHEST ADMINISTRATIVE COURT

100%

Berrova P.

Historická demografie (Historical Demography)

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2007

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tom 31

147-210

EN

Abstract: Information on the ethnicity of the inhabitants in Czech Lands and subsequently also in the Czechoslovak Republic had an effect on political events at that time and other legal regulations were connected with them. Starting in 1880 the census began to determine the colloquial speech of those surveyed, from which the ethnic composition of the population of Predlitavsko was determined. Prior to 1880 the ethnicity of individuals in Austria-Hungary was not surveyed. The vagueness of the definition of colloquial speech contributed to strengthening the proportion of German-speakers to the detriment of others, which in the Czech lands meant mainly the Czech-Moravian-Slovak colloquial speech. During these First Czechoslovak Republic censuses (1921 and 1930) ethnicity was determined, mainly on the basis of maternal language. This method of determining ethnicity led to a number of conflicts, one of which went as far as the Highest Administrative Court. The rulings that the court issued in connection with determining the ethnicity of the population in a census are mentioned in the article. The court contributed to unifying the method used to determine ethnicity at this time.

6

Ethnic Identity of the Peripheral Provinces of Thailand

80%

Jelonek A. W.

Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia

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2011

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nr 24

97-123

EN

It could appear that the process of Thai people becoming a national group and Thailand – a modern national state, is nothing exceptional. However, the last two centuries of the country’s history makes Thailand to some degree unique. In the 19th century the country’s confrontation with the expansion of European colonialism resulted in the adoption of the “Western” concept of a national state. The ruling Chakri dynasty made attempts to impose a uniform national identity on various ethnic groups inhabiting the peripheral lands of the kingdom. A number of reforms gradually led to the elimination of any signs of a local political or cultural autonomy and creation of a centralized political organism. To establish the current condition of the ethnic identity of peripheral regions’ inhabitants and the state of progress of the “homogenous Thai nation” creation, field studies seemed expedient from the beginning. The paper below is an outlined report of the research project which I have decided to start in conviction to confront the identity of the main peripheral regions of Thailand’s population with the evaluation of “political” nation establishment in that state.

7

JUBA - A CENTRE OF CULTURE AND CONFLICT: TRANSFORMATION OF ETHNICITY IN POST-WAR SOUTH SUDAN (Dzuba - osrodek kultur i konfliktów. Przemiany etnicznosci w powojennym Sudanie Poludniowym)

80%

Kurcz M.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2009

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nr 34

183-199

EN

Juba, the capital of autonomous South Sudan, is becoming a regional metropolis. After the civil war ended in 2005, there was a flood of migration into the city. Juba is already a city of various cultures, as well as numerous conflicts in which ethnic groups are often involved, but is now involved in a kind of experimental urban ground for interrelationships between different ethnicities in post-war South Sudan. This article presents the complex processes of transformations of identity in this part of Africa as seen from the perspective of the municipal, religious and trade centres. Moreover, the author attempts to analyze in detail what happens to ethnicity when this transition took place in Juba. The presented material comes from the author's field work done in South Sudan in 2007 and 2008.

8

Economical and social connection changes in a Gypsy village

80%

Virag T.

Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)

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2008

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tom 18

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nr 1

60-77

EN

In this case study, the author is seeking answers to the following questions: What kind of changes ensue in the society of a ghettoized village when new economic developments occur in the area, and the labour force that had been 'redundant' and economically excluded for a decade, is again needed? What kind of new subsistence and employment forms and strategies take shape in the new economic environment? How these affect social relationships in the settlement? Do the new employment opportunities and the financial advancement lead to getting closer to the lower class, or even being included into them, or does a new, specific social establishment take shape, which is only loosely attached to the social majority?

9

SOME ASPECTS OF TERMINOLOGY IN THE STUDIES OF A POPULATION'S ETHNIC STRUCTURES (EXPLICATION EFFORT PERTINENT TO THE INTERWAR PERIOD)

80%

Wysocki T.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2008

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nr 33

75-100

EN

The purpose of this paper is to explicate essential terms related to ethnicity. It contains definitions of such terms as nation, ethnicity, ethnic group, ethnographic group, ethnic minority, assimilation. Also, the paper presents an outline of the ethnicity building process and touches upon the issue of native tongue as a criterion defining ethnic membership. Additionally, the paper contemplates the correlation between the declared native language and religious denomination. The analytical database used for the purpose of this paper are Polish and foreign reference resources, as well as sociological and historical literature.

10

THE SUDANESE MOSAIC: AN ETHNIC SITUATION IN VILLAGES ON THE NILE BETWEEN III AND IV CATARACT

80%

Kurcz M.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2008

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nr 32

135-149

EN

Sudan is called 'little Africa', not only because of its geographical location but also due to the large number of different peoples inhabiting it. Even the northern part of the country, apparently homogenous with respect to ethnicity, and unified by Islam and Arab culture, is a place where a variety of tribes have lived together for ages. The article presents material from field research conducted by the author in North Sudan in 2003 and 2004. Nubians, the native population of this corner of the Nile Valley, have come under strong Arab influence which has absorbed both their culture and their language. In the villages under investigation, relics of Nubian culture can now be found only in folklore customs, especially those connected with crucial moments in human life, mostly related to women. The majority of the inhabitants of this part of the Nile Valley belong to Arab tribes, with two major groups, Djaaliin and Djuhaina. The two groups differ significantly in their way of life. Arab Djaliin are farmers who are settled the Nile Valley for good, while Arab Djuhaina are predominantly nomad herdsmen. In mutual relations between the two tribes there are many negative stereotypes and much antagonism, even more so because of the immigration of other minorities, traditionally of a lower and marginalized status, into the Nile Valley, such as Gipsies, Copts (Egyptian Christians) and the so-called Fellata (descendants of former slaves).

11

Between Ethnicity and Regionalism. Some Methodological Remarks concerning the Discussion about Slavonic People

80%

Ciesielska A.

Przegląd Archeologiczny

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2005

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tom 53

143-153

EN

Ethnicity became one of the most important area of study in Polish archaeology on the turn of the 20th and 21st century. One can observe very violent discussion in Polish archaeological literature concerning the ethnogenesis of Slavs. This debate was opened with the Henryk Mamzer article 'Problem etniczny w archeologii' and by Przemyslaw Urbanczyk's book 'Wladza i polityka we wczesnym sredniowieczu'. These works caused a fierce response from Andrzej Kokowski, Michal Parczewski, Wojciech Nowakowski and others published in the book 'Cien Swiatowita, czyli piec glosów w sprawie etnogenezy Slowian', followed by other critical opinions (Tadeusz Malinowski, Witold Manczak and Janusz Piontek). It seemed that two opposite sites of this discussion could be identified with two different approaches towards the ethnogenesis of Slaves (the so-called 'authochtonic' and 'allochtonic' school). The authoress tries to reformulate the problems posed in this discussion in the wide methodological context. She thinks that it is impossible to solve these problems because in this discussion we do not deal with two different 'schools', mentioned above. We deal with two different theoretical approaches towards the definition of ethnicity in general. This is the main reason for the graet misunderstanding on both sides of the discussion. The first 'genetic approach' is represented by Kazimierz Godlowski, Józef Kostrzewski, Michal Parczewski, Janusz Piontek and Stanislaw Kurnatowsk claiming that ethnicity of an individual is a feature given at birth. It is very stable, it does not change during the lifetime of an individual. Primordial attachements can be perceived as the main factor that infuences or even creates the social relationships within groups. The second 'instrumental approach' is represented by Henryk Mamzer and Przemysław Urbanczyk. The main stress here is put on the perception of one's group and self. Ethnicity appears to be the result of social negotations. It seems to be very flexible because it depends on the economic and political situation. It can be formed and transformed all the time. In isolation the authoress describes the works of Jan Zak, supposedly the first Polish Archaeologist who noticed that ethnicity was something more than primordial bonds. In his theoretical approach he used the concept of communicative communities developed earlier by a linguist Ludwik Zabrocki. This concept turned out to be necessary to perceive the ethnicity as a phenomenon which consists of social relationships created within local societies, which are determined not only by biological factors but also by political and economic ones. Thus the works of Jan Zak can be treated as a synthesis of both 'genetic' and 'instrumental' approach.

12

ETHNICITY IN THE INTERNET ECUMEN. IS DIGITAL SOLIDARITY POSSIBLE? (Etnicznosc w internetowej ekumenie. Czy mozliwa jest solidarnosc cyfrowa?)

80%

Kuligowski W.

Lud

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2010

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tom 94

59-72

EN

The author has analysed forms of presence of selected ethnic groups in the Internet. The typology of modern ethnic groups formulated by Thomas Hylland Eriksen has been used. Eriksen has identified four types of ethnic groups: 1. urban ethnic minorities, 2. indigenous peoples, 3. proto-nations and 4. ethnic groups in plural societies. Each of the types of ethnic groups identified by Eriksen is illustrated with one example. The urban ethnic minority is represented by the Assyrians, indigenous peoples - by the Mapuche from Chile, proto-nations - by the Tamils and the ethnic groups in plural societies by the Garifuna in Belize. The question about the 'Internet versions of ethnic identities' is also a question about the nature of the groups and their online relations, the relations between the real and virtual culture as well as about the 'digital solidarity', its potential and limitations.

13

TOŻSAMOŚĆ ŁEMKÓW U PROGU XXI WIEKU. CIĄGŁOŚĆ I ZMIANA

80%

Michna E.

Studia Migracyjne - Przegląd Polonijny

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2011

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tom 37

|

nr 4(142)

189-208

EN

Issues related to identities and ethno-national identifications are more frequently described and analysed in the context of social dynamics. Researchers dealing with the theme point to the evolution of identities, change in their makeup related to the emergence of a different context of group functioning, and also changes connected with the nature of ethnic relations, from habitual relations to ideological relations. The article concerns the Lemko people’s identity. This is a borderline group of multi-dimensional cultural identity, divided in terms of identity. A number of the Lemko people consider themselves as Ukrainians, others consider the Lemko as a distinct ethnic group, while others see themselves as a Carphatorussian nation along with Belarusians, Russians and Ukrainians. The article consists of two main parts. The first part presents basic categories of identity that have been reconstructed on the basis of the research results. The study was carried out in the mid-nineties among representatives of this small east-Slavic community. The second part examines the dynamics of the Lemko identity. The dynamics show variability of its cultural content and a certain evolution of identity constructs created by the Lemko ethnic leaders. The text highlights new developments that emerged in the debate on identity after the Lemko were inscribed as a separate ethnic minority to the Act on National and Ethnic Minorities and Regional Language of 2005.

14

Przyszlosc Lemkow w Polsce – szanse i zagrozenia w subiektywnej wizji przedstawicieli spolecznosci lemkowskiej

80%

Krolewski J.

Studia Humanistyczne AGH

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2011

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tom 10

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nr 2

37-52

EN

The main subject of the article is a subjective vision of the Lemkos minority representatives on the future of this community, plotted from the perspective of contemporary times, based on personal experiences, thoughts and fears of Lemkos. The article is based on research among Lemkos community initiated in 2007 and finalized in 2009–2010. The study was particularly designed to clarify whether and how the Lemkos are able to build and protect their culture and tradition; how the Lemkos define their view and the most important elements that make up the multidimensional sense of cultural identity. The study was carried out using biographical interviews (IDI), and partly standardized. Author of the article, as a member of the Lemkos community, analyzes the Lemkos community from the perspective. Conclusions concern only specific group of interviewed people, so that can not be generalized to the entire Lemkos minority.

15

Villages becoming ghettos

80%

Virag T.

Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)

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2006

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tom 16

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nr 1

60-76

EN

The subject of the paper is an area with small villages, largely over-represented by Roma population. In the middle of the 1980s, there were one or two small villages becoming ghettos, at present, 17 ethnically segregated settlements can be found in the micro-region besides dozens of other villages approaching towards the state of ethnic segregation. As a result of massive unemployment and the demographic changes brought about by the exchange of population, not only more and more villages became ghettos in the area, but the structure of local society has also changed. In each settlement either the majority of the inhabitants or, in more serious cases, the whole village community is excluded from the labour force market as well as from the education system, which could offer them social mobility.

16

ETNICKÁ IDENTITA, KOGNITÍVNY PRÍSTUP A TERÉNNY VÝSKUM: AKO NA TO?

80%

Kanovský M.

Etnologické rozpravy (Ethnological Disputes)

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2004

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tom 11

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nr 2

11-24

EN

In this article, author tries to show that to explain ethnic identities, we need to evoke both anthropological and psychological explorations. The recent research results in cognitive psychology are provided, namely, the psychological evidence concerning the essentialist reasoning about social groups in everyday thought. Some empirical data from the field-work in Western Ukraine (Transcarpathia) are presented and discussed.

17

THE NOTION OF MULTICULTURALISM IN THE ANALYSIS OF ETHNIC ISSUES IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

80%

Jendrzej-Gawlicz K.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

|

2007

|

nr 30

95-107

EN

Multiethnic issues in Central and Eastern Europe are very often perceived from the point of view of interethnic conflict and the renaissance of nationalism. Not many European social scientists would describe this part of the world using the terminology of multicultural theory. These terms seem to be reserved for immigrant countries such as Canada or Australia and are gaining popularity in the academia of Western Europe as the number of immigrants grows and the need for a coherent multicultural policy becomes obvious. However the basis of ethnic conflicts are still present in Eastern Europe, as well as the tradition of peaceful cooperation between the ethnic groups; hence there is a solid basis on which to discuss the history and the future of cultural pluralism in Central and Eastern Europe. The article presents the theory of multiculturalism and its theoretical potential for explaining ethnic problems in Central and Eastern Europe. The text starts with a review of conceptions defined by the common names of cultural pluralism and multiculturalism. Next, the authoress considers some historical and present examples of the unique mosaic of nations and ethnicities on the Eastern European borderlands where 'everyday practices of multiculturalism' are created without support from the state. In conclusion, she emphasises that these phenomena provide a research area that can present ethnicity in Eastern Europe from different perspectives as well as enrich our knowledge of the nature of multiculturalism.

18

Zagadnienia etniczne i językowe jako czynniki spajające i dezintegrujące Śląsk nowożytny? Podokres 1618/48-1740

80%

Dębicki J.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

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nr 2

85–95

EN

The matter of changes in the ethno-linguistic relations in Silesia evokes a significantly more emotional response from later scholars than those from said period. Contemporary sources approached the issue in a roundabout way or simply marginalised it. Simultaneously, the Silesians considered themselves to be ethnically, possibly also linguistically, to be distinct from the denizens of neighbouring regions. Nonetheless certain categories relating to the territorial outreach of ethno-linguistic groups held true for Silesia. In this context one can distinguish a division formed at the dawn of renaissance, dividing Silesia into the left and right shore of the Oder river. This article concerns the Silesian border regions as well. Other aspects are considered as well, ethno-linguistic aspects capable of negating or furthering divisions in Silesia, aspects such as literary works, teaching and usage of language, (German, Polish, Latin) the presence of Polish printed works, as well as Jewish presence. Deliberations on the subject led to the conclusion that the effect of ethno-linguistic relations on the cohesiveness of Silesian society in the late Habsburg era was rather harmless.

19

SLOVENSKÁ MINORITA V RUMUNSKU – ETNOKULTÚRNE KONTEXTY

80%

Bošelová M.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2015

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tom 18

|

nr 2

-

EN

Way of life of Slovaks in the Low Land was and remains a continually evolving socio-cultural system which is very vividly and naturally responsive to the surrounding environment and circumstances that have been brought about in different historical periods. The important question is not just which elements of their way of life are typically "Slovak" , but rather to what extent and how can the Slovak community maintain ethnic consciousness, mother tongue and communication links with Slovaks during the entire period of the separation. The paper presents characteristics of current Slovak minority in Romania in the context of historical development, and also presents selected aspects of empirical research of the Slovaks living in Romania.

20

Otázka národnosti při československém sčítání lidu na Těšínsku v meziválečném období

80%

Baran I.

Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)

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2008

|

tom 94

|

nr 1

15-32

EN

This study is dedicated to a really serious problem, because the question of ethnicity at the census in the Teschen Silesia in the period between World Wars was frequently topic of the polemic between Poland and Czechoslovakia. After the collapse of Austria-Hungary Empire the Teschen Silesia was divided between Poland and Czechoslovakia. On the Czechoslovak teritorry stayed a Polish minority, but there is dispute, how large. One of the specifics of the region was a certain number of people, who wasn't sure about their ethnicity. These people, called Slonzaks, spoke the Polish dialect, but they lacked the Polish national awareness and they were at the Austrian Census added to the Poles. The Czech administration supported of course this group of people for the purpose to turn them into Czechs and therefore at the census there was placed a special slonzak's category, which registered with a large number of people, who spoke the Polish dialect. Conscious Poles understood it as an act of national oppression, and quite right, because in fact this category hadn't any other sense, than to reduce the number of the Poles at the census.