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Ekonomista
|
2007
|
nr 6
873-890
EN
Nowadays Poland possesses a comparative advantage arising from relatively lower production costs. However, it is apparent, that this advantage is fading away. The sources of the process lie, among others, in Poland's exposure to manufactures from beyond the European Union, from countries that are developing more dynamically than Poland. This process is unavoidable. Moreover, our lower-cost advantage is diminishing as a result of appreciation pressure which the zloty is permanently exposed to. Also high inflation pressure can boost this process. Therefore it is clear that Poland is facing a race against time: not only has it to slow down the loss of the above advantage, but it also has to create new advantages as quickly as possible. Consequently, one of the objectives of macroeconomic policy should be to accelerate Polish accession to the European Monetary Union. Failure to do so would result in further strengthening of the zloty and in its volatility that impair operations of Polish companies (especially small and mid-size which can not afford to hedge against exchange rate risks). Joining the EMU would give Poland extra time to build a modern economy, prevent the zloty's further appreciation and, as a result, reduce ongoing falling relatively-lower-costs competitive advantage.
PL
Opisano wielousługowe przełączniki ATM XpressPass wchodzące w skład rodziny urządzeń Attane oraz aplikację multimedialną Hot- Streams?. Przedstawiono bogate możliwości urządzeń, dane techniczne i zastosowanie w środowisku multimedialnym.
EN
Article presents multiservices ATM XpressPass switches that are a part of Attane product family and multimedia application called Hot-Streams?. In this paper a wide range of possibilities, technical data of described devices are discussed and usage in multimedia environment.
PL
Przedstawiono zastosowanie wielousługowych przełączników ATM wchodzących w skład rodziny urządzeń systemu XpressPass w rozwijających się dziedzinach transmisji sygnałów telewizyjnych przez sieci szerokopasmowe z techniką ATM oraz koncentracji ruchu od abonentów DSL.
EN
This article presents usage of MultiServices ATM Switches that are a part of XpressPass product family in developing area of transmission TV signals over broadband networks with deployed ATM technique and concentration DSL traffic.
EN
Fourty three Rhizoctonia isolates obtained from four forest nurseries situated in the Wielkopolska region (central-western Poland) has been proved as multinucleate (anamorph – R. solani). They represented four anastomosis groups (AG): AG1-IC, AG-5, AG4-HG2 and AG2-1. Three AGs were found in Jarocin nursery (AG-5, AG4-HG2 and AG2-1), two in Łopuchówko (AG-5 and AG4-HG2) and one in Konstantynowo (AG1-IC) and Pniewy (AG-5). All isolates were highly pathogenic to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings and pose a large damping-off threat to the seedlings in the nurseries with single AG and in those where more AGs exists.
EN
Erysiphe alphitoides causes the most common disease of assimilation apparatus of oaks of different age. It is believed that the pathogen overwinters in buds of the host plant or in the cracks of the bark. The aim of the study was to search for the presence of E. alphitoides in buds, leaves, and wood of sessile oak shoots using molecular techniques. Two hypotheses have been tested: (i) oaks are infected by E. alphitoides, and (ii) the pathogen overwinters in the host plant buds. The samples used in the study were collected form sessile oak trees (Miradz Forest District; 52°41'23.197"N, 18°25'33.942"E) in 2017, and consisted of dormant buds (collected in May), young leaves (collected in June), leaves with visible symptoms of the disease (collected in August), shoot with sip and surface layers of wood (collected in December). Additional part of buds was collected in May 2018. The PCR reaction was carried out with primers specific for E. alphitoides and E. hypophylla. For species identification Sanger method was used. The resulting sequences were compared using BLAST algorithm with reference sequences deposited in the NCBI database. Sequences from isolates obtained from leaves showed 97−99% similarity to the reference sequence of E. alphitoides. Pathogen did not occur in the superficial layers of shoots and buds. As some studies show, at very low temperatures (below –20°C), the mycelium of the pathogen dies, therefore further study should be undertaken on wintering of the pathogen causing the powdery mildew disease on oaks. It also should be examined whether the pathogen overwinters in the form of bagnial spores produced in chasmothecia overwintering on leaves, in the leaf buds, or in bark cracks, and whether the wintering site of the pathogen is related to the age of trees and or to the stands where the trees grow.
PL
Bez wątpienia naturalne mieszaniny eutektyczne mają potencjał innowacyjny i będą na coraz szerszą skalę wykorzystywane w badaniach naukowych oraz w różnych branżach przemysłowych.
PL
Strategia analizy niecelowanej jest potężnym narzędziem umożliwiającym odkrycie wielu istotnych różnic biologicznych pomiędzy badanymi próbkami w jednym eksperymencie.
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