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1
Content available remote Najważniejsze problemy Macedonii w procesie integracji z Unią Europejską
100%
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nr 2
27-44
EN
Since 1991, when Macedonia became independent, integration with Western structures – the European Union and the NATO – has been its main foreign policy objective. All Macedonian governments have consi¬stently worked towards implementing the political, economic and social reforms required by the Copenhagen criteria. To a certain extent, the EU appreciated Macedonia’s efforts: in 2005, it granted Macedonia, known as FYROM, the status of a candidate country. However, the implementation of internal reforms alone has proved insufficient to commence the acces¬sion negotiations. The path to the EU is still blocked by unsettled issu¬es with Greece and Bulgaria. The government in Athens demands that Macedonia settle the dispute over its name and accuses it of appropria¬ting Greek historical heritage. Sofia, in turn, accuses Skopje of falsifying history and discriminating against the Bulgarian minority living on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia.
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tom 44
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nr 3
367 – 384
EN
A question arises whether the quality of governance of the “old” EU member states is greater than that of the “new” ones. Intuitively speaking, “old” member states should fare much better. In the article, a measure of the quality of governance is presented, based on the World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) for 1996, 2003 and 2010. According to the authors, the quality of governance consists of three components: system persistence, inclusiveness and effectiveness. Findings indicate that most of the “old” EU member states perform much better with respect to the quality of governance compared to their “new” counterparts. Further, the relationship between the quality of governance and some aspects of socio-economic development is examined. In this regard, a strong correlation between most of the elements under consideration is detected. In conclusion, the authors assume that if the EU chooses not to elicit a higher quality of governance of its member states, it is destined to become a melee of states characterised by enormously different levels of democratic potential. As a consequence, inevitably, a question will arise as to the sustainability and sense of purpose of its very existence.
3
80%
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nr 4
s.121-147
EN
The Lisbon Treaty, although at fi rst glancean impoverished“Constitution”, provides a variety of mechanisms allowing further expansion towards a “Union of Citizens.” It aims to cover diversity of national interests and allows to progress with a diverse speed. The sense of belonging to Europeprogressively permeates in us being intermeshed with other components of the notion of citizenship generally conceived. In conclusion there are a few points to be raised. First, the failure to agree on the Constitutional Treaty with clearly pronounced Constitutional symbols does not impede the progress of the Constitutional Order which is unique to Europe. It is neither against the general conception of the Constitution as such, although it is different to the conventional approach generally accepted in particular in continental Europe. Citizenship of the Union or European Identity can develop under the current Treaty setting. They will develop within what Menéndez calls’ the narrative of constitutional synthesis’ establishing a new constitutional tradition robust enough to allow further progress. Secondly, the concepts of European Identity and European patriotism are not buried. The new avenue could be found in the adopted Treaty. The Treaty of Lisbon creates a more direct link between the EU and its citizens. It re-conceptualises Citizenship not through amendments, but rather through making the citizens central to political life of the Union. For this purpose, the Treaty provides some vehicles, including the citizens’ initiative, new transparency rules and the greater role of national parliaments, and these willlend substance to the Citizenship of the Union. In particular the judgments issued in Rottmann, Zambrano, McCarthyand Dereci announce the new approach to Union Citizenship, citizenship standing alone although so far considered as an exception; citizenship based on rights. Is the current Treaty robust enough to bring us out of the crisis and meet new challenges? For many years we have been convinced about the importance of unity, uniformity, acquis communautaire and the uniform application. It is exactly the opposite what this Treaty is about. The Treaty clearly abandons the idea of uniformity. As many have noticed, this Treaty is more about exceptionalism and differentiation. It is understood thatthere can be “unity in diversity.” Thus, the Lisbon Treaty refers to the tools of fl exibility, enhanced cooperation, opt-in, and opt out, all serving as emergency brakes. At the fi rst glance, the Treaty may seem to divide rather than unite, but in the longer term unity through diversitymay be the only waythat 28 nations can have “an ever closer union.” Respecting the differences, understanding national needs and cherishing the common values: this is a “golden idea” that will bring European People together.
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nr 3
197 – 217
EN
Empirical literature offers a number of studies suggesting that living conditions in childhood can significantly influence achievements and living conditions in adulthood. The aim of this paper is to answer the question: To what extent is the intergenerational transmission of poverty associated with social mobility (in terms of educational and occupational intergenerational mobility) in the European Union (and Iceland, Switzerland and Norway)? Our analyses are based on EU-SILC 2011, ‘Intergenerational transmission of disadvantages’ module microdata. Interpretations of the findings are based on the ordered logit models estimated at European and country levels. The results suggest that both educational and occupational mobility are in a statistically significant positive relationship with the intergenerational transmission of poverty (justified by a change in the perceived financial stress of the household).
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80%
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nr 3(340)
253-266
EN
Studies of the Polish public opinion demonstrate the stability of support for European integration in the period after accession to the European Union. Transient weakness of indicators in the first year of membership did not translate into any long-term trends. After the passing of the 'accession shock', also the relatively sharp division in the pre-accession period into Eurosceptics and Euro-enthusiasts seems to have disappeared both on the political scene and in the public sphere. Nevertheless, stable support for European integration and a growing sense that the process brings about substantial benefits for the Polish people, should not be treated as a firm foundation for future attitudes towards the European Union. Current stability of pro-European attitudes cannot be treated as proof of their long-term solidity.
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nr 3(10)
21-48
EN
The paper is devoted to one of the oldest and major organs of the European Union, namely the European Parliament. It presents the origin and development of this institution dating back to the first European Communities i.e. the European Coal and Steel Community of 1952 and the European Economic Community of 1957. The author describes the prerogatives of the Parliament acquired progressively together with the development of the European Communities and the EU, its members and structure and the organization of work. A lot of emphasis is put on the role of the European Parliament in the integration process and building the united Europe. The paper also contains a lot of Polish aspects e.g. it describes the Polish road to the EU and the European Parliament and the course and results of the election to this EU institution in June 2004 when Poles (for the first time in history) elected their members of the European Parliament. The author also attempts to present the perspectives of the European Parliament in the enlarging European Union stressing the fact that before it is possible a new vision of the EU and the uniting Europe has to be worked out, the vision which does not seem to be easy to achieve. The concept like this is still non-existent and he doubts that we can soon expect its creation.
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nr 3
183 – 197
EN
Article 106 (2) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union allows an exemption of an undertaking operating services of general economic interest from the application of competition rules. The European law offers several regimes of financing of operation of services of general economic interest that do not constitute a state aid or can be exempted from the prohibition of state aid. The individual regimes of permissible financing of the operation of services of general economic interest determine the conditions under which financing is acceptable, in particular the rules of calculation of eligible compensation for the operation of services of general economic interest.
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nr 10
121-152
EN
What does the quality of social dialogue in the Central and European countries depend upon? There are three sets of factors which influence the quality of social dialogue, in other words, the social consultation regarding relations between employers and employees. The states in this region share the common legacy of the years of socialism. They share the difficult experience of economic and political transformation. They have also recently joined the European Union. The other factors are the conditions of an economy which is undergoing globalisation and the challenges of competitiveness on the common market that are related to the European Integration. It is the last circumstances which seem to hinder social dialogue the most. They result in a situation where, to a large degree, it becomes a tool used to improve the competitiveness of the national economy and to liberalise the regulations pertaining to relations between employers and employees. Such assumptions concerning the operations of the institutions in question place the trade unions in a difficult situation. In a way which is obvious, this makes the building of solid institutions of social dialogue in the new EU member countries difficult.
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nr 4(58)
107-132
EN
The paper discusses the changes in the objectives of EU regional policy that have occurred over the last sixty years. The author analyses the priorities of regional policy in every programming period, geo-graphical eligibility criteria which determine financial support for particular regions and the funds used for implementing this policy. A synthetic assessment of the aforementioned issues allows the author to trace the evolution of EU regional policy from its inception to the present, with regard to the changes pro¬posed by the European Commission for the new program¬ming period.
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nr 3
s.73-92
EN
Although freedom of movement of persons has been considered one of fundaments of the European Communities ever since their formation, mobility had never before reached the current level. What encourages the migration are in the fi rst place: the size of the European Union with its 28 states, economic differences between states and so few obstacles. Data collected in 2012 indicates that about 2,5% of EU citizens live in an EU member state other than their country of origin. However, the official data focuses on permanent movement of workers, while seasonal migration and migration for educational purposes is not included which biases the enquiry substantially. Statistics also show that the internal dynamics of mobility within the EU has grown lately and is bigger than the inflow of non-EU migrants.The greatest movement within EU was observed after the 2004 and 2007 enlargements, when signifi cant number of people from new member states migrated to the old member countries. Migration related to the XXI century enlargements posed the biggest so far economic and social challenge for the receiving states, countries of origin as much as for the EU institutions. The focus of this article is on the effects of internal migration, obstacles still existing in full implementation of free movement of people as provided for in the EU law, as well as on the existence of the EU policy related to accommodation of the effects of migration enabled and encouraged within the EU. The study leads to conclusions on the inconsistency of actions of the EU while there being several initiatives and programmes in operation aiming to facilitate both the mobility and the effects the movement of EU citizens causes.
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nr 3
235 – 250
EN
The article deal with optimum currency area (OCA) theory and examines which of the new EU member states are suitable candidates for the euro extended by EU-10 countries membership. The OCA index which is based on predicted value of nominal exchange rate variability is used to consider the suitability of monetary union membership. The index is estimated in two steps. First, relationship between the volatility of the nominal exchange rate and the fulfilment of the OCA criteria is estimated on a sample of 11 countries (EU-10 and the euro area) over the period 1999 – 2009. Subsequently, OCA index is calculated as the predicted value of the nominal exchange rate variability EU-10 countries to the euro. The lowest index values achieved the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary and Estonia. Those countries seem most appropriate candidates for adopting the single currency euro as compared with other EU-10 countries.
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nr 1
39-55
EN
The article suggests an analysis of the trends of global development and assessment of the potential of European societies in the context of the rising new global powers. The sources of the study comprise socio-economic forecasts, publications in influential Western media, statistical data (Index of Human Development - HDI, competitiveness index - IMD, productivity index - GGDC), public opinion data (ESS 2005, 2007; Eurobarometers 62, 67, 71). The research is also based on the expert interviews with leading European sociologists in July 2008. It is argued that despite existing political and demographic problems, Europe will maintain the economic role in the subsequent 25-30 years. Transformation of the European Union into supranational federative state is a precondition for geopolitical leadership of Europe. Effectiveness of the transformation may be achieved via democratization (de-bureaucratization) of the EU institutions and the European integration project
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nr 5(59)
119-133
EN
The paper addresses to the issue of natural resources export (oil and gas) from Rus-sian Federation. Due to the fact that Russia possesses great energy resources, it seems important to explore the characteristics its export from the point of view of geographical structure as well as of sectoral one. The main aim of the paper is an analysis of oil and gas export to European Union.
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nr 4
311 – 323
EN
This article critically compares Roma experience of the key role of employment in the period of Communism with that during the following two decades. It draws on my experience as an ethnological researcher from 1969 onwards and also later as an investigator evaluating Roma inclusion programmes for the European Commission in countries seeking membership of the European Union. It comes to the depressing conclusion that the majority of Roma remain largely excluded from mainstream society in spite of their own considerable efforts to improve their economic and social standing, as well as various initiatives of the European Union and NGOs. This situation poses a threat not only to Roma themselves but to the stability of the countries in which they live.
EN
The main goal of this study is to analyse whether the source of capital in foreign participation in the domestic banking markets of countries that joined the EU after 2004 influences the evolution of efficiency levels in domestic banks and, consequently, the efficiency levels within these markets. It assesses the level of activity of foreign commercial banks in the aftermath of the 2008 – 2012 financial crises and explores its relationship with banking sector efficiency. The study focuses on 13 countries, including Central European, South-Eastern European and Baltic states. Using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, the research aims to determine whether foreign banks have gained or lost influence in these markets and the foreign countries that have the best performing banks in these markets. Further-more, it provides insights into the potential influence of sources of foreign capital on the overall performance of domestic banking markets, indicating how competition could drive high-achieving foreign banks to outperform in their established markets.
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nr 6
453 – 471
EN
The Article 106 paragraph 2 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union allows the EU Member States to entrust undertakings with the operation of services of general economic interest. An EU Member State can reserve the performance of a specified group of economic activities for an undertaking in order to allow the undertaking to use profits arising from these activities for coverage of losses from operating the service of general economic interest. The competition rules will apply to the undertaking only if they do not prevent it from operating the service of general economic interest under economically acceptable conditions.
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nr 4
291 – 302
EN
New forms and ways of working under the influence of progressing digitization of work processes nowadays significantly “disrupt“ legal models of traditional labour law relations in which an employee is legally secured by an indefinite and full-time employment. Due to the digitization process, the number of indefinite-term and full-time employment contracts is decreasing from year to year throughout the European Union. The economy is based on digital platforms, which have the potential to continue to grow, especially in the area of services where an individual performs his/her work via the Internet. The platform economy creates new legal models that go beyond the traditional framework of bilateral employment relationships between the employee and the employer. There is a digital platform between the work supplier and the jobseeker which, in some cases, acts only as an intermediary between the work supplier and the jobseeker. In practice, however, are frequent also legal situations in which the digital platform occurs in the legal position of an employer. A typical form of a platform economy is crowdworking as a work assigned to an anonymous crowd. This means a term which, from the grammar and legal points of view, has its terminological equivalent neither in the Slovak language nor in the Slovak legal order. In her paper, the author analyses whether a work in the form of crowdworking can also be performed within an employment relationship and under what legal conditions. A digital platform, although being not in the position of an employer, as a work’s intermediary performs in the existing practice also activities that are traditionally attributable to the employer, especially in the pre-contractual relationships as well as in negotiating the rewards for the work done. If the digital platform only serves as an intermediary, then does not have the legal position of an employer in relation to the work performer, and the individual performing the work is not in the position of an employee. If, beyond the mediation, the relevant digital platform checks, for example, also the performance of the work of an individual, then it is in the legal position of an employer. In connection with the dynamic development of crowdworking as a typical form of platform economy, the existing application practice creates already not only new legal models of work but also new types of contracts which the current labour law legislation defined in the Labour Code does not recognize or does not allow. The conclusions of the analysis bring creative author’s suggestions on how to grasp legally the new forms of work carried out through digital platforms, the development of which has a significant advance in relation to the current labour law regulation.
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nr 3
268 – 284
EN
This contribution is aimed to identify under which conditions shall the freedom of expression in the course of whistleblowing from the part of the employee prevail over the duty of his loyalty towards his employer. The contribution focuses on the collision of the right to freedom of expression with the duty of loyalty from the part of the employee towards his employer regarding the announced information in the context of three selected judgements of the European Court of Human Rights dealing with such collision in cases of publishing of the information.
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nr 4
71-90
EN
Cooperation between the members of the Visegrad Group in the European Union has its ups and downs. The countries of the Group, which should be bound by geographical proximity and common interests, are not always able to cooperate. This also means that the priorities formulated by the governments in Warsaw, Bratislava, Budapest, and Prague do not always converge. Of course, the countries of the Visegrad Group have much in common, such as their attitude to the Cohesion Policy, their perception of climate goals and visions of the EU subsequent budgets. Unfortunately, there are many divergences between them in important issues: for example foreign policy, especially the attitude to Russia’s aggression on Ukraine. Despite the fact that it has been functioning for a quarter of a century, including a decade in the EU, so far the V4 has not managed to develop a strong European ‘brand’.
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nr 3
249 – 264
EN
Crude oil and natural gas, as energy carriers forming the basis of European Union countries energy mix, are nowadays at the heart of policy measurements aiming at lowering their consumption with respect to environmental and security threats associated with them. In this article we used Granger causality test in order to examine whether there exists the possibility of negative consequence related to the implementation of such policy for economic development of the EU countries. Based on results we conclude the persistence of continuing existence of environmental risks in relation to restarting economic growth. The absence of more significant influence of oil and gas consumption on economic growth can be perceived positively.
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