Since the publication, in 1990, by Esping-Andersen the 'Three worlds of welfare capitalism', there has been a heated debate over his typology of welfare states. Although his work is criticised by many, some of the most prominent criticism has come from feminist scholars. Esping-Andersen has been accused of being gender blind. His models are based on the situation of average workers, who mostly happen to be men. Women are present in the models as long as they stay on the labour market. This suggests that the criteria of decommodification, stratification and relations between state, market and family are not gender neutral. Appreciating the analytical potential of the 'three worlds' typology, feminists argue for its reformulation in a way that allows the consideration of gender differences. They stress the need to build an analytical framework that reflects the differences in caring responsibilities between men and women, and show the significance of household production for the welfare of the family. This article discusses the main issues involved in the above debate in three sections. The first presents the Esping-Andersen's models with particular attention paid to the criteria used to construct them. The next section is devoted to fields of feminist critique. The final part presents an overview of the feminists work on constructing models, which are gender sensitive.
Oznaczenie frakcji zjonizowanej magnezu w surowicy krwi stanowi jedną z metod, która jest cennym uzupełnieniem przy ocenie gospodarki mineralnej ustroju. Przy odniesieniu do całkowitej puli biopierwiastka, frakcja zjonizowana odzwierciedla rzeczywisty, aktualny stan organizmu w zakresie gospodarki mineralnej. Na podstawie badań wykonanych w grupie 173 szczecińskich krwiodawców stwierdziliśmy, że mimo niskich poziomów zawartości magnezu całkowitego uzyskanego poprzez analizę biochemiczną włosów, frakcja zjonizowana tego biopierwiastka utrzymuje się w granicach normy.
EN
The study of ionized magnesium (iMg) concentration in blood is one of the method which is valuable to estimate mineral condition of human body. With reference to the total concentration of bioelement, ionized fraction reflects the real bioelement’s condition of human body. On the base of studies of 173 blood donors from Szczecin area we noticed that in spite of low level of total Mg concentration, the ionized Mg concentration was still in the normal range.
W dwóch grupach kobiet - „A"( 16) w wieku okołomenopauzalnym i ,,B"(19) w wieku rozrodczym, przy użyciu metody spektroskopu absorpcji atomowej oznaczono poziom pierwiastków w surowicy krwi (Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe) i we włosach (Mg, Ca, Zn, Cu) Na podstawie analizy otrzymanych danych z zakresu zawartości biopierwiastków w surowicy krwi stwierdzono, że me występowały zaburzenia stężeń badanych pierwiastków, a uzyskane wartości mieściły się w granicach norm cytowanych w piśmiennictwie W przypadku szczegółowej analizy stężeń badanych pierwiastków we włosach uwagę zwracało występowanie znamiennego niedoboru miedzi w obu badanych grupach tj. kobiet w wieku rozrodczym i okołomenopauzalnym oraz cynku w grupie kobiet w wieku 45- 55 lat (okołomenopauzalnym) Nie stwierdzono znacznego niedoboru wapnia i magnezu. Wykazano natomiast, że otrzymane średnie stężenia tych pierwiastków (wapnia i magnezu) w badanych włosach obu grup kobiet są wyższe w stosunku do średnich uzyskanych za wartości referencyjne Porównując obie badane grupy między sobą stwierdzono istotną statystycznie różnicę zawartości cynku we włosach.
EN
Magnesium, zinc, copper and ferrum content in serum and magnesium, calcium, zinc and copper in hair of 19 women in age 25-35 years old (control group) and 16 women in age 45-55 years old (climactenal age), was studied using AAS method The average content of magnesium, zinc, copper and ferrum m serum in women of both groups was found to confirm nearly to literature data. On the basis of hair analysis we have found that copper level in both groups and zinc level in climactenal group was lower than average content confirm as a norm. The average content of magnesium and calcium in women of both groups was higher comparing with average concentration of this bioelements in Polish population Comparing both groups between themselves there was statistical different of zinc.
The magnesium concentration in blood serum and in hair were measured in group of 420 healthy children aged from 5 to 18 from Szczecin. Measurements were done by AAS method. Magnesium deficiency was noted in our's own studies. The lover levels of this trace element were observed in 8,8% of children population in serum and 4% in hair.
Calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper content in hair of 60 subjects with ischemic heart disease, chronic peptic ulcer disease and atopic dermatitis was studied using AAS. The average concetration of magnesium, calcium and copper with patients with ischemic heart disease and chronic peptic ulcer disease was found to confirm nearly to literature data. The zinc level was lower then the average con- tentthis element in group of healthly people. The average concentration calcium, magnesium and zinc with patients with atopic dermatitis was higer comparing with average concentration this elements in polish population.