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Pomiędzy euroentuzjastami a eurosceptykami – kogo wybierają Europejczycy?

100%

Andrzejewska M.

Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne

2016

tom 49

154-163

The aim of this paper is to analyze elections to the European Parliament, which were held from May 22ⁿd to May 25th, 2014. In these elections more than 100 seats were taken by Euro-sceptics; they are against union ideas. Although Euroenthusiasts are still the majority, consequences of previous elections will not go unanswered. This paper focuses on reasons such as the division of mandates and effects of elections which have been made by citizens of Member States of the European Union.

Celem artykułu jest analiza wyborów do Parlamentu Europejskiego, które odbywały się w dniach 22 – 25.05.2014 r. W wyborach tych ponad 100 mandatów zdobyli eurosceptycy, przeciwnicy idei wspólnotowych. Pomimo że euroentuzjaści wciąż stanowią większość, konsekwencje ostatnich wyborów nie pozostaną bez echa. Niniejszy artykuł wskazuje na przyczyny takiego rozłożenia mandatów oraz skutki wyborów dokonanych przez obywateli poszczególnych państw Unii Europejskiej.

Impact of tobacco smoking on thyroid ultrasound image assessed among random population of spa patients in Kołobrzeg, Poland

51%

Łożyńska-Podsadna E. , Andrzejewska M. , Czarnywojtek A.

World Scientific News

2018

tom 108

229-236

Tobacco smoking increases the risk of many diseases, but its association with thyroid disorders remains unclear. Most studies show higher incidence of thyroid nodularity in the populations of smokers. Due to its pro-inflammatory effect, tobacco is said to play an important role also in the development of thyroid inflammation. However, our study showed opposite results. We performed a research on a population of 75 spa guests in Poland. The study was based on surveys and ultrasound thyroid examination. Among examined patients, thyroid nodularity was more common in non-smokers than in smokers. Focal changes were detected in 25,00% of smokers and in 48,00% of non-smokers. Examined smokers presented also less abnormalities in the thyroid echogenicity. Heterogenous thyroid echogenicity was detected in 40,00% of smokers and in 52% of non-smokers. 49,21% of the examined population had enlarged thyroid gland. Among the group with enlarged thyroid gland only 24,30% were smokers and 75,70% were non-smokers. Such results can be explained by a small study group of patients. Another aspect is the type of the group- it turned out, that most of the patients who were interested in participation in the study, presented thyroid diseases in the past.