Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Lunissanti. Antropolog i doświadczenie

100%

Sochacki Ł.

Konteksty - Polska Sztuka Ludowa

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2018

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tom 72

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nr 1-2(320-321)

119-124

PL

Punktem wyjścia artykułu jest etnograficzna obserwacja celebracji Wielkiego Poniedziałku w Castelsardo na Sardynii. Wielkoponiedziałkowe święto posiada w Castelsardo swoistą, niespotykaną gdzie indziej formę. Na szczególną uwagę zasługuje wieczorna procesja ulicami miasta, w której biorą udział cztery męskie chóry (kwartety) wykonujące religijne pieśni. Autor artykułu przedmiotem refleksji czyni własne doświadczenie uczestnictwa w procesji Lunissanti, jego relację do prób zobiektywizowanej obserwacji oraz trudności z uwzględnieniem doświadczenia badacza w trakcie pisania etnografii.

EN

The point of departure of this article is an ethnographic observation of Easter Monday celebrations in Castelsardo (Sardinia), where the festivity possesses a unique form. Particular attention is due to the evening procession down the town streets, with four male choirs (quartets) performing religious songs. Reflections presented by the author of this article are based on his participation in the Lunissanti procession, his attitude to attempted objectivising observation, and difficulties with taking into account the experiences of a researcher in the course of writing an ethnographic text.

2

Recenzja książki Kamili Baranieckiej-Olszewskiej, Ukrzyżowani. Współczesne misteria męki Pańskiej w Polsce (Toruń 2013)

100%

Kencki P.

Pamiętnik Teatralny

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2015

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tom 64

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nr 1(253)

161-167

EN

Kamila Baraniecka-Olszewska has written her book from the perspective of an ethnologist and anthropologist, and yet the work may be of great interest to theatre scholars as well. Ukrzyżowani (‘The Crucified’) is a monograph of Polish contemporary passion mysteries. It consists of four chapters; two of those introduce the reader to the issues concerning the study of passion mysteries and the category of performance in the study of religious culture. The other two analyse two dimensions of the mystery distinguished by the author, i.e., “participa-tum” (what is participated in) and “participans” (who participates). One shortcoming of the monograph is that the historical outline it contains is rather feeble (and some of the theses advanced there are disputable). Its strong point, on the other hand, is an excellent presentation of contemporary passion spectacles, understood as religious performances. The typology proposed by the author is interesting: parish passion mysteries, monastic passion mysteries, and municipal passion mysteries (perhaps including additionally: school passion mysteries, and theatre passion mysteries). Application of tools originating from performance studies has turned out to be very fruitful in relation to both the spectacle analysis and to the categories of experience. The au-thor utilised the conceptual instruments developed by Edward L. Schieffelin in an interesting way and harmonised research on the “participans” and “participatum” in an appealing fashion. Another merit of the monograph, obviously derived from ethnographic practice, is how it incorporates quotes from the participants. Such testimonies, due to their verbal authenticity, make the narrative much livelier. Additionally, the quotes introduce an innumerable number of perspectives (since each participant has a separate point of view). The author has contributed substantially to our knowledge of the passion mystery, ad-vanced the methodology and proved how interesting research bordering on ethnology and theatre studies can be.

3

Игровые и ритуальные практики в русской литературе XIX века

100%

Коковина Н. , Курский государственный университет Ф. ф.

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Litteraria Rossica

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2014

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tom 07

EN

The article discusses a range of phenomena for which 19th-century literature established the name of “game”. In the study of symbolic behaviour, one of the most confusing questions is that of the relationship between game and ritual. Fluid boundaries between them and lack of clear idea of the nature of these phenomena have often lead to a widening of the scope of the concepts: “game” has been thought to include ritual behaviours, and the other way round.

4

Liturgical references in the swearing-in ceremonies of the President of the Republic of Poland after 1989

100%

Lorenc M. , Mikołajczak M.

Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne

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2018

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nr 3

135-156

EN

The text analyzes the mutual relations between the liturgy of sacraments and the most solemn state ceremony in the Republic of Poland, that of swearing-in of the Head of State. Although the latter ceremony is secular, its antecedence should be sought in the religious aspects of the enthronement of European rulers in the Middle Ages. These references make the swearing-in an object of study combining theology and political science. They invite questions about the relation between the religious imagination of a given national community and its political organization as embodied in state ceremonies. The candidate who wins the presidential elections becomes the President of the Polish Republic after their victory is announced by the National Electoral Commission, and after the Supreme Court confirms validity of this result. However, they remain President-Elect until they utter the words of the oath. Therefore, the swearing-in is a public ritual regulated by law which needs to be completed in order to formally commence exercise of the office. The oath, which is spelled out in the Constitution and delivered by the newly elected Head of State, has a performative nature, similar to liturgical formulas. Additionally, it comprises an optional reference to God as witness to the oath delivered. Therefore, the presidential oath is a historically conditioned testimony to public authority, referring to the realm of the sacred.

5

Nice Carnival: an anthropology of institutions, tourism, and know-how

100%

Chabert A.

Our Europe. Ethnography – Ethnology – Anthropology of Culture

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2015

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nr Vol. 4

35-46

EN

: As a festival recreated in its modern form in 1873, the Nice Carnival has contributed to shaping the image of the city and of the French Riviera. While many carnivals and fairs in southeastern France have gradually lost success by becoming second-rate spring festivities, the carnival has remained a highlight in Nice: it is the event for which the town invests the most. In the city, the carnival takes place for a fortnight during the school holidays, and it has kept its role as a winter celebration. To explain these characteristics the author seeks to demonstrate the importance of the public and tourist policies that shape the way this carnival is put together, both as a festive ritual and a show. This emblematic carnival is promoted as a tradition and is seen as an economic stimulation process which is put forward through a marketing approach based on a context in which European cities are defined around central significant events. Designed as a leisure and family entertainment event, the Nice Carnival is also promoted as an international show, giving the city the image of a global carnival city at the same level as Venice and Rio. In Nice, the carnival is a lively show with paid admission, complete with grandstands and full of characters with caricatured features. Satire and irony are well organized – the floats and figurines in the procession are chosen by the city council after an invitation to tender. Every year, the city also selects a theme for the carnival. This institutionalization can also be witnessed in how the floats and the various parade figurines are built by experts, gathered together in family businesses. As a matter of fact, in Nice, the carnival is a matter of both professions and know-how. This article tends to show an original approach to the carnival compared with what is found in the traditional anthropological literature -in Nice, the carnival is not a transgressive ritual, a moment for excess, symbolizing inversion and disorder, but rather an official, institutional festival organized by the local powers.

6

Konflikt dvojí vojenské loajality ve zkušenosti základní vojenské služby a pozdějších militárních aktivit

100%

Wohlmuth P.

Národopisný věstník

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2020

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tom 37_(79)

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nr 2

27-43

EN

This treatise presents the interpretative research on newly created sources which emerged from oral-historical interviews with protagonists from an association of military re-enactment of diverse conflicts from the 18th through 20th centuries, which are active primarily in the Czech Republic, but also in Central Europe, and also with a relating group of narrators who serve in the Czech Army´s Active Reserve. The vast majority of research on military re-enactment focusses on the research into three interconnected problems of authenticity, historical authority, and reflexivity self-consciousness). However, this text focusses newly on the problem of loyalty. Interviews are aimed at the experience of this specific group of narrators with their military service, performed at the time of normalization and transformation after 1989, especially in relation to the issue of ambivalent loyalty to the political regime for which they took an oath during their military service. This experience is analysed in relation to non-contradictory and strong loyalty, felt to the experienced and performed values, which were perceived as being key values for historical military cultures of a specific re-enactment period or conflict, by which the participants express their loyalty through similar rituals of a military oath. The key research question is how this loyalty, experienced in relation to historical military culture (at one sub-group of narrators even interconnected with their membership in the Active Reserve), relates, in a conflicting way, to the loyalty which was required to the former Czechoslovak People´s Army, or to later forces of democratic Czechoslovakia and then of the Czech Republic, during compulsory military service performed by the narrators.

7

Images of women in the "Trilogy of Virtues" by Ulrich Seidl

100%

Kowalska H.

Dziennikarstwo i Media

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2019

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tom 11

37 - 48

EN

The aim of the article is to systematise the reflections on the way of portraying women in the work of Ulrich Seidl — with particular emphasis on the Trilogy of Virtues — which consists of films: Paradise: Love, Paradise: Faith and Paradise: Hope. The author will show that the director focuses on the issue of the body and perceives his protagonists through this prism. Thus, for Seidl, body and physicality become an element of narration that connects women of different ages and experiences, much more than the fact that they are related to each other. The body serves the Austrian as a medium for reflection on the problem of social exclusion, one of the causes of which is precisely physicality, which differs from the image of the body approved by contemporary culture. The author demonstrates that the director immortalises the body in the context of what remains isolated in culture in the taboo sphere, and thus remains an element of social and cultural exclusion.

8

Imaginación cosmológica, espiritualidad católica y sensibilidad contemplativa: La meditación cristiana en Argentina

89%

Ludueña G. A.

Revista del CESLA. International Latin American Studies Review

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2020

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nr 26

265-290

EN

Abstract: This article analyses the cosmological dimension of the practice of “Christian Meditation” in Argentina, which is envisioned as a post-Vatican II laity movement inspired by a contemplative sensitivity. The study identifies two axes that structure this form of meditation. Firstly, there is an ecumenical perspective centered around a mythical narrative about the East and the patristics; and, on the other hand, a notion of person oriented toward interiority, intimacy with divinity and wellbeing. The research states that this cosmology makes room for an alternative Catholic spirituality because of an ontological displacement from religious values of the church. In this sense, the secularization of meditation erases the distinction between religion and spirituality and develops a personal non-individualistic autonomy among meditators.

ES

Este artículo analiza la dimensión cosmológica de la práctica de la “meditación cristiana” en Argentina, la cual es definida como una manifestación laical posconciliar inspirada en una sensibilidad contemplativa. En el estudio se identifican dos ejes que estructuran la cosmología de esta forma de meditación. A saber, la perspectiva ecuménica centrada en una narrativa sobre Oriente y la patrística; y, en segundo lugar, una noción de persona orientada hacia la interioridad, la intimidad divina y el bienestar. La investigación concluye que esta cosmología da lugar a una espiritualidad católica alternativa a partir de un desplazamiento ontológico respecto de valores religiosos de la iglesia. En este sentido, la secularización de la meditación disuelve la tensión entre religión y espiritualidad, y desarrolla una autonomía personal no individualista en los meditadores.

9

Los rituales de la libertad en la poesía de Rosario Castellanos: de las redes perversas del poder a la autoafirmación

89%

García-Peña L. L.

e-Scripta Romanica

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2019

|

tom 7

15-28

EN

In this work we analyze the symbolic representation of the dynamics of power in the complete poetry of Rosario Castellanos, one of the most important contemporary Mexican writers. It is studied how Rosario Castellanos links the effects of power networks with a dimension of metaphysical evil and deals with the liberating ritual process that the writer constructs in her life and in her work in order to approach self-affirmation.

ES

Este trabajo analiza la representación simbólica de la dinámica del poder en la poesía completa de Rosario Castellanos, una de las escritoras mexicanas contemporáneas más importantes. Se estudia cómo Rosario Castellanos vincula los efectos de las redes de poder con una dimensión del mal metafísico y se aborda el proceso ritual liberador que la escritora construye en su vida y en su obra para aproximarse a la autoafirmación.

10

Δυσφημία. Greek Speech Transgression

88%

Sandin P.

Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina

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2018

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tom 54

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nr 1-2

97-127

EN

Recorded instances of δυσφημία and βλασφημία, Greek speech transgression with detrimental spiritual impact, are subjected to an analysis by categories. Six concrete types are identified: (1) perceived dogmatic error (rare outside philosophical literature); (2) talk of death; (3) mention of undesirable entities; (4) mention of undesirable outcomes; (5) mention of undesirable human actions, attitudes and traits; (6) generally unpleasant speech, for instance lament, complaint and bad news. These categories partly overlap and may be sorted into three genera: (a) = category 1, false dogmatic assertion; (b) ill omen, that is, the invocation of anything that is undesirable; (c) negative speech that is hateful to the gods on aesthetic grounds, for instance lament and mention of death. The first two genera reflect relatively universal religious attitudes, but with regard to its importance and scope, the last one appears to be culturally specific. It is related to the concept of miasma, spiritual pollution.

11

Пространственные характеристики ритуальных практик в народной медицине Белорусов

88%

Володина Т. , Лобач В.

Acta Neophilologica

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2007

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nr IX

143-153

EN

The authors of the article pay attention to the main elements of a natural and cultural landscape, which are the place for ritual cure or a virtual subject/locus of medical magic procedure. The most frequent spacial categories are „The Centre of the World” and „The Border”, and also lines of communication of artificial (a road) or natural (a river) character which combine all the parts of the universe structure. All of them are invariants of different parts of the indivisible model of the world. This system of the universe is especially functional in the context of symbolical-ritual (magic) methods of the Belarusian popular medicine because it gave a possibility to a person of the Tradition to restore the cosmic order (here it is health as one of its components) without leaving „the cultural field” (home, farmstead, village).

12

Radio jako przestrzeń dla rytuału

88%

Stachyra G.

Media – Kultura – Komunikacja Społeczna

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2013

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nr 9

9-22

EN

Radio as a medium which operates within an ever-changing culture creates a “communication space” which can be analyzed in the context of a ritual. The anthropologists of experience applied the theories of magic to the media, pointing out that they also may be perceived as cultural or aesthetical products. Among the sential elements of ritual there are: the presence of a master of ceremonies, the communicational character of ritual acts and a ritual expression which is manifest through systems of signs and meanings. Through the process of technological change, radio communication has evolved towards new strategies of building the relations between broadcaster and the audience. The variety of new genres, interactivity, mobility, commercialisation, even visualisation – all influence “the radio dialogue” formula. On the other hand, the typical repetitive structure of radio programme still remains, offering a backbone to the ritual space. Modern media rituals are mostly secular and profane: the media may be viewed as a substitute to sanctuaries, with their own ritual communication and priests. Despite this, radio as a ritual space rarely becomes a subject of research. This paper is an attempt to decode some important ritual elements of modern radio communications.

13

Confucius and Contemporary Guanxi

88%

Pilotta J.

International Journal of Area Studies

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2013

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tom 8

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nr 1

128-149

EN

The paper will analyse what guanxi is in contemporary China and will also answer the phenomenological question of how guanxi is part of contemporary practices of China as well as the practice of Confucian principles. Both are concerned with ritual, rectitude, responsibility and relationships. Their entanglement shares both a functional and aesthetic time-space movement of the ritual cosmology of doors and their significance.

14

Relacje pomiędzy kulturą a etnicznością w tekstach Cezarii Anny Baudouin de Courtenay-Ehrenkreutz-Jędrzejewiczowej

88%

Dorak-Wojakowska L.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2014

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nr 5(31/1)

65-91

EN

The article describes main fields of interest of the outstanding Polish ethnologist, one of the most important researchers of folk rituals and culture in the interwar period. The article analyses her texts dedicated to ethnical and national problems, in which there are deliberations on the research subject of ethnology (whose distinguishing criterion is tradition) and its scientific material, which serve the cognition of culture’s morphology. Research on products of folk culture, mostly from Wileńszczyzna, passed in oral tradition, makes possible such cognition. Interrelationship between ethnicity and culture is present in crucial texts of Cezaria Baudouin de Courtenay‑Ehrenkreutz‑Jędrzejewiczowa collected in the volume The Tradition’s Chain written in the years 1922‑1953, such as: ‘From Studies of Wedding Rites of Polish People’ (1929), ‘A Few Notes and News about Ethnography of Wileński District’ (1930), ‘Two Cultures and Two Sciences’ (1936) and ‘Ethnical Groups on the Territory of the Great Duchy of Lithuania and Three Nations’ (1953). Using the phenomenological method in the research of folk culture on the borderland between Poland and Lithuania, Cezaria Jędrzejewiczowa interprets preserved stories, tracks down their main motifs, reveals their genesis and meaning, which has developed over centuries. The article discusses social and cultural determinants of the rural people, such as ties of tradition, ethnical collective consciousness, religion and language.

15

Tumačenje sjećanja i zamišljanje zajednica u poslijeratnim vukovarskim ritualima (1992. – 2015.)

88%

Žanić M.

Slavia Meridionalis

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2019

|

tom 19

EN

Interpretation of memory and imagining communities in post-war rituals in Vukovar (1992-2015)Modern rituals are exceptionally complex events; the actors performing them have a narrative and imaginative connection with the space where the performance is taking place, with the history and tradition that the ritual concerns as well as with the wide community that they themselves represent. This paper interprets performances of post-war rituals in Vukovar, focusing on the Vukovar Remembrance Day of November 18th. The first part of the paper presents different ways of commemorating that day by Croats and by Serbs, whereby the two sides assign completely opposite meanings to the Battle of Vukovar. The second part follows the marking of Vukovar Remembrance Day after Vukovar once again became part of the constitutional and legal system of the Republic of Croatia. The third part of the paper follows the commemorations from 2013 to 2015 through the concepts of routinization and dramatization. In doing so, the paper tries to explain the differences and changes in marking one of the most important events in modern Croatian history. Interpretacja pamięci i wyobrażanie wspólnot w powojennych rytuałach w Vukovarze (1992–2015)Współczesne rytuały to wyjątkowo złożone wydarzenia, w których odgrywający je aktorzy prezentują narracyjny i wyobrażeniowy związek z przestrzenią, gdzie odbywa się przedstawienie, z historią i tradycją, których rytuał dotyczy, a także ze społecznością, którą reprezentują. Celem artykułu jest interpretacja powojennych rytuałów w Vukovarze (szczególnie obchodów Dnia Pamięci o Vukovarze, co roku 18 listopada). Pierwsza część tekstu prezentuje odmienne sposoby obchodzenia tego dnia przez Chorwatów i Serbów oraz przypisywanie całkowicie przeciwstawnych znaczeń bitwie o Vukovar. W drugiej części autor śledzi sposób upamiętniania Dnia Pamięci o Vukovarze, po tym jak miasto ponownie stało się częścią systemu konstytucyjnego i prawnego Republiki Chorwacji. Trzecia część dotyczy zaś obchodów tego dnia w latach 2013–2015. Autor analizuje je w odniesieniu do koncepcji rutynizacji i dramatyzacji rytuałów. W ten sposób artykuł próbuje wyjaśnić różnice i zmiany w znaczeniu jednego z najważniejszych wydarzeń we współczesnej historii Chorwacji.

16

The Higgs Boson, The God Particle, and the Correlation Between Scientific and Religious Narratives

88%

Stahlberg L.-O.

Open Theology

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2014

|

tom 1

|

nr 1

EN

The Higgs mechanism – as part of the Standard Model of Elementary Particle Physics – is mostly considered to be a real physical process that brings about the mass of every elementary particle. Recent discussions show that there are alternative interpretations of it, differing from the common one in the spectrum and the features of some specific physical objects. This, in turn, shows that the problem of reference remains unsolved for physical theories: It is not obvious what kind of objects theoretical terms exactly refer to. Given the fact that the reference to the object level is ambiguous even in the natural sciences, what correlations can be established between scientific terms and religious expressions at all? Do ontic ambiguities make the dialogue between science and religion easier or more complicated? This article reflects on these questions by examining the possible significations (and interrelations) of scientific and religious signs in general as well as from the perspective of the individual. I suggest that religious storytelling and ritual practices can establish specific associations between scientific and religious worldviews under certain conditions – without confusing the different world-views conceptually.

17

COVID-19 tingitud folkloristlikud reaktsioonid Valgevenes

88%

Valodzina T. , Marmysh T.

Mäetagused

|

2021

|

tom 79

35-54

EN

The article gives an overview of the folk culture mechanisms that helped to cope with the pandemic situation in Belorussia during the first wave of COVID-19 (until midsummer 2020). The article is based on the qualitative analysis of interview texts related to the pandemic as well as the content of internet users’ visual reactions (memes, poems, proverbs). In folk culture the mechanisms helping to overcome the crisis situation often have a ritual-magical nature. When describing the influence of the pandemic on some practices, the authors conclude that their performing in the crisis situation was especially important for the community. One of the ancient rituals activated for preventing the epidemic was the creation of a magic circle around the village by conducting a procession around the village with a ritual towel (‘rushnik-abydzionnik’), which had to be made within one day. On March 28, this one-day-ritual was performed in Minsk with the greatest possible adherence to tradition. The initiators and participants of the practice were mainly representatives of the Students Ethnographic Society. Not all women present knew how to spin or weave, but some of the simplest operations were mastered. The towel was carried around Minsk and brought to a stone on the site of a pagan temple in the centre of Minsk at the sunset. The towel was tied around the stone, and the latter was also covered with threads spun on the same day. The ritual relieved the tension of the participants and fostered awareness of their solidarity, strengthening collective networks, and the feeling of empathy and unity. COVID-19 also affected the living traditions in Belarus. Some traditional practices were cancelled or postponed. The spread of the pandemic created a negative backdrop for living traditions. However, a number of rites and ceremonies were carried out despite the pandemic in accordance with their spatial and temporal reference. Due to the difficult epidemiological situation, the usual order of ceremonies was changed – their duration was reduced without changing the traditional rite structure. Only local residents participated in the rituals; although, formerly, many journalists and tourists had come to the villages from different parts of the country on the days of the ceremonies. For tradition bearers, such practices during a pandemic are a way to relieve stress and to share problems with people with similar interests. Traditions are one of the constants of their life; maintaining them in times of crises stabilizes the community. The coronavirus pandemic has caused a powerful explosion of folk art. The texts of various genres, both oral and written (graphic), are rapidly spreading on the Internet. A large number of them are based on the traditional worldview of Belarusians and are expressed in traditional forms (alterations, ditties, anecdotes, anti-sayings, paroemias, etc.). The role of humour has grown tremendously. Jokes and laughter in the face of an external threat are a compensatory mechanism that helps to overcome fear and uncertainty, and common laughter unites and helps to learn new rules of behaviour. Humour is not concerned with the threat of getting ill, but rather individual hygiene practices, the situation of quarantine, and circumstances of the new reality. Thus, humorous folklore becomes a way to adapt to new norms and to overcome fear and instability.

18

Cult and Ritual in Polish Archaeology: Past Research and New Perspectives

88%

Gardeła L. , Půlpánová-Reszczyńska A.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2015

|

tom 10

9–28

EN

This paper provides a brief overview of past and recent studies on the archaeology of cult and ritual in Poland. It discusses some of the most important publications and scholarly initiatives that have been shaping current approaches to various aspects of pre-Christian beliefs and it also attempts to predict future research trajectories

19

Rituals’ Narrative Logics

88%

Lombaerts H.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

|

2011

|

tom 1

|

nr 1

PL

This article focuses on a double identity of rituals: the origin and main structure of rituals is narrative, and they represent a particular logic which aims at establishing a different quality of life. The narrative structure coincides with a typical characteristic of the human mind: the commemoration of striking dramatic or liberating events. Hence the ongoing concern to remember; the anamnesis intends to prevent that what among people never should be forgotten remains present in the individual and collective memory. Rituals are the most powerful means to keep memory alive. The coincidence of the faithfulness to a living tradition and the authentic commitment to present human concerns guarantees that the ritual anamnesis introduces qualitative change among the people involved.

20

The Vivified Sacrificial Rites as the Site of Conflation of Man and Animal in Adele Wiseman’s "The Sacrifice"

88%

Tazbir J.

Analyses/Rereadings/Theories: A Journal Devoted to Literature, Film and Theatre

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2018

|

tom 5

|

nr 1

43-54

EN

The article juxtaposes two explanations of the ancient phenomenon of sacrifice, one of which, formulated by René Girard, emphasizes the aspects of scapegoating and transference of people’s violent inclinations, while the other, developed by Jonathan Klawans and focused on the ancient Israeli sacrificial customs, attributes chief significance to the notions of purity, defilement, and achieving the state of imitatio Dei by the offerer. Though these explanations are at odds in many respects, with Klawans being vocally critical of Girard’s approach, the article seeks to present both of them as applicable to the context of a contemporary sacrifice depicted in Adele Wiseman’s novel, The Sacrifice. Its protagonist, the article argues, finds a way of blending these two orders together largely by the use of the mental figure of the animal, the projection of which onto his victim allows him to perceive her in dualistic manner, as simultaneously sacred and wicked. In the light of this, the ostensibly morally sanctioned practice of ancient Abrahamic sacrifice is shown to contain an unaccounted for potential to instigate ruinous acts, and the figure of the animal, within a situation characterized by the blurring of boundaries and distinctions, with which a sacrificial crisis is unalterably associated, attains an ambiguous, if not sinister, significance.