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EN
The present paper deals with the types of Indo-European diathesis, trying to define their origins and characterize the variations in the development of individual languages Contrastive analysis of Latin and Greek as languages with extremely dissimilar system of voices serves as the starting point. Diachronically both systems are different paradigmatizations of underlying common Indo-European structure. The reconstructed proto-diathesis consists of verb classes of agentive vs. non-agentive/inactive verbs with different series of endings. The Greek system of elaborated active vs. middle-passive oppositions cannot be projected into Proto-Indo-European. Latin, unlike Greek, attests archaic types of voices: r-deagentive (impersonal passive) and passive preterit with -to-participle which was the first Indo-European expression of the passive.
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Content available Osoba i głos: postać w najnowszym polskim dramacie
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EN
The disintegration of character in recent Polish drama is closely related to identity crisis and the ensuing negation of the basis and integrity of one's sense of self. A character can hardly be analysed as a person – more often than not, it resembles a linguistic or textual entity rather than a human being. The persona is replaced by a voice or a polyphonic collective body – a choir. In the dramatic works of contemporary Polish playwrights such as M. Ko-terski, M. Bieliński, M. Modzelewski, L. Amejko or D. Masłowska these forms can be real-ized as either a fragmented subject split into aspects that cannot be reconciled, or as the subject's external reality, which they perceive as fragmented, incomprehensible and hostile.
EN
The aim of the article is to present a linguistic image of the voice in diachronic terms. In the analysis, the material in the Polish language that is considered comes from the dictionaries of the contemporary and historical Polish as well as the corpus of texts of various epochs. The article focuses only on the voice emission activity. The text also includes the methodological reflections resulting from the practice of the language historian.
EN
It is likely that serious hearing loss affect drastically human possibility of repeating the sounds. Remains the question of whether and how the delicate hearing loss affect the person’s ability to repeat sounds. Therefore we try to create the database samples singing, expanded on the tests of hearing for individual sigers, that could be used to further research in this direction. The studies were used two research stations one for the hearing test, and a second used to test the ability of the singer to repeat sound. First station used for hearing tests utilized a standard, certified audiometric cabin with cooperating with her professional audiometer. The second test station was design for record and analyse singers ability to repeat sound. Projected solution, use tools for both generate, playback and recording audio, with used adittional materials to improve the acoustic performance of the tests. This article describes the design of test aparature and presents the conclusions of the preeliminary tests, in particular those related to the second set of equipment.
EN
Local, regional and national identities are ‘reshuffled’ each time an individual changes language or dialect in order to obtain a job, to qualify for a position, or enter a school. Every crossing by an individual of physical and language borders to survive or start afresh as a migrant and every application for citizenship or test of language proficiency are acts of self-‘translation‘ and transformation. Such acts entail - next to possible net gains in ‘employability‘, or the possibilities of integration or assimilation - a loss of memory, of self-expression and all that is contained in an individual's particular voice and its lived particularity.The changing status and role of learning for adults moving across linguistic and political boundaries in the greater-than-EU27 ‘West’ - young adult students of the former ‘Eastern Bloc’ (Ukraine and Bulgaria) - are the subjects of this micro-research project. This paper will focus on experiences of transition and transformation - a form of self-‘translation’ - undergone by these individuals who are ‘peripheral’ citizens in the mainstream political and economic landscapes of the EU27.The paper seeks to show how biographical narrative interviews, sensitive to the changing language resources of migrants, and sensitive, too, to the use of these language resources in the co-construction of new learning spaces, help researchers in adult education to hear how learning and identity formation can be told. In the narratives of the young adults interviewed here, learning is shaped and expressed as biographical learning, and both difficulties and success have their place in the shifting contexts in which learning takes place.
PL
Wprowadzenie: Porażenie krtani pogarsza wszystkie funkcje tego narządu. Z tego powodu proces terapeutyczny powinien obejmować przywrócenie funkcji oddechowej, obronnej i głosowej. Dobór właściwej ścieżki rehabilitacyjnej odgrywa kluczową rolę. Odpowiedni protokół badań, który obejmuje obiektywne metody oceny głosu, jest ważnym elementem monitorowania powrotu sprawności głosu. Wydajność głosu jest ważna dla pacjenta szczególnie ze względów psychologicznych i społecznych. Cel: Celem pracy była ocena krótkoterminowej funkcjonalnej terapii głosu (functional voice therapy; FVT) u pacjentów z jednostronnym porażeniem krtani, z wykorzystaniem obiektywnych parametrów opisujących aparat głosowy krtani i jakość głosu. Materiał i metody: W ciągu ostatnich 10 lat w Klinice Audiologii i Foniatrii Instytutu Fizjologii i Patologii Słuchu z powodu dysfonii hospitalizowano 355 pacjentów z porażeniem krtani. Wszyscy chorzy zostali poddani 5-dniowej FVT. Od 2015 roku ujednolicono parametry pomiaru protokołów diagnostycznych uzyskiwane z wideostrobokimografii (videostrobokymography; VSK), elektroglottografii (electroglottography; EGG) oraz percepcyjnej i akustycznej analizy głosu przed i po 5 dniach hospitalizacji. Wyniki: U pacjentów po FVT uzyskano poprawę jakości głosu i kompensacji aparatu głosowego krtani. Większość pacjentów osiągnęła statystycznie istotną poprawę w VSK, EGG, MDVP oraz analizie percepcyjnej. Grupa pacjentów z niezadowalającą poprawą głosu po terapii wymagała przedłużonej rehabilitacji lub została zakwalifikowana do mikrochirurgii krtani. Analizowano potencjalne czynniki, które mogły powodować niedostateczne efekty FVT. Wnioski: Złożoność rehabilitacji głosu jest kluczowa dla powodzenia terapii. Interdyscyplinarny zespół terapeutyczny odgrywa istotną rolę w rehabilitacji głosu u pacjentów z porażeniem fałdów głosowych.
EN
This paper discusses the correspondence between Finnish emigrants living in North America and their families and friends at home in Finland. This correspondence dates from the latter part of the nineteenth century, and concerns the first generation of emigrants. Sending and receiving letters in nineteenth-century Finland can be understood as a communicative practice of the local community, because letters were written collectively, and a literate person typically acted as a scribe in the community. Even reading and receiving a letter was a collective act of hearing. Linguistically, the collective nature of letter-writing is reflected in the different manifestations of polyphony in the texts. This article will focus on the polyphony of the immigrant correspondence, analysing who are allowed to have a voice of their own, and how the different voices are reconstructed in the letters. This analysis will focus particularly on conveying polyphony through the use of person marking in Finnish.
EN
Introduction: Laryngeal paralysis deteriorates all laryngeal functions. Therefore the therapeutic process must include restoration of respiratory, defensive and vocal function. Selection of a proper rehabilitation path plays a key role. Appropriate research protocol that includes objective methods of voice evaluation is an important element of monitoring the return of vocal efficiency. Voice efficiency is important for the patient particularly due to psychological and social reasons. Aim: The aim of the study was the assessment of short-term functional voice therapy (FVT) in patients with unilateral paralysis of the larynx with the use of objective parameters describing the glottis and voice quality. Material and Method: In the last 10 years 355 patients with laryngeal paralysis were hospitalized in the Audiology and Phoniatrics Clinic due to dysphonia. All patients underwent a 5-day FVT. In 2015 we unified the diagnostic protocol measuring parameters obtained from videostrobokymography (VSK), electroglottography (EGG), perceptual and acoustic voice analysis before and after 5-day hospitalization. Results: After FVT patients showed improved voice quality and glottal compensation. The majority of patients achieved a statistically significant improvement in VSK, EGG, MDVP, and perceptual analysis. The group of patients with unsatisfactory voice improvement after therapy required a prolonged rehabilitation or was qualified for laryngeal microsurgery. Potential causes of insufficient effects of FVT were analysed. Conclusions: The complexity of voice rehabilitation is crucial for the success of therapy. An interdisciplinary therapeutic team plays a significant role during voice rehabilitation in patients with vocal fold paralysis.
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Content available The Shrimp-Mirror-Stitch, or Voice in Psychoanalysis
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EN
The paper is an attempt at a systematic review and a tentative synthesis of the philosophically most relevant theories of voice that are to be found within the psychoanalytic tradition. Beginning with some reflections borrowed from Thomas Ogden, the author proceeds to examine two lines of thinking about voice: the ‘paternal’ line which discusses voice mostly in relation to the superego and the orientation of the self and the ‘maternal’ line which discusses voice in relation to the processes of subjective constitution. Having analyzed selected insights of such authors as Freud, Reik, Isakower and Lacan within the paternal line and Lacan, Anzieu, Rosolato, Vasse, and Abraham&Török within the maternal one, the author attempts to show the common features of many of these diverse takes, focusing especially on the processes of internalization of external voices and on the strange status of voice as both most intimate and alien to us. The closing discussion of Mladen Dolar’s theory opens the way to a synthetic view of voice as the paradoxical kernel of human subjectivity.
EN
Music, as sung and listened to, has been described in many a tale as powerful and transformative. Yet, the important question is not so much if that claim is true or whether it may be verified, but what kind of power and transformation are alluded to in those mythical and literary sources? Taking these symbolic claims and elaborating on their possible meaning, alongside thinkers such as Carolyne Abbate or Roland Barthes, proceeds to find ways in which these claims may suggest different roles that music and singing play in human lives. As much as current musicological and anthropological academic narratives point to the power and its negotiation in society, there is more to singing voices’ charms than this. The author points to an important transformation that happens when the human existential qualities found in the voice’s imperfections (its materiality) are matched with the music’s aesthetic qualities (its beauty, sublimity, its symmetry, its impression) to transform the listener and make her listen.
EN
Introduction: Laryngeal paralysis deteriorates all laryngeal functions. Therefore the therapeutic process must include restoration of respiratory, defensive and vocal function. Selection of a proper rehabilitation path plays a key role. Appropriate research protocol that includes objective methods of voice evaluation is an important element of monitoring the return of vocal efficiency. Voice efficiency is important for the patient particularly due to psychological and social reasons. Aim: The aim of the study was the assessment of short-term functional voice therapy (FVT) in patients with unilateral paralysis of the larynx with the use of objective parameters describing the glottis and voice quality. Material and Method: In the last 10 years 355 patients with laryngeal paralysis were hospitalized in the Audiology and Phoniatrics Clinic due to dysphonia. All patients underwent a 5-day FVT. In 2015 we unified the diagnostic protocol measuring parameters obtained from videostrobokymography (VSK), electroglottography (EGG), perceptual and acoustic voice analysis before and after 5-day hospitalization. Results: After FVT patients showed improved voice quality and glottal compensation. The majority of patients achieved a statistically significant improvement in VSK, EGG, MDVP, and perceptual analysis. The group of patients with unsatisfactory voice improvement after therapy required a prolonged rehabilitation or was qualified for laryngeal microsurgery. Potential causes of insufficient effects of FVT were analysed. Conclusions: The complexity of voice rehabilitation is crucial for the success of therapy. An interdisciplinary therapeutic team plays a significant role during voice rehabilitation in patients with vocal fold paralysis.
PL
Wprowadzenie: Porażenie krtani pogarsza wszystkie funkcje tego narządu. Z tego powodu proces terapeutyczny powinien obejmować przywrócenie funkcji oddechowej, obronnej i głosowej. Dobór właściwej ścieżki rehabilitacyjnej odgrywa kluczową rolę. Odpowiedni protokół badań, który obejmuje obiektywne metody oceny głosu, jest ważnym elementem monitorowania powrotu sprawności głosu. Wydajność głosu jest ważna dla pacjenta szczególnie ze względów psychologicznych i społecznych. Cel: Celem pracy była ocena krótkoterminowej funkcjonalnej terapii głosu (functional voice therapy; FVT) u pacjentów z jednostronnym porażeniem krtani, z wykorzystaniem obiektywnych parametrów opisujących aparat głosowy krtani i jakość głosu. Materiał i metody: W ciągu ostatnich 10 lat w Klinice Audiologii i Foniatrii Instytutu Fizjologii i Patologii Słuchu z powodu dysfonii hospitalizowano 355 pacjentów z porażeniem krtani. Wszyscy chorzy zostali poddani 5-dniowej FVT. Od 2015 roku ujednolicono parametry pomiaru protokołów diagnostycznych uzyskiwane z wideostrobokimografii (videostrobokymography; VSK), elektroglottografii (electroglottography; EGG) oraz percepcyjnej i akustycznej analizy głosu przed i po 5 dniach hospitalizacji. Wyniki: U pacjentów po FVT uzyskano poprawę jakości głosu i kompensacji aparatu głosowego krtani. Większość pacjentów osiągnęła statystycznie istotną poprawę w VSK, EGG, MDVP oraz analizie percepcyjnej. Grupa pacjentów z niezadowalającą poprawą głosu po terapii wymagała przedłużonej rehabilitacji lub została zakwalifikowana do mikrochirurgii krtani. Analizowano potencjalne czynniki, które mogły powodować niedostateczne efekty FVT. Wnioski: Złożoność rehabilitacji głosu jest kluczowa dla powodzenia terapii. Interdyscyplinarny zespół terapeutyczny odgrywa istotną rolę w rehabilitacji głosu u pacjentów z porażeniem fałdów głosowych.
13
Content available remote The problem of Proto-Balto-Slavic ‘aspirates’ revisited
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EN
The topic of this paper, as its title suggests, is the fate of the original Indo-European (IE) aspirates in Balto-Slavic, or possibly in its direct precursor, Proto-Balto-Slavic. In contrast with the Indo-European protolanguage, which is generally reconstructed with three modal classes of stops, both the Baltic and the Slavic languages are modeled on the opposition based on the feature /±voice/ only, with the opposition based on the feature /±aspiration/ not directly attested. Due to this distinction between IE and Balto-Slavic, it is assumed that the original opposition of aspiration was lost at some point during the Proto-Balto-Slavic period. The mechanism of this loss and the question of ‘voiceless aspirates’ are discussed as well. In the paper it is demonstrated that there is no reason to believe that ‘voiceless aspirates’ and ‘voiced aspirates’ ever formed a category of ‘aspirates’, proportional to the opposition between ‘voiceless unaspirates’ and ‘voiced unaspirates’, or to assume that both ‘aspirates’ever existed at the same moment.
14
Content available Dramaturgia muzyczna
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EN
In her paper, Ewa Wąchocka examines the phenomenon of recent dramatic works becoming increasingly more ‘musical’ and the terminological shift it brought about, i.e. the inclusion of the term ‘musical dramaturgy’ in writing for the stage. The author argues that far from being limited to the sounds of speech and language in general, musicality also encompasses a variety of non-musical sounds, the unravelling of the play’s narrative and the psychological makeup of its characters; it also penetrates deeply into the structure of the text. In the analysis of plays by W. Murek, A. Grzegorzewska, and S. Bogacz, the author demonstrates how essential the inspirations sourced from musical culture are for recent dramatic works: the 20th-century experiments with music, the discovery of how potent sound expression can be, or the most technologically advanced methods of sound reproduction. By presenting the many and varied dramatic strategies, the author shows that contemporary playwrights not only use musicality to represent the sound landscape of the world but, first and foremost, to create the ontology of an internally conflicted world.
15
Content available L’animalità nella poesia di Jolanda Insana
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EN
The scope of the article is to reflect upon the argument of animality in the work of the Sicilian poet Jolanda Insana (1937-2016) which represents one of the possible interpretive keys of her works. The analytical part of the paper contains an analysis from the anti-anthropocentric perspective of some fragments of the section Bestia clandestina included in the volume Turbativa d’incanto (2012).
16
Content available Sulla voce ne La nota segreta di Marta Morazzoni
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EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the meanings of the voice in the novel mentioned in the title in relation to Adriana Cavarero’s thought. Following the presentation of the work, the article examines two different manifestations of the voice in the text: the singing voice and the discursive voice. The former confirms the patriarchal association of women with the body but sometimes it also appears as a space of freedom from oppression. The latter, which is denied to the protagonist, symbolizes women’s exclusion from logos.
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Content available Spacijalnost Matoševa glasa
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EN
The voice connections observed within the A.G. Matos’s poetry establish the poem’s space/ the poem’s body. The grammar of the speech, grammar of the body and grammar of the poem are connected with the same category – the spaciousness. The insight of the voice metaphors highlights the relationship between the voice, body and space stressing the relationship as a condition of the poem’s voice and body existence.
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The present essay focuses on Kacper Bartczak’s latest volume, Pokarm Suweren, which is shown to be a radical attempt at expressing a posthumanist selfhood that instantiates itself as a borderline figure between language and body.
PL
W niniejszym szkicu analizie poddany zostaje najnowszy tom Kacpra Bartczaka pt. Pokarm Suweren, który ukazany jest tu jako radykalna próba wyrażenia podmiotu posthumanistycznego – istniejącego jako figura na granicy języka i ciała.    
EN
Book review:  Joanna Nowińska, Co słyszysz poza słowem? «Sound design» Apokalipsy św. Jana (Rozprawy i Studia Biblijne 47; Warszawa: Vocatio 2016). Ss. 214. 65 PLN. ISBN: 978-83-7829-217-3
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Recenzja książki:  Joanna Nowińska, Co słyszysz poza słowem? «Sound design» Apokalipsy św. Jana (Rozprawy i Studia Biblijne 47; Warszawa: Vocatio 2016). Ss. 214. 65 PLN. ISBN: 978-83-7829-217-3
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