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PL
Zmiana własności państwowej na własność prywatną przeprowadzana w latach 1990-2005 miała różne okresy, biorąc pod uwagę tempo, formę i zakres tego procesu. Największe przyspieszenie prywatyzacji zaobserwowano w latach 1990-1993. W okresie tym szczególnie chodziło o takie tempo prywatyzacji oraz ukształtowanie się w Polsce rynku kapitałowego, aby przekształcenia stosunków własnościowych nabrały charakteru nieodwracalnego. Proces prywatyzacji przedsiębiorstw spowodował wzrost na niespotykaną skalę w Polsce bezrobocia z 0,3% w roku 1990 do 17,3% w roku 2005. Oceniając zróżnicowany poziom bezrobocia według województw, można stwierdzić, iż jest to z jednej strony efekt różnego tempa i zakresu prywatyzacji, a z drugiej - różnego poziomu rozwoju.
EN
Substitution of national property for private property carried out in 1990-2005 had various periods, taking pace, form and range of that process into consideration. The highest acceleration of privatization was noticed in 1990-1993. In that period there was such a pace of privatization and capital market formation, so as transformation of property relations took irreversible character. Privatization process resulted in huge growth of unemployment in Poland from 0,3% in 1990 to 17,3% in 2005. Estimating various level of unemployment by province, it can be said that, on one side it is an effect of different pace and range of privatization, and on the other hand - different level of development.
2
Content available Definiowanie kapitału społecznego i jego pomiar
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EN
The paper discusseds social capital. In the first part the main definitional currents and research directions of this phenomenon are presented. The second part includes an attempt to assess the social capital of the unemployedresiding in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. The basis for the analysis were primary data collected by the standardized interview among the unemployed in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. Data analysis methods were conditioned by traits measurement scales. The multivariate analysis was performed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The method used to collect the data necessary to present the theoretical aspects of social capital consisted of research literature studies. The obtained results confirmed, in micro perspective low social capital of the unemployedfrom the Mazowieckie Voivodeship. The long-term unemployed showed a negative evaluation in all categories.
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nr 1
42-49
EN
The issue of unemployment may be examined from many aspects. It is not only unemployment rate itself, but also the distribution of unemployment in a given country that are of major importance. To conduct such research, it is necessary to analyze measures of unemployment variation. The article presents unemployment variation measures together with their unique character.
EN
The aim of this study is to present certain aspects related to the situation of unemployment of young people (under 25 years old), living in the Podkarpackie voivodeship and to provide the statistical data and the results of the empirical research refers to the subject. The basis for the publication are presented analysis of unemployment in terms of the situation of individual districts as well as the factors such as: professional qualifications, professional experience, the period of employment and the duration of unemployment. The following part includes the additionally specified situation of young, unemployed women. All conducted consideration ends up with synthetic summary.
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2017
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tom 2
23-33
EN
The debate about the economic impact of multinational firms on a host country has been taking place for many years. Part of this discussion involves the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the unemployment rate and economic growth. Analysis of FDI development, unemployment rate and the real domestic product (GDP) was carried out within the regions of the Czech Republic over the last decade. Comparative method and correlation analysis was applied to investigate the degree of dependence between the FDI level and the convergence of the poorer regions towards the more developed ones in terms of the examined characteristics. Results of the comparative analysis indicate that the effect of FDI on unemployment and GDP is insignificant. Statistical dependence between foreign investment inflow and economic growth has not been demonstrated; neither has the correlation between FDI and unemployment been proved. Insensitivity of the monitored variables on FDI development can be regarded as a serious problem for the “effectiveness” of this type of incentive policy.
6
Content available remote The Labour Market in the Visegrad Group Countries – Selected Aspects
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EN
The aim of this paper is to compare selected aspects related to the labour market in the Visegrad Group countries. In particular, attention is paid to the analysis of labour force inactivity, the period of being unemployed and selected institutional arrangements related to the unemployment benefit systems. The research method is based on the analysis of statistical data and a review of institutional arrangements existing in each of the four countries. The analysis shows that there are differences related to the duration and the generosity of unemployment benefit systems. In terms of unemployment, the worst situation is to be found in Slovakia (especially, due to problems with an unemployment rate above the EU average, a high youth unemployment rate, and a significant proportion of long-term unemployed). In 2016 the shortest statutory duration of unemployment benefits was in Hungary, while the relatively least favourable benefit system seemed to exist in Poland.
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nr 2
233-246
EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse the process of privatization in Poland.We reflect on the winners and the losers of transformation processes as such, but also of their particular elements which are directly connected with privatization. Privatization in Poland started in the 80s. and is still continuing. From the very beginning privatization was viewed, by liberal governments in Poland, as the key issue in the process of political system transformation, market reforms and implementing economic freedom. Although 60% of Polish citizens agree that capitalist economy basing on private entrepreneurship is the best system for our country, many Polish citizens still represent rather critical approach to market economy because the process of privatization in Poland has been connected with two negative factors: unemployment and corruption. Yet Polish people start to accept new reality seeing advantages of capitalist aspects over socialist ones.
EN
The paper discusses the changes in unemployment rate in Silesian Voivodeship with particular focus on the city of Czestochowa in 2007-2010. The particular focus is on the structure of unemployment according to the education level and the effect of education on job opportunities in the labour market. The paper also presents the methods of preventing unemployment, with particular focus on the group of young people.
PL
W artykule Autorzy opisują zmiany bezrobocia w województwie śląskim ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem miasta Częstochowy w latach 2007-2010. W szczególności zawracają uwagę na strukturę bezrobocia według wykształcenia oraz związek poziomu wykształcenia na możliwości znalezienia pracy na rynku. W artykule przedstawiono również sposoby zapobiegania bezrobociu w szczególności w grupie ludzi młodych.
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nr 4
520-545
PL
Artykuł omawia zależność między inflacją a bezrobociem w największych krajach o gospodarce rynkowej (Stanach Zjednoczonych, Japonii, Niemczech, Francji i W. Brytanii). Badany okres obejmuje lata 1965–2013. W analizie wykorzystano ilustracje graficzne, współczynniki korelacji oraz wskaźniki wrażliwości inflacji na zmianę bezrobocia i odwrotnie (tzw. współczynniki poświęcenia). Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy można wyciągnąć dwa zasadnicze wnioski. Po pierwsze, w żadnym z badanych krajów, poza Japonią, nie można mówić o silnej ujemnej zależności między bezrobociem a inflacją. Po drugie, wzrost bezrobocia we wszystkich badanych krajach w ciągu ostatniego półwiecza może świadczyć o nadmiernej restrykcyjności polityki makroekonomicznej. Z analizy wynika, że dotyczyło to przede wszystkim Niemiec, Japonii i Francji.
EN
The article discusses the relationships between inflation and unemployment in major market economies (the United States, Japan, Germany, France, and Great Britain). The study covers the years 1965–2013. The analysis uses graphs, correlation coefficients and indicators of the sensitivity of inflation to change in unemployment and vice versa (i.e. sacrifice ratio). Based on the analysis, two main conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, there were no strong negative relationships between unemployment and inflation in any of the studied countries, apart from Jaapan. Secondly, a rise in unemployment in all the analyzed countries in the last half-century may indicate excessively strict macroeconomic policies. The analysis shows that it concerned mainly Germany, Japan and France.
RU
В статье рассматривается зависимость между инфляцией и безработицей в крупнейших странах с рыночной экономикой (Соединенных Штатах, Японии, Германии, Франции и Великобритании). Исследуемый период охватывает 1965–2013 гг. Для анализа были использованы графические иллюстрации, коэффициенты корреляции, а также показа- тели чувствительности инфляции к колебаниям уровня безработицы и наоборот (так называемые коэффициенты издержек). На основании проведенного анализа можно сделать два основных вывода. Во- первых, ни в одной из исследуемых стран кроме Японии нельзя говорить о сильной отрицательной зависимости между безработицей и инфляцией. Во-вторых, рост безра- ботицы во всех исследуемых странах на протяжении последних пятидесяти лет может свидетельствовать о чрезмерной жесткости макроэкономической политики. Из анализа вытекает, что это касалось прежде всего Германии, Японии и Франции.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyse social relations of people experiencing unemployment in today’s Polish society on the basis of the data collected as a part of the “Memoirs of the Unemployed” project. In this paper, we investigate three types of relations: with family, with friends and acquaintances, and with labour market institutions. Our analysis shows that the experience of unemployment has a specific impact on social relations, both within the family and with other people. They are characterised by great ambivalence, which results from the fact that although they are a source of support, they are often based on a lack of understanding of the situation of people experiencing unemployment, and even involve stigmatisation. The relations with representatives of institutions are perceived by the research participants as instrumental and stigmatising.
EN
The paper presents changes in the solutions of unemployment benefit, introduced in Poland in the years 1990-2013. The author has also undertaken an attempt at determining the influence of these changes on the realization of the income and motivation function of this allowance. As it results from the analysis carried out, in the study period a gradual tightening of the conditions of qualification for the benefit as well as principles for granting the allowance were observed. Consecutive legal regulations led to a limitation in the income function of the benefit and an increase in its motivation function.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje próbę oceny efektów aktywnych programów rynku pracy (ALMP) w Polsce. Analiza obejmuje okres od 1 kw. 2006 r. do 4 kw. 2012 r. Aby ocenić efektywność tych programów, dokonano estymacji funkcji dopasowań i zbadano wpływ programów szkoleniowych i stażowych na proces łączenia uczestników rynku pracy i na stopę bezrobocia. W tym celu oszacowano dynamiczne modele ekonometryczne z wykorzystaniem danych panelowych dla 16 województw. Wyniki wskazują na większą efektywność zatrudnieniową programów stażowych: wzrost liczby uczestników staży o 1% implikuje, po upływie trzech kwartałów, spadek liczby bezrobotnych o ok. 0,1%–0,16%. Analiza odpływów do zatrudnienia również wykazała nadproporcjonalnie wysoki udział uczestników staży w ogólnej liczbie nowo obsadzonych stanowisk pracy. Natomiast programy szkoleniowe, w świetle przeprowadzonych obliczeń, należy uznać za nieefektywne. Nie stwierdzono ich istotnego wpływu na poziom stopy bezrobocia, a analiza odpływów do zatrudnienia wskazała na stosunkowo niski udział w nich uczestników szkoleń, co z kolei wydłuża okres poszukiwania zatrudnienia.
EN
The paper attempts at the evaluation of the effects of the active labour market programs (ALMP) in Poland. The analysis covers the period between the 1st quarter of 2006 and the 4th quarter of 2012. In order to assess the effects of the ALMP on employment and unemployment, the author has estimated the matching function and analysed the impact of schooling and traineeship programs on pairing the labour market agents and on the unemployment rate. To this aim, dynamic econometric models have been estimated using panel data for 16 voivodeships. The results indicate a higher employment effi ciency of the traineeship programs: an increase in the number of trainees by 1% implies, after three quarters, a decrease in the number of unemployed by ca 0.1–0.16%. The analysis of the outfl ows to employment has also revealed an over-proportional share of trainees in the total number of the newly fi lled job. The schooling programs, on the other hand, appear to be ineffective in the light of the calculations. These programs do not show any signifi cant impact on the unemployment rate, and the analysis of outfl ows to employment has shown a relatively low proportion of the former participants of the schooling programs, which lengthens the period of job seeking.
XX
В статье делается попытка оценить результаты применения активных программ рынка труда (ALMP) в Польше. Анализ охватывает период с первого квартала 2006 г. до четвертого квартала 2012 г. Чтобы оценить эффективность этих программ, была проведена эстимация функции адаптации и проведено исследование влияния программ обучения и стажировок на процесс активизации участников рынка труда и на норму безработицы. С этой целью была сделана оценка динамичных эконометрических моделей с использованием панельных данных для 16 воеводств. Результаты показали, что наибольшую эффективность имели программы стажировок: рост количества участников стажировок на 1% по истечении трёх кварталов ведет к понижению количества безработных на около 0,1–0,16%. Анализ выявил также высокую долю участников стажировок в общем количестве впервые занятых рабочих мест. Программы обучения, в свете проведенных расчётов, следует признать как неэффективные. Не выявлено их существенного влияния на уровень безработицы, а анализ оттоков в сферу занятости указал на относительно низкую долю в них участников обучения, что в свою очередь продлевает период поиска занятости.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest problematyka postrzegania swojej przyszłości i kariery zawodowej przez studentów i absolwentów wyższych uczelni, w kontek-ście utrzymującego się stosunkowo wysokiego wskaźnika bezrobocia i trudności w znajdowaniu pracy przez młodych, wykształconych ludzi. Artykuł złożony jest z dwóch części: syntetycznie ujętej części teoretycznej, w której podejmowana jest problematyka prognoz rynkowych dotyczących rynku pracy, elastycznych form zatrudnienia i płci jako determinanty preferencji w zakresie akceptacji niestandardowych form zatrudnienia oraz z części empirycznej, której założeniem jest uzyskanie odpowiedzi na następujące pytania badawcze: Jak (w opinii nadanych studentów i absolwentów) kształtować się będzie poziom bezrobocia w najbliższych 5-10 latach i jakie będą w tym czasie możliwości znalezienia pracy dla absolwentów wyższych uczelni? Czy płeć jest czynnikiem różnicującym ten stosunek? Jakie działania podejmują, bądź zamierzają podjąć studenci i absolwenci uczelni wyższych, aby zabezpieczyć się przed niekorzystną sytuacją na rynku pracy? Czy studenci i absolwenci uczeni wyższych rozważają możliwości podjęcia pracy poza granicami kraju? Badania przeprowadzono wśród 171 studentów i absolwentów wyższych uczelni. Wyniki badań wskazały na formułowane przez osoby badane niezbyt optymistyczne prognozy dotyczące poziomu bezrobocia w okresie najbliższych 5-10 lat; generalnie ich negatywne postawy wobec niestandardowych form zatrudnienia, niezależnie od płci, nieczęste planowanie wyjazdów poza granice kraju w poszukiwaniu pracy oraz podejmowanie przez studentów i absolwentów uczelni wyższych określonych działań, zapobiegających ewentualnym trudnościom na rynku pracy.
EN
The article is the issue of the perception of their future and careers for students and graduates, in the context of the continuing relatively high unemployment and the difficulty in finding qualified people work. Article consists of two parts: a theoretical part synthetically recognized, which is taken issues, market forecasts for the labor market, fl exible forms of employment and gender as determinants of preferences for acceptance of non-standard forms of employment and the empirical, aiming to answer the following research questions: as (in the opinion given to students and graduates) will shape the unemployment rate over the next 5-10 years, and what will be in this time of job opportunities for university graduates?, non-standard forms of employment? Is sex a factor differentiating this relationship? steps to be taken or intend to take the students and graduates of higher education institutions to hedge against unfavorable situation on the labor market? whether students and graduates of higher education scholars consider job opportunities outside the country? The study was conducted among 171 students and university graduates. The results showed the subjects formulated by the very optimistic forecasts of the unemployment rate over the next 5-10 years, generally their negative attitudes towards non-standard forms of employment, regardless of gender, planning infrequent trips outside the country in search of work and and the adoption by students and graduates of specific actions, to prevent possible diffi culties in the labor market.
EN
The aim of this paper is to identify the role of the European Union’s funds in combating unemployment in the Radom district. An active policy on the labour market includes different actions that aim to ameliorate the situation on the labour market. It concerns, amongst others, the programmes that contribute to diminishing the unemployment. In the paper the efficiency of the programmes that focus on combating unemployment in the Radom district between 2005 and 2009 was evaluated. The programmes taken into consideration were financed from both domestic and European Union’s resources. The reemployment rate was utilised. Out of the data analysis it can be derived that the efficiency of these programmes varies to a large extent. This is caused by the legal and administrative conditions as well as from the situation on the local labour market.
EN
The author examines unemployment in different regions of Poland and its determinants in 1999-2006. The analysis focuses on differences in joblessness at the county (local) level. The discussion of the regional diversification of unemployment is combined with analyses describing the diversification of unemployment on local labor markets in sectors such as agriculture, industry, construction, market services, and non-market services. The statistical analyses described in the article are based on a simple linear regression method. The analyses show that the lowest jobless rates were usually noted in large and medium-sized cities where most of the labor force is employed in the market services sector. Relatively low unemployment rates were also noted in agricultural counties in which small private farms absorbed labor market shocks. The highest unemployment rates were noted in post-industrial areas and areas that were formerly home to many state-run farms.
16
Content available Konwergencja bezrobocia w Polsce w latach 1999-2006
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EN
The article discusses the convergence of unemployment rates at the county level in Poland in 1999-2006, on the basis of available statistical data. The authors examine both β- and δ-convergence; the former involves the relationship between the growth of the unemployment rate and its initial level, and the latter is based on an analysis of the dispersion of the rates and their changes over time. The authors use methods that enable them to examine changes in the distribution of the analyzed variables. These methods include transition matrices and a nonparametric kernel estimation method. Transition matrices make it possible to determine the likelihood of a county’s unemployment rate increasing, decreasing or remaining constant, while classifying the rates into several brackets. Kernel estimation, in turn, makes it possible to analyze the full conditional function of the density of the distribution of the unemployment rate at the county level and its changes over time. These methods were borrowed from research into regional convergence for income. They make it possible to detect the occurrence of polarization, or the so-called club convergence. The analysis of unemployment rates at the county level in 1999-2006 reveals a far-reaching stability of the regional distribution of unemployment rates-in terms of both monthly and yearly changes. Over the past seven years, no δ-convergence has occurred. The researchers have only detected slightly growing similarities between labor markets in counties with the highest relative unemployment rates. The analysis of β-convergence reveals a far-reaching divergence of unemployment levels in individual counties in Poland. This trend is less pronounced in counties with the lowest relative unemployment rates, while being markedly stronger on labor markets heavily affected by joblessness. Overall, the study places a question mark over the effectiveness of cohesion policies carried out in Poland through various channels since 1999.
PL
Artykuł jest próbą opisania tendencji zachodzących na rynku pracy w województwie małopolskim i przedstawienia tych tendencji w świetle zmian na rynku pracy w Polsce. Szerzej omówiony został problem bezrobocia osób młodych, jak również, negatywne tendencje zachodzące na rynku pracy w Małopolsce. W podsumowaniu zestawiono cele, które powinny być realizowane, aby zniwelować negatywne efekty społeczno-gospodarcze wynikające z bezrobocia.
EN
This paper is trial of describing a tendencies occurring on labour market in Little Poland province and showing these tendencies in a light of changes on polish labour market. A problem of unemployment of young people was discussed more widely and also negative tendencies occurring on Little Poland's labour market. A recapitulation is a collection of goals which should be realized to level negative social-economics effects of resulting from unemployment.
EN
In this paper we undertake an attempt to assess an impact which levels of education and vocational skills both have on the individuals’ position in the labor market. This position we define on the basis of probability of loosing a job by the employed and odds of finding a job by the unemployed. The basis of econometric analyses is a so-called multinomial logit model, which allows us to estimate relative probabilities of labor force flows between labor market statuses, depending on demographic, economic and social features of the individuals. Remove selected
PL
Celem artykułu jest uchwycenie wpływu poziomu wykształcenia i kwalifikacji zawodowych na pozycję jednostek na rynku pracy. Pozycję tę określamy w oparciu o prawdopodobieństwo utraty pracy przez osoby pracujące oraz szanse znalezienia pracy przez osoby bezrobotne. Podstawą analiz empirycznych, podjętych w artykule, są dane jednostkowe, pochodzące z badań aktywności ekonomicznej ludności (BAEL) z roku 2002.
19
Content available Czy w Polsce występuje efekt histerezy bezrobocia?
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EN
The study sets out to determine if it is possible to speak of an “unemployment hysteresis” effect in Poland. The paper uses two research methods: a descriptive analysis of structural factors that maybe responsible for changes in the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) in Poland; and the Gordon method (1989), on the basis of which the author checks the hypothesis about the existence of unemployment hysteresis in Poland. The analysis showed that structural changes were unlikely to contribute to an increase in NAIRU. On the basis of the Gordon model the author demonstrated that there was no reason to reject the hypothesis about the occurrence of “full unemployment hysteresis” in Poland. Even though the results obtained by the author do not clearly confirm that Polish unemployment is indeed characterized by hysteresis, it seems that this lag effect may explain why Poland still suffers from high unemployment, the author notes. The hysteresis effect is primarily due to the outflow of labor and an insufficient level of human capital in the Polish economy.
EN
The unemployment phenomenon is matter of the main trends in the theory of economics. Each of them interprets its grounds in a different way and points to different tools for neutralizing the phenomenon. The article tries to familiarize a reader with the most important theories of unemployment-strating from the classical theory of economics through keynesizm to the neoclassical interpretation of this phenomenon. Besides the theoretical description of the views of the most important representatives in the theory of economics, the article aslo includes a graphic interpretation of the issue.
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