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PL
Jest to próba przedstawienia zróżnicowania poziomu rozwoju oraz struktury przemysłu, w ujęciu przestrzennym, gałęziowym i wielkości zakładów, w małych miastach Polski liczących poniżej 20 tys. mieszkańców, w świetle aktualnie wprowadzanych reform społecznych i gospodarczych.
EN
Inculcation of economic subjectivity of towns and communities initiated in the 1980's is not an easy problem. One of the important factors are the insufficient sources of providing the local budgets with financial means. This is connected with differentiation of the socioeconomic structure of administrative unils of the basic level. The article deals with the analysis of the level of both development and structure of industry in small towns of Poland, i.e. in 601 urban centres having less than 20 thous, people. In general, their industrialization was, after the war, identified with creation of big industrial establishments. The author describes the structure of the industry, according to its size, in small towns. Particular attention has been paid to the share of industrial establishments employing less than 100 workers as compared to the full employment in a given town. For the most part, this share amounts to over ten per cent on the scale of the town. In the period of the real socialism, the private small business was liquidated and some still existing small enterprises belonging to the state or to co-operatives are decapitalized and they can satisfy the needs of inhabitants of small towns only to a very limited degree. The most difficult situation has been stated in the smallest towns having less than 5 thousands of inhibitants, where big industrial establishments never existed. Small towns which do not fulfill any other functions, have been deprived of effective town-forming factors and their local self-governments have no means to finance even the elementary needs of their inhabitants. These towns require a financial aid from the part of the state. Their local self-governments are unable to create any proper conditions for the development of business from their own means. The situation is unfavourable also in the case of small industrialized towns, where a small number of big industrial establishments employs, each of them, over 200 workers. They form, for the most part, branch enterprises from the urban agglomerations, representing traditional branches, like food, timber and paper, mineral and light industry. They did not always stimulate the development of urban infrastructure and in the last time, they retire even from services, fulfilled previously for the town and its inhabitants. The domination of one or two establishments which concentrate, in a given town, the majority of employed workers, may lead, under recession conditions, to the break of both labour market and functions of the town in social and economic spheres. Privatisation or reprivatisation of the industry in small towns cannot solve these problems. Indispensable is the development of enterprising initiative accompanied by essential changes in the structure of existing industry, i.e. transformations from the point of view of its size, ownership and nature of particular branches, and in the first line, adaptation of producton and services to the needs of both agriculture and raw materials' bases. Creation of thousands of new small firms is an indispensable condition for mobilization of creative forces being deeply rooted in local societies.
EN
Restructuring industry in Katowice Province stirs up much controversy about the way it is implemented. The projects presented so far have not included solutions of necessary social issues resulting from unavoidable job transfers to which some workers object strongly. Previous actions have sometimes been inconsistent. The Bobrek steelworks in Bytom, a yet unsolved issue, discussed for two decades, is an extreme example of negative environmental impact. In this paper, the author presents his own concepts on restructuring.
PL
Restrukturyzacja przemysłu w województwie katowickim wywołuje wiele kontrowersji co do sposobu jej przeprowadzenia. Słabością dotychczas przygotowanych projektów jest brak rozwiązań aspektów społecznych, związanych z koniecznością zmiany miejsc pracy, co powoduje niezadowolenie wielu grup pracowniczych. Dotychczasowe działania są również nie zawsze konsekwentne. Skrajnym tego przykładem może być od dwudziestu lat dyskutowane i nie rozwiązane ujemne oddziaływanie na środowisko huty "Bobrek" w Bytomiu. Autor przedstawia w artykule własne propozycje restrukturyzacji.
Aura
|
1994
|
nr 05
15-16
EN
The upper Silesia, the region in Poland with the highest density of the heavy industry, with its detrimental technology and improper pollution control systems which should prevent excessive amounts of toxic substance discharged to soil, water and atmosphere, represents an exceptionally degraded area. Such a disturbance of the natural conditions results in exposing living organisms beyond their tolerance ranges. The author presents the extent and range of animal tolerance toward environmental changes. He also suggests taking up urgent integrated research.
PL
Teren Górnego Śląska, z najbardziej skupionym przestrzennie przemysłem ciężkim, o ostrej technologii i złym systemie zabezpieczenia środowiska przed nadmiarem toksyn przenikających do gleby, wody i atmosfery, jest obszarem wyjątkowo zdegradowanym. Takie zaburzenia warunków naturalnych powodują, iż organizmy żywe narażone są na warunki przekraczające ich zakresy tolerancji. Artykuł omawia stopień i zakres tolerowania zmian środowiskowych przez organizmy zwierzęce. Postuluje również podjęcie szybkich i zintegrowanych działań badawczych.
Aura
|
1992
|
nr 04
8-10
EN
The author quantifies the intensity of the effect of structural change in the period studied in terms of changes in the harmfulness of Polish industry. This is done by determining theoretical coefficients for pollution produced by all branches of industry, eliminating the effects of structural changes, and then working out the value of the actual joint effect of structural changes. Emissions of sewage, dust and industrial gases were tested. Generally, the effects of structural changes on changes in dust and sewage emissions was small. But the total decrease in gas emissions from industrial plants in the period studied may have been caused to a large extent by positive structural changes.
PL
Autor dokonuje kwantyfikacji siły wpływu zmian strukturalnych w badanym okresie na zmiany uciążliwości polskiego przemysłu poprzez wyznaczenie teoretycznych współczynników wytwarzania zanieczyszczeń przez cały przemysł po wyeliminowaniu wpływu zmian strukturalnych, a następnie — obliczenie wartości oryginalnego współczynnika wpływu zmian strukturalnych. Obliczeń dokonano dla emisji ścieków, pyłów i gazów przemysłowych. Ogólnie wpływ zmian strukturalnych na zmiany emisji pyłów i ścieków był niewielki. Natomiast ogólny spadek emisji gazów przemysłu polskiego w badanym okresie można w dużym stopniu zawdzięczać pozytywnym zmianom strukturalnym.
EN
Paper presents a review elaborated on the basis of many opinions, concerning current problems, barriers and effective solution in transformation of agricultural engineering in Poland and abroad. The findings resulted from analysis showed that a chance to overcome the organization, education, and social barriers oceurred to be a strictly joint co-operation among the research, industry and agriculture. The process of such a rational co-operation put into institutional frames should include the designing, implementation, and development of technieal equipment for agriculture, considering production and social priorities, such as high eapacity and quality of the performance, friendly impact on the environment, low energy consumption, high comfort and safety of the work.
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