Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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19TH CENTURY RELIGIOUS PAINTING AS A RESEARCH OBJECT IN ART HISTORY. RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND POSTULATE (Dziewietnastowieczne malarstwo religijne jako przedmiot badan historii sztuki. Problemy i postulaty badawcze)

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Lubos-Koziel J.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2009

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tom 2

8-15

EN

Religious art of the 19th century did not arouse the interest of art historians until relatively late. This is why there are still numerous gaps in the research on the subject. In addition, studies of 19th-century religious art are not always accompanied by adequate methodological reflection or an understanding of the specific nature of the artistic current in question. The article draws attention to the following issues and problems, which should be kept in mind in the study of art in general and of 19th-century religious painting in particular: In the 19th century, religious art emerged as a separate current with a well-defined ideological program; it was also distinguished by the distinct style of works destined for the church. Keeping this separate status in mind, future research should take account of liturgical regulations, devotional practice, and the aesthetic and ideological agenda of the Church. At the same time, however, analyses of religious art should also deal with the broader external context shaped by the dominant secular currents of the period. An important problem for the study of religious art in the 19th century is posed by the evaluation of individual works and phenomena in question. We must oppose a generalized negative view of the period as a whole. On the other hand, it is equally unwarranted to judge it en bloc as being of high artistic value; alongside remarkable masterpieces, after all, the period also spawned a slew of works which were secondary and imitative, not to mention the abundance of mass-produced artistic items, such as chromolitographic prints, devotional drawings, etc. Importantly, all these areas are closely interrelated; in consequence, religious art in the 19th century can no longer be neatly divided into the high sphere of art and the low sphere of mass production. In this context, future research on 19th-century religious art should be called on to adopt a consistent descriptive and explanatory approach. Reconstructing the role of religious art in the broader culture of the 19th century can contribute to our understanding and acceptance of the aesthetic pluralism which marked the entire period.

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VÝUKA KATECHISMU – KAŽDODENNOST KNĚZE A ŽÁKA VE DRUHÉ POLOVINĚ 19. STOLETÍ

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Stoklasová H.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2015

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tom 19

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nr 2

224 – 233

EN

The paper focuses on all aspects of teaching catechism in the second half of the 19th century. The article deals with the state legislation and education laws relating to teaching religion in the observed period. It describes also how catechist posts were filled up and what demands were placed on the applicants. In addition, the paper studies the organization and the way of teaching catechism; a number of lessons in various types of schools, kinds of textbooks and methodology according to which catechism was taught.

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Piskurewicz J.

Nauka Polska. Jej Potrzeby, Organizacja i Rozwój

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2010

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tom 19

281-295

EN

In the second half of the 19th century Polish science was a significant part of national cultural heritage, which had to be guarded, kept in hiding for better days and showed to other European nations as an important evidence of the Polish and favouring independence aspirations. The mentioned inheritance was also a crucial element of national identity – especially for Polish emigrants' circles that had to leave Polish territories after November and January Uprisings. Artur Wołyński (1844–1893) was, undoubtedly, one of the most interesting personages of Polish émigrés after January Uprising. He belonged to these circles of Polish émigrés, who were able to reconcile their patriotic aspirations with realities and interest of the countries that entertained them. As far as Wołyński is concerned, it found its expression in the efforts that were made in order to assimilate two nations – Polish and Italian people – appealing to the common history and familiar cultural traditions. An important element of integrating all the above-discussed actions was his scientific activity tending to popularize Polish science and culture in Italy.

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PROLEGOMENA KE STUDIU ČESKÉ CHRISTOLOGIE 19. STOLETÍ – KNIŽNÍ PRODUKCE A ODBORNÉ STUDIE V ČKD

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Pospíšil C. V.

Studia theologica

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2011

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tom 13

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nr 2

126-162

EN

In this paper the author classifies the christological publications of Czech authors and the christological literature translated into Czech in the 19th century. In each group, the entries are listed in chronological order and provide basic information regarding the content and the genre. This foundation can be used for future preparation of a treatise dedicated to the theme of Czech christology of the 19th century. The overview of collections of sermons, in particular from the first half of the 19th century, points to the possibility of their successive rendering in student theses which will constitute the basis for the subsequent evaluation.

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STAINED GLASS IN POLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY (Witraze I polowy XIX wieku na ziemiach polskich)

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Szybisty T.

Sacrum et Decorum. Materiały i studia z historii sztuki sakralnej

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2008

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tom 1

78-93

EN

In studies on the art of the past two hundred years there is a widespread view that stained glass windows reappeared in Poland after 1850, i.e. almost a hundred years later than in Western Europe, where interest in coloured glazing had been growing since mid-eighteenth century. The paper challenges that opinion and is aimed at preliminary understanding of the issues concerning stained glass of the first half of the nineteenth century in the Polish territories. A direct impact on the growth of interest in stained glass in Poland in the early decades of the nineteenth century was exerted by a fashion for the Middle Ages, originating in England and widespread especially in the circles of the aristocracy. It is in this context that one should locate the extraordinary collection of ancient stained glass windows gathered in Pulawy by Izabela Czartoryska of the Fleming family, and the coloured glass of the first neo-Gothic interiors, e.g. in the chapel in the palace of the Bishops of Krakow, decorated at the time of Bishop Woronicz, the Gothic House in Pulawy, the palace of Ludwik Pac in Dowspuda and the chapel of Anna Dunin-Wasowiczowa in Krakow's cathedral, with a stained glass window imported from the studio of Bertini and Brenta in Milan. Presentation of the beginnings of the stained glass revival in Poland is completed by stained glass technologies other than the classic ones and by colourful window glazing which was sometimes made instead of the figurative stained glass.

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Przyczynek do dziejów recepcji niemieckich ilustracji w Polsce w XIX wieku

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Waszkiewicz P.

Bibliotekoznawstwo

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2011

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tom 30

61-79

EN

19th century Polish translations of German works published in Warsaw were often illustrated with original German drawings. However, sometimes changes were introduced, probably because the publishers were afraid of the tsarist censors. In the case of Leon Rogalski’s translation of K.F. Reiche’s biography of Peter the Great, published in 1851, the Polish publisher decided to remove three steel engravings showing the book’s protagonist in a negative light. More substantial changes were introduced in a cycle of illustrations to Goethe’s Reineke Fox in Ludwik Jenike’s translation published in 1877. This edition was illustrated with wood engravings made on the basis of Wilhelm von Kaulbach’s illustrations by Polish engravers. However, the Polish publisher omitted some of Kaulbach’s original images, while some of the remaining ones – probably on Jenike’s initiative – were censored by removing attributes of secular power (crown, orders) and spiritual power (a bishop’s mitre).

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SPOMIENKOVÉ SKLO 19. STOROČIA V ZBIERKACH MÚZEA MESTA BRATISLAVY

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Francová Z.

Študijné zvesti

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2009

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nr 46

185 - 193

EN

Bratislava City Museum (founded 1868) has a relatively numerous collection of historic glass. The article analyses its commemorative glass from the 19th century. From a manufacturing technique this collection may be divided into two fundamental groups: colourless transparent glass decorated by glyptic techniques (cutting, carving or engraving) and coloured glass decorated by painting and gilding, often also in combination with engraving. A larger group of commemorative glass dates back to the period of Empire and Biedermeier (1st half of the 19th century). A number of artefacts were originated in the middle of the century or in the period of neo-styles (2nd half of the 19th century). To the basic characteristics of the commemorative objects belongs a combination of pictorial motives with texts - inscriptions, names (generally in German or Hungarian language) or initials. To the most interesting and qualitative examples belong coloured glasses with decoratively engraved inscriptions, individual letters being created by flowers and leaves. From the viewpoint of decorative motives the author divides the analysed collection into following groups: motives of Bratislava, health resort architecture, names and initials, religious and allegorical motives, symbolic motives and curiosities.

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Německý sekulární mecenát v dlouhém 19. století

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Pokorny J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2010

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tom 108

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nr 2

244-257

EN

This study focuses on the issues of German secular patronage in the never ending 19th century; it deals with the principal problems (a link to the formation of a civic society, the penetration of market principles into the relationship between artists and their public) and the activities of the most important German art patrons.

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Wybory pastorów ewangelickich w drugiej połowie XIX w. w świetle prasy polskiej Śląska Cieszyńskiego

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Ławrusewicz I.

Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka

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2013

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tom 68

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nr 1

23–38

EN

The purpose of this article is the analysis of newspaper reports on the subject of the elections of Evangelical pastors, in the Polish press of Cieszyn Silesia, in the latter part of the 19th century. The discussion on the issue starts with analysis of the imperial patent, statutes and legal regulations made by the cabinet, regarding the Protestants. The newspaper reports allowed for two very different interpretations of the election process. The analysis of the press shows that the members of the Evangelical community had legal and national difficulties when faced with the issue of choosing Church authorities. First category of problems stemmed from delays in elections related to the wait for a new act, or an insufficient number of parishioners with voting rights. The other issue was the result of the relation between nationality and religion, in the political context. Analysis of newspaper reports indicates that the form and the course of the election of Church authorities in Cieszyn Silesia in the latter part of the 19th century undoubtedly had an effect on the growth of national and social identity, mainly due to their democratic nature. The pastors clearly had an enormous effect on the worldview and behaviour of their spiritual wards. Due to those reasons the election of church authorities in the latter part of the 19th century was often influenced by emotions and national bias.

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LATEST RESEARCHES ON VIDZEME PROVINCE ARCHITECTS IN THE 19TH CENTURY (Jaunakie petijumi par Vidzemes gubernas arhitektiem)

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Lace D.

Makslas Vesture un Teorija

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2005

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tom 4

38-52

EN

Files containing projects, plans, sketches and draughts by little known or even forgotten 19th century architects have turned up, examining the Riga City Council Master Builder and Chief Architect Johann Daniel Felsko's (1813-1902) creative legacy and searching for his projects at the Latvian State History Archive Vidzeme Province Building Board collection No. 10. Altogether works by 24 architects, engineers and draughtsmen have been found in this collection. The overview of already known and newly discovered architects' activities is disproportionate; some draughts or their copies have survived in fragments, in other cases correspondence on building licences testifies to construction activities. Projects mentioned in this article for the most part relate to the period from 1852 to 1865. They give an insight into construction history of Riga as well as Cesis, Limbazi and Dorpat (now Tartu in Estonia). The material is complemented by particular reconstruction and new construction projects for buildings around Riga and Cesis. The 1850s are commonly regarded as a total stagnation period in the history of Latvian architecture and construction, as Crimean War influenced economic life in Riga as well. It is possible that projects discovered in the collection No. 10 will make one to reconsider this conclusion. Plans, draughts and sketches of dwelling houses from the 1860s allow tracing gradual replacement of wooden buildings with stone edifices. But projects from the 1870s-1890s are rarely found there. These projects are especially important because buildings constructed according to them have not always survived till our days, many perished during the 20th century wars. Their visual reconstruction can significantly add to or even alter the overall scene of the 19th century architecture.

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Verwaltung als Verfassung – Verwaltung und Verfassung? Zum historischen Ort des „Neoabsolutismus“ in der Geschichte Österreichs

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Brandt H.-H.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2011

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tom 19

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nr 2

219-231

EN

The period of 'neoabsolutism' in Austria, i.e., the historical phase from 1852 till 1859/60, has been intensely studied in recent decades. The researchers agree (unlike the conclusions of the previous liberal historiography) that the period in question was not a mere return to the monarchist absolutism of pre-Revolution type, but that after the defeat of the Revolution and after the abandonment of the virtual constitution policy between 1849 and 1851, in the subsequent neoabsolutistic period of time the suspended projects of administrative, social and economic modernization continued, naturally with some modifications. Less explained is the question to what extent the monarchist-bureaucratic state administration system was ready as of 1852 to admit some elements of society's participation in administrative decisions. In my opinion, the aim of 'absolutism' was to (provisionally) close the officially 'settled', but in fact unsolved political conflicts, such as, in particular, the Hungarian and the Italian questions. In general, however, the 'Spring of Nations' was 'closed'. Actually, the requirements of agrarian and social revision by the aristocracy that had been deprived of its political rights played a role that was far from being insignificant. On the other hand, however, an opposite opinion can be arrived at and the situation can be diagnosed so that raising the 'lid' of the closure released the disintegration forces in their cumulative mixture of traditional particularism of the Crown Lands and modern nationalism. This would mean that the classic European paradigm of state genesis does not apply here and the Habsburg Monarchy should be viewed as a 'phenomenon sui generis'. In order to make more progress in this particular question it will be necessary to examine to what extent the social integration went beyond the limits of the traditional court-oriented elite (aristocracy, army, court, bureaucracy) and whether the local leading classes and 'nationalities' in the Crown Lands showed readiness not only to accept the existence of the large state, but also to positively integrate in it. Therefore, the 'neoabsolutism' viewed from the historical perspective is a multifaceted phenomenon and it is desirable to discuss the results of research achieved until now as well as the existing views once again in a sort of 'Habsburg Discourse' and try to draw some conclusions. The great importance of that phase for the further development of the Habsburg Monarchy will certainly justify such intellectual endeavor.

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Świat nazw własnych w Niemiecko-polskim słowniku Mrongowiusza cz. I, toponimia

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Nowowiejski B.

Białostockie Archiwum Językowe

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2012

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nr 12

165-182

EN

A purpose of the article is to present and characterize proper names registered in the German-Polish dictionary by Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongovius (1853/54) with particular consideration of toponyms, especially geographical names, choronyms and hydronyms. Rich and diversiﬁed onomastic material, adorned by frequently interesting and valuable remarks by Mrongovius, proves the lexicographer’s good knowledge of the then current as well historical geography, mostly European and Polish, including the lands that were the dearest to him: Pomerania, Warmia and Masuria. Comprehensive acumen of a profoundly and scrupulously educated European of the mid 19th century is conﬁrmed here.

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19. století v nás – co přetrvalo

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Jiří M.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2012

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tom 20

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nr 2

1-16

EN

The autor remarks the long-term influence of industrialisation of the 19th century which has constituted many recent patterns and the industrial social stratification with big groups of employees with specific patterns leading to wishes for affluent society and to econocratisme and technokratisme of the modern time.

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PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING OF THE ESTONIAN FARM PEOPLE IN THE 19TH CENTURY (Dokumentacja fotograficzna estonskiej ludnosci wiejskiej w XIX wieku)

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Liibek T.

Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej

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2009

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tom 57

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nr 1

79-91

EN

The earliest data, regarding the stay of an itinerant photographer in Estonia, dates from June 1843. In the following years itinerant photographers from different German states moved around in a number of towns and cities on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Almost exclusively, they all dedicated themselves to atelier photographing, with a few additional views of the town and landscape shots. According to expectation, the photographed persons, until the 1860s, were, without exception the ones belonging to the higher stratification of society. In Estonia, where the social status in the 19th century was strongly associated with the ethnic origin, this meant that practically all the shots taken before the 1860s depicted the German nobility, literati and craftsmen. Also Estonians occurred in front of the camera prior to the 1860s, yet these pictures also exceptionally reveal wealthier townspeople, having obtained the German-like lifestyle and attire. There are no signs whatsoever evidencing the photographing of the peasantry, comprising, in the middle of the 19th century, nearly 90% of the Estonian population and of whom more than 95% were Estonians. During the 1860s, significant changes take place in the whole of society and, simultaneously, in the picture-taking habits of photographers. The era of itinerant photographers faded away, the time of national awakening for Estonians started and the first Estonian-origin picture-takers occur among the photographers. Proceeding from this, photographic perpetuation of the Estonian country people commences in the 1860s. Knowingly, the earliest preserved snapshot of Estonian peasant is made in Tartu (Dorpat) in 1865. In 1867, the press announces that frequent photographing of peasants also take place at another photographer in the same city. In 1869, the first Estonian-origin photographer, Reinhold Sachker, opened his studio in Tartu, who, has been reported to have repeatedly visited the people in the country where he was given a lot of work and picture-taking. When observing the photographers working in the 1860s in the largest Estonian city Tallinn (Reval) it can be denoted that the local photographers paid even less attention to taking pictures of peasant people. The first photographs of the peasant people were added in the collections of the local Provincial Museum only in 1866, when one of the most successful photographers in Tallinn, Charles Borchardt, donated to the museum ten photos depicting Estonians in folk costumes. Concerning the 1870s, there is little data with regard to taking pictures of farm people and very few of such photos preserved. There are some single photos from these years, particularly group photographs of peasant schoolteachers, brass band members, etc., however, not the ones depicting the daily life of farm people. At the time when elsewhere in the world, the different exotic cultures of Asia, Africa and America were being extensively photographed, the Estonian farm people, being too ordinary and too close, did not deserve even a slightly comparable attention. In the 1880s a significant change is the occurrence of photos of peasant weddings, funerals and other important events. Circumstantial evidence allows us to suppose that it is namely in the 1880s when the first photos of the close ones are put up on the walls of the farm rooms. The most characteristic ones remain to be the photos where the farm people have put on their best town clothes and have themselves photographed in the nearby studio and thus there are no preserved photos depicting the everyday life of peasants. It was only as late as during the last decade of the 19th century when the custom of photographing the rural life, evanescent folk costumes and customs, in their natural environment, started to strive. Since 1894, advertisements can be noticed where some local Estonian peasants commence with a new type of craft - making pictures. Thus, the brighter Estonians, born in a peasant family, were the ones who started to photographically perpetuate traditional folk culture on a more wide-scale basis. One of the best known photographers at the end of the 19th century, who, upon his own initiative and finances, commenced with systematic photographing of rural people, was Heinrich Tiidermann, born in a peasant family. He took hundreds of pictures of the Estonian farm people and culture. The preserved photos show the labour and activities of people, villages, Estonian folk costumes, sights of nature, school life, choirs and bands, i.e., in general, the 'Estonian people in the more important matters'. Tiidermann also sold his pictures as individual photos and bestowed them to a number of museums in Europe, thus relevantly contributing to the wider promotion of the traditional Estonian lifestyle. In Estonia, however, Tiidermann's self-initiated undertaking remained to be the only endeavour to record the peasant people of the 19th century and their daily life. Other similar photographic documents, taken in a more systematised manner, originate from the 20th century.

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Tabela prestacyjna z 1846 I dodatkowa z 1861 r. miasta Zaklikowa

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Osiński T.

Rocznik Lubelskiego Towarzystwa Genealogicznego

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2012

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tom 4

230-256

EN

The Tsar ukase from 7th June 1846 imposed on landowners a duty of making out household register charts, i. e. lists of obligations and rights of the rural inhabitants of villages and towns, which turned out to be exceptionally detailed in comparison to the old ones. The legislator assumed that writing down ”remunerations, obligations and duties” would be the first step in the process of liquidating additional payments and forced renting. A description of households included in the chart contained a few basic elements. Apart from the information which using the present nomenclature could be called personal data (name and surname, profession, house number), the chart contained 6 categories: “farmers” wages and obligations towards the landowner, Church institutions, county, government and Insurance Head Office. Unfortunately, the procedure of preparing the chart as well as the process of verification opened a way to giving false information. Regardless of the fact this type of sources is highly valued by historians for research opportunities . The chart presented in the article contains the data concerning inhabitants of Zaklików, a typical small town in the Lublin Region, where apart from crafts farming was the basis of existence. The presented source has additional significance for learning about social and professional structure formed by the inhabitants of Zaklików, because during World War II the files of register office were destroyed.

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KAŽDODENNÍ ŽIVOT NA VENKOVSKÉ FAŘE V 19. STOLETÍ

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Stráníková J.

Studia Historica Nitriensia

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2015

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tom 19

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nr 2

206 – 223

EN

Following article uses the example of František Šembera (1786-1840), priest in rural area in the first half of the 19th century. It is introduced not only his role of priest, but focus is given also on his everyday life – his letters and personal correspondence, his relation to siblings and his household.

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Ukształtowanie graficzne czasopism na Zakarpaciu w drugiej połowie XIX i na początku XX wieku

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Ruszczak O.

Bibliotekoznawstwo

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2010

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tom 29

61-73

EN

The article examines information about printing-houses at the end of the 19th century. The author analyses the first publications, focusing in particular on the “Misiatseslov” calendar, the “Listok”magazine and the “Kelet” newspaper. She attempts to systematise the elements of graphic decoration of these editions such as head-pieces, vingettes, endings, initials and illustrations. Her analysis of stored artefacts shows that Transcarpathian graphic arts developed in the European art study process in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries.

18

Touhy a slasti těla. Poznámky k sexualitě 19. věku a jejím pramenům

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Lenderová M.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2012

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tom 110

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nr 3-4

728-737

EN

For the entire “lengthy” 19th century “procreation” was seen as the only possible motivation for sexual intercourse, although there was a shift of emphasis in the last decades of the 19th century against a background of the attempts to legitimise prostitution and the fight against the spread of sexual diseases. A greater openness with regard to the issues of sexuality was, at the same time, one of the manifestations of the secularization of society. The reflection of these changes, which should not be overestimated, manifested itself in both serious academic and popular journalism.

19

BETWEEN MATERIAL, THEORY AND IDEOLOGY. ON THE POSITION OF THE LITERARY HISTORY (Mezi materialem, teorii a ideologii. K pozicii literarni historie)

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Turecek D.

World Literature Studies

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2010

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tom 2 (19)

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nr 4

3-11

EN

The lecture, which arises from concrete research done at the Institute of Bohemian Studies at Jihoceska univerzita, Ceske Budejovice, focuses on the possible methodological approaches in studying 19th-century Czech literature. Step-by-step, it recapitulates the way of the gradual creation of a methodological position, and at the same time illuminates the practical meaning of the instrumentalization of each individual theoretical postulate for literary historicism. The literary historicism is understood as an arbitrary algorithm, used in each step to define the point of view, the summary of the work tools and the terminological inventory. The goal is to liberate literary historicism from the constriction of the traditional, causal, linear understanding, yet at the same time prevent the break-down of the literary historical position in the windstorm of widely understood cultural studies.

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Ideální představy o ústavě, parlamentarismu a zástupcích lidu v revolučním roce 1848/1849

88%

Velek L.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2012

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tom 20

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nr 1

13-34

EN

The Czech Lands were economically the most developed parts of the Austrian Monarchy as early as the mid-19th century. In spite of that, however, the country still remained more or less agrarian and was just entering the industrialization period. Most population lived in the country and even the towns and cities, except Prague, exhibited pure provincial features. The population of the Czech Lands, i.e., Bohemia and Moravia, was an ethnic mixture of Czechs and Bohemian Germans without any major ethnic problems. The Revolution of 1848/49 constituted a culmination of the ongoing Czech emancipation process. The Czechs were able, following their previous achievements in the cultural area, to present a political program of their own. They were headed by a new political elite coming mainly from among the lower Czech intelligentsia and leaning on Czech peasants whose supports they could gain by requiring an abolition of serfdom and a transfer of manorial land to peasants. The exemption of peasants from servitude was a driving force of the revolutionary movement in the Bohemian Lands that agitated the whole country like never before and never after. This produced contemporary notions of the importance and role of people’s “representatives” in the system of constitutional monarchy. In the absolutist Habsburg Monarchy there was not only a lack of controversial topics, but also of competent forums to discuss them. The changes needed could be introduced by replacing the absolutist monarchy with a system of constitutional monarchy. However, the revolution year 1848/49 was rather a “spring of nations” than a year introducing the civil rights and freedoms. Thus, the revolutionary movement in the Bohemian Lands was a bright mixture of topics, notions and requirements, from political liberalization, through abolition of serfdom and transfer of manorial land to peasants, to national and political emancipation of different ethnic entities. While in the pre-March period the absolutist state tolerated to some extent the restrained emancipation of its nationalities, after the Revolution it was unable to efficiently intervene and only passively watched the beginning national disintegration of the Habsburg Empire.