Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Multilevel regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase. I.Posttranscriptional levels

100%

Lenartowski R. , Goc A.

Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej

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2002

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tom 56

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nr 4

555-565

EN

The tyrosine hydroxylase plays a key role in the catecholamine synthesis responding to many stimuli disturbing homeostasis. In this part we described the posttranscriptional levels of the gene and the protein regulation including: alternative splicing, isoform specificity, feedback inhibition, protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, protein stability, translational regulation.

2

Postępowanie kontrolne NIK po nowelizacji – najważniejsze zmiany

80%

Jarzęcka-Siwik E. , Skwarka B.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2012

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tom 57

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nr 4(345)

23-44

EN

On 2 June 2012, the final part of the regulations set forth in the Act of 22 January 2010 on amendments to the Act on the Supreme Audit Office (NIK) entered into force, related to the audit procedure. The authors of the article present these regulations, focusing on selected practical problems that will definitely be faced by auditors in their daily practice. The analysis of the regulations presented in the article will also make it easier for auditees to judge the nature of the amendments. The authors depict, among others, issues related to audit preparations – the development of audit programmes or topics, proceeding related to audit evidence, including access to legally protected secrets; elaboration of audit documentation and post-audit statements; examination of reservations; verification of audit findings; elaboration of pronouncements on audit results; implementation of audit recommendations.

3

Complexity of class II genes ? the regulation of transcription

80%

Dullin P. , Galbas M. , Glanc P. , Walerych W.

Biotechnologia

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2002

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nr 3

107-123

EN

The control of eucaryotic class II genes transcription is unusually complicated because it is the first stage of their expression in the cell. The assortment of specific gene coding sequence as a process of selection of submission for expression genes particularly essential is. In this process, beside RNA polymerase II, the basic transcription initiation factors that form different initiation complexes with enzyme and DNA take part, as well as other protein factors, often tissue specific that interact with fragment of DNA located in the distant place of the start of transcription. The formation of transcription complex, its components and possible interaction are discussed. The control of this process are discussed on the example of contribution of protein kinases and phosphatases modifying individual proteins, influencing the change of their mutual interactions and, in consequence, differentiating transcription level of specific genes.

4

NATION-STATES AS INVESTORS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD

80%

Jiránková M.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2012

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tom 60

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nr 8

854 – 870

EN

The article deals with problems of an inception and existence of sovereign wealth funds in a present world, with their size, types and goals. These funds do not present an economic problem, but they invoke fears concerning a national security and a state sovereignty in case of their entrance into the sensitive industries as a defence industry, energy, an infrastructure etc. in host countries. So there is an effort to establish an international regime of this fund performance which would increase especially their transparency and accountability. Except from it there is discussed the existence of these fund as one form of an external imbalance manifestation and also the manifestation of a changing hegemony in today’s world from developed countries in favour of Asiatic states.

5

Wybrane aspekty organizacji i regulacji rynku doradztwa finansowego w Polsce w 2011 r.

80%

Barembruch A.

Prace i Materiały Wydziału Zarządzania Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

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2011

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tom 2

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nr 2

5-20

EN

The aim of the article is to discuss selected aspects of organization and regulation of the financial advice market in Poland in 2011. The article focuses on the identification of basic problems connected with the development of the financial advice market, with particular reference to the controversies concerning forms of potential supervision as well as organization of this market. The considerations of this paper are mainly of theoretical nature but many issues mentioned in the article take on a practical dimension as well.

6

Price squeezing and predatory pricing. Economic theory and judicial and regulatory practice

80%

Valentiny P.

Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)

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2004

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tom 51

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nr 1

24-45

EN

The article presents the concept of predatory pricing and price squeezing and the economic background to it, before examining what judicial practice has developed and what regulatory intervention there has been. The question of investigating predatory pricing and price squeezes has come to the fore recently because it has become clear since the liberalization of the network public services that liberalization and an end to exclusivity of rights are insufficient to produce the desired measure of competition. After liberalization, it was recognized legally in the EU that a new, more co-reliant and cooperative relation would have to develop in branch and competition regulation. Regulatory changes are taking two directions. On the one hand, greater emphasis is being given in branch regulation to the principles of competition regulation. On the other, the role of branch experts is likely to increase in some areas, such as takeovers, mergers and restriction of competition. A common feature of the regulatory reforms is that well-founded regulatory decisions call for increasingly subtle analysis, in which economic analyses are playing an ever more important role.

7

Transformation of the mineral-water market

80%

Laki M.

Kozgazdasagi Szemle (Economic Review)

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2004

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tom 51

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nr 12

1151-1171

EN

This case study presents the route taken by natural mineral waters from producer to consumer. Along with the description of the situation customary in market research, the transformation and history of the market for the product since the change of system is examined. The discussion begins with a presentation of the product and the range of substitutes for it, followed by differences over time in mineral-water production and sales and a description of the size changes in the market. Then come the sales path, the market agents - mineral-water production and sales firms - and finally, the institutions of state and voluntary market regulation.

8

Regulacje i sądownictwo – przeszkody w konkurencji między firmami w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej

80%

Goczek Ł.

Zarządzanie i Finanse

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2012

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tom 1

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nr 3

95-103

EN

This article aims to analyze the obstacles to competition between companies in Central and Eastern Europe. Research method used is logistic regression analysis on a sample of 12,000 companies. The analysis confirms that the main obstacles for competition are excessive regulations and inefficient courts.

9

APPOINTMENT OF A SUPERVISORY BOARD MEMBER OF A COMPANY TO A BOARD OF ANOTHER ENTITY OF THE SAME CAPITAL GROUP (Powolanie czlonka rady nadzorczej spolki do rady innego podmiotu tej samej grupy kapitalowej)

80%

Szydlo W.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2011

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tom 56

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nr 5(340)

109-125

EN

The article presents detailed regulations related to opportunities for limiting the accumulation of the function of a supervisory board member of a joint-stock company in other entities. They are mainly related to persons who perform public functions and to companies with the share of the State Treasury. The author emphasises that the binding regulations lack a general principle that would ban a joint-stock company supervisory board member from being appointed to the board of another company within the same capital group. He also indicates consequences that such practices have for their performance.

10

Regulatory ribonucleic acids

80%

Zywicki M. , Szymanski M. , Barciszewska M. Z. , Barciszewski J.

Biotechnologia

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2003

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nr 2

28-53

EN

In recent years there was a growing number of reports of new non-protein-coding RNAs which are implicated in the regulation of many cellular processes. They differ in many respects from already known housekeeping RNA species involved in protein biosynthesis (tRNA, rRNA) and RNA maturation or modification (RNase P RNA, snRNAs, snoRNAs). Regulatory RNAs (riboregulators) are expressed only in certain cell types, at particular stages of organism development or cell differentiation or in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli. Their expression is usually accompanied by the alteration of patterns of the expression of other genes. The mechanisms employed by riboregulators can affect transcription, pre-mRNA processing and translation. In the post-genomic era, the noncoding regulatory RNAs emerge as key determinants of organismal complexity, providing efficient and highly specific means for integration of various cellular processes.

11

Vplyv derzhavnoho rehuliuvannia ta finansovoho rynku na rozvytok finansovo-kredytnoho mekhanizmu aktsionernykh tovarystv v Ukraini

70%

Kravets A. V.

Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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2011

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tom 2 (52)

123-130

EN

The mechanism of state regulation and functioning of the financial market, their basic elements and directions of influence on development of the financially-credit mechanism of joint-stock companies in Ukraine is investigated.

12

POROVNAVÁCIA REKLAMA V SLOVENSKOM PRÁVNOM PORIADKU

70%

Vozár J. , Lapšanský L.

Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)

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2011

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tom 94

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nr 6

558 – 576

EN

The authors deal with the issue of comparative advertising in Slovak law, putting stress on the specific implications of the inclusion of regulation of this institute in the legal norm of public law that implemented the European directive. The authors also deal with the definition of comparative advertising and analyse the individual requirements for admissibility of comparative advertising. For the integration of the institute of comparative advertising in Slovak law, the law-maker has opted for its incorporation in the public advertising law, which naturally raises the question of the relationship between the regulation of comparative advertising and rules on fair commercial practices or between other regulations applicable to advertising. Moreover, the fact that the incorporation of the regulation of comparative advertising in the advertising law resulted in the fulfilment of the commitment to transposition of the European directive in Slovak law, will have certain implications for the method of interpretation and application of the Slovak regulation of comparative advertising. We can already state that the case-law of the European Court of Justice had an important influence on the interpretation of the definition of comparative advertising and of the individual positive and negative conditions of admissibility of comparative advertising.

13

Economic Dualism, Systems Approach and Regulation of Market Economies

70%

Yevdokimov Y.

Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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2013

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tom 1 (59)

21-26

EN

Market economy is a system that consists of inter-related individual elements such as private economic agents, private-public partnerships, state corporations and state institutions. Such a system possesses individual features of each element as well as systemic features. This is what is called economic dualism in this paper. This interpretation of economic dualism is compared to its traditional interpretation. Basic characteristics of the systems view on market economy are discussed. Some illustrations of a system organization of economy, specifically network organization, are presented. Major conclusion that comes out of this approach is: Systems view on market economy requires its regulation on the basis of a systems approach to correct for market failures and systemic risk. The paper explains what it means from an economic standpoint.

14

Evolyutsiya teoretychnykh pohlyadiv na derzhavne rehulyuvannya rozvytku ahrarnoho sektoru

70%

Vdovenko N. M.

Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky

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2012

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tom 3 (57)

115-125

EN

The article summarises the results of undertaken studies of evolution of theoretical looks at regulation of agrarian sector development. It is ascertained, the only state that has enough supplies of products to come to the foreign markets develops successfully. Therefore agrarian sector can be both the reason of the state economic crisis and sphere of crisis overcoming. It is proved, that the process of enterprises and governmental regulation convergence will grow, while holding the requirements of sustainable development (human, ecology, economics) and agrarian sector development within the bounce of innovative and investment model.

15

The common gamma c-cytokines and transplantation tolerance

70%

Vu M. D. , Li X. C.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2004

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tom 52

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nr 4

267-273

EN

Transplant rejection, like tolerance, is a T cell-dependent event. There is compelling evidence to suggest that induction of transplant tolerance is an actively learned process in which T cells need to engage the alloantigens in order to learn to tolerate the allograft. A family of cytokines whose receptors use the same IL-2 receptor gamma chain (also called the common gamma c) plays an important role in regulating multiple aspects of the allograft response (i.e. rejection vs. tolerance). It is undeniable that gamma c-cytokines can drive clonal expansion and effector maturation of alloreactive T cells, and therefore, targeting such cytokines or their receptor components remains an attractive way of blocking transplant rejection. However, we just started to appreciate that gamma c-cytokines also regulate the acquisition of transplant tolerance via programming activated T cells for apoptotic cell death and via guiding the evolution of regulatory T cells. Thus, understanding precisely the role of gamma c-cytokines in regulating T cell homeostasis and T cell regulation is critically important in the induction of transplant tolerance.

16

REGULÁCIA RIZÍK V GLOBÁLNOM FINANČNOM SYSTÉME

70%

Hošoff B.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2010

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tom 58

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nr 4

392-406

EN

In this analysis the author emphasizes the limitations of financial system risk management, with special focus on the inconstancies between achieving relative satisfactory outcomes for individual and systematic risks regulation. He analyses growth of the financial system unbalances resulting from originate-and-distribute risk strategy and market-to-market or fair-value accounting practices. Along with these and other risks arising from different investment revenue opportunities between more and less regulated financial markets, he seeks for systemic risk management solutions and economic vulnerabilities of existing and projecting financial risks regulatory frameworks. From European point of view and in the light of deepening globalization the author analyses proposed framework design for common policy and structural response to financial crisis.

17

Innate immunity: cells, receptors, and signaling pathways

70%

Blach-Olszewska Z.

Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis

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2005

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tom 53

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nr 3

245-253

EN

Essential differences between the innate and acquired branches of immunity are described. These differences concern the detection system (receptors and pathogen structures) and the cells engaged in both systems as well as the effectory mechanisms. In contrast to those of the acquired system, receptors of the innate system, which developed during evolution, recognize unchanged structures on large groups of pathogens (e.g. lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacteria). Two lineages, natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DCs), play important roles in the innate system. Phenotypic and functional differentiation is observed among NKs and DCs, so each of their sublineages plays a different role in the innate system. Every lineage of cells of the innate immune system express different stimulatory and sometimes also inhibitory receptors on their surfaces (e.g. NK cells). Among the stimulatory are Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mannose and scavenger receptors, and the stimulatory receptors of NK cells. All TLRs show similarity in structure and in the kind of molecules involved in intracellular signaling. The immune reactions of the innate system involve cytokine-dependent resistance of cells against infection with pathogen, production of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor, interferons, interleukins, chemokines) and MHC-independent killing. Although these reactions protect the host from invasion by microorganisms, they can also be responsible for significant tissue damage or may stimulate the development of autoimmunity. Therefore innate immunity must be under rigorous control. The possible regulatory mechanisms of innate immunity are discussed.

18

Novelty based feedback regulation in artificial neural networks

70%

Rychwalska A. , Jablonski P. , Zochowski M. , Nowak A.

Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis

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2005

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tom 65

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nr 3

453-463

EN

In this paper we present a theoretical framework for novelty based feedback regulation in artificial neural networks. Novelty is assessed on the basis of monitoring the coherence of network dynamics. The result of novelty detection is dynamically coupled to parameters that control the dynamics of the recognition process. The paper presents a new measure of novelty detection - the strength of the local field - and presents new simulation results concerning novelty detection. It also integrates previously published models and simulation results into a general dynamical model of feedback regulation.

19

BANKOVNICTVÍ DIVOKÝCH KOČEK, MINULOST ČI PŘÍTOMNOST?

60%

Šíma J. , Rybáček V.

Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics)

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2010

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tom 58

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nr 9

958 – 966

EN

Despite the general conviction, which was during the Great Depression of the 1930s, the relation between the State and the economy was fundamentally transformed. Key steps towards the shift within this relation can already be traced many decades earlier. “Wildcat banking” from the period of the 1830s to the 1860s is an example of a specific form of regulation imposed on the banking industry. In their work the authors are attempting to refute the myth that wildcat banking is an example of unsuccessful operation of so-called free banking. It is failure of the regulation which is identified as the reason for instability of this form of banking operation. As far as effects of regulatory measures are concerned in general, this historical period (or experience) can offer valuable parallels with the cause of the current global economic crisis at the beginning of the third millennium. These similarities are discussed in the last chapter of their work.

20

NARIADENIE EURÓPSKEJ ÚNIE Z POHĽADU NORMOTVORBY

60%

Hodás M.

Právny obzor. Teoretický časopis pre otázky štátu a práva (Juridical Review. Theoretical journal for the questions of state and law)

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2014

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tom 97

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nr 3

280 – 294

EN

Connection of the law of the Slovak Republic to the law of the European Union is related to a large number of new conceptual issues of legislative and procedural character, that are often connected with their significant law enforcement connotations. In case of a regulation it is necessary to bear in mind specific character of this legal act. The Regulation is directly applicable in all Member States of the European Union. It is forbidden to transpose it into the national law. According to Court of Justice of the European Union transposition of content of regulation into the domestic law of a Member State is permitted only exceptionally in the interests of clarity, homogeneity, and effective applicability of legislation, provided, that in this way there is no blurring of the Union origin, nature and legal effects of regulation. It is also permissible to provide implementation of regulation by setting of sanctions or establishing the competence of national authorities.