The principle of sound financial management is set forth in Article 30 of Financial Regulation No 966/2012. It is also referred to in the provisions of the EU primary legislation (Article 287 (2), Article 310 (5) and Article 317 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) and the EU secondary legislation, setting out the principles of the EU funds spending. The article attempts to reconstruct the contents of the principle of sound financial management and to present its functioning in the EU law, including the consequences of its breach, as provided for in the EU regulations and the judicature of the Court of Justice of the European Union.
of action; namely, “corporate sustainability.” Corporate social responsibility can be embedded in (or fostered by) value-based management. In any case, adopting CSR as a part of a firm’s strategy and operations requires changed standards for decision-making. Decision-makers face the challenge of following tangible and intangible goals of multiple stakeholders. This study provides insights into how multi-criteria decision tools can be harnessed to operationalize CSR. The method applied in the article is a systematic international literature review. The findings suggest that papers aimed at using MCDM to enhance CSR management are mostly newer publications. Three important research avenues have emerged. In the first avenue, MCDMs are seen and used to enhance managerial decisions where a number of heterogenic goals must be achieved. The second avenue is where MCDMs are seen and used to evaluate a firm’s quantitative and qualitative outcomes in terms of values created for multiple stakeholders. The third trend is connected with sustainable supply-chain management.
Znaczącym źródłem dochodów własnych gmin są nieruchomości. Obowiązujący system prawny sprawia, iż gminy mogą uzyskiwać dochody z nieruchomości własnych (komunalnych), oraz z innych nieruchomości znajdujących się na terenie gminy (niekomunalnych). Wielkość dochodów uzależniona jest w części od czynników niezależnych od gminy, w dużym stopniu jednak zależy od efektywności działań podejmowanych w ramach gospodarki nieruchomościami. W niniejszym artykule autorzy poddali analizie dochody uzyskiwane przez gminy z nieruchomości w latach 1999-2004. Głównym celem opracowania jest charakterystyka dochodów gmin z nieruchomości znajdujących się na terenie danej gminy, oraz wskazanie możliwości ich zwiększenia, w krótkim i długim okresie czasu.
EN
Realties located on gmina's territory, in peculiar municipal real estate, make up the significant source of gmina's income. The level of incomes and gmina's rate of development is therefore decided by: rational decisions in field of real estate management, professionalism of managers, and reliable control of effective allocation of property. The efficiency of municipal real estate management is on of the key factors to increase income, therefore it can be indispensable in achieving social and economics goals and enhancing gmina's development. The paper attempts to assess the share of income from real estate in local government revenues in Poland within 1999-2004 period. In the article, authors shows the main areas in which municipal real estate management and property tax policy should be improved, in short and in long term.
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W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę wskaźników płynności finansowej. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na zależność tych wskaźników od wiarygodności i sposobu zestawienia danych w sprawozdaniach finansowych analizowanych jednostek. Analiza porównawcza takich sprawozdań powinna uwzględniać różnice występujące pomiędzy poszczególnymi składnikami bilansu, wynikające z przyjętych sposobów wyceny i zawartości danych. Różnice te determinują wartość analizowanych wskaźników. Oznacza to potrzebę skorygowania danych wynikających z bilansu przy analizie wskaźników płynności finansowej i sprowadzenie ich do jednej płaszczyzny, tak aby analiza porównawcza w odniesieniu do innych jednostek gospodarczych opierała się na tych samych założeniach.
EN
The current presentation provides a brief characteristic of financial liquidity indicators. In particular, there was a lot of attention paid to the dependence of those indicators on a credibility and the method of presenting the data in financial reports of the examined units. A comparative analysis of those reports shall respect the discrepancies among different elements of the balance, derived from various methods of both valuation and data contenł. The discrepancies determine the value of analysed indicators. It stands for the need of correcting data included in the balance undertaken with the use of analysis of financial liquidity indicators and setting a common ground for them, in such a way the comparative analysis regarding other economic units is based on the same assumptions.
W artykule została omówiona problematyka funkcjonowania związków metropolitalnych, które są jednostkami sektora finansów publicznych. Szczegółowo przeanalizowano zasady tworzenia związku metropolitalnego, zakres jego działania oraz wykonywane zadania. Omówiono również zasady prowadzonej gospodarki finansowej przez związek metropolitalny na przykładzie związku metropolitalnego w województwie śląskim. W artykule wykorzystano analityczną i dogmatycznoprawną metodę badawczą.
EN
This article focuses on metropolitan unions which are units of public finance sector. Principles involved in the process of creating metropolitan union as well as scope of activity and performed task were analyzed. Rules for metropolitan unions engaged in an economic activity were discussed with reference to the example of metropolitan union in Silesian Voivodeship. The analytic and legal-dogmatic test methods were applied to present the issue in question.
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Business today faces a managerial transition to adapt a new decision-making criterion and a course of action; namely, “corporate sustainability.” Corporate social responsibility can be embedded in (or fostered by) value-based management. In any case, adopting CSR as a part of a firm’s strategy and operations requires changed standards for decision-making. Decision-makers face the challenge of following tangible and intangible goals of multiple stakeholders. This study provides insights into how multi criteria decision tools can be harnessed to operationalize CSR. The method applied in the article is a systematic international literature review. The findings suggest that papers aimed at using MCDM to enhance CSR management are mostly newer publications. Three important research avenues have emerged. In the first avenue, MCDMs are seen and used to enhance managerial decisions where a number of heterogenic goals must be achieved. The second avenue is where MCDMs are seen and used to evaluate a firm’s quantitative and qualitative outcomes in terms of values created for multiple stakeholders. The third trend is connected with sustainable supply-chain management.
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This paper reports findings from a questionnaire survey that sought to establish whether venture capitalists were using inappropriate, short-term accounting criteria to assess and monitor investment in start-up, internet companies. It found that while venture capitalists used some short-term criteria, these may be appropriate in the wake of many internet companies' bankruptcy before ever paying dividends.
Each state , regardless of size or importance in the international arena , considers broad issues of security as a priority the policy . This article refers to the determinants shaping economic security at the local level in the context of selected elements of the economy finance ( financial security ) . Economic security is the ability of the economic system the state for such use of internal development and international economic interdependence , which will guarantee its not threatened by development. In terms of finance is a guarantee of the existence and development of the organization , which is formed by the daily effort managing change - rzających to ensure good financial condition. Therefore refers to the total number of financial decisions that we make in connection with the management of assets. Conducted surveys confirm the existence of disparities in financial condition (financial security) municipalities. In the context of the synthetic indicator is the financial condition of the municipality of Ostrowiec Św., the weakest and the rural commune Waśniów.
In the present European Union economic and financial crisis and the enlarging size of public debt, the instruments, which prevent the financial risk and ensure the financial safety, play an important role. This issue is important for Europe, the State and also for local government. Activities of local governments have a significant impact on the formation of public debt, and thus on financial security. In order to ensure the economic and financial security there exist different forms of control, including financial control, control of activities of the State and local government. The scope of this issue depends on the type of local government units. The scope of financial management control in small municipalities is different from the one in large cities. Metropolitan cities have specific problems, therefore issues of control, controlling and controlled entities, the subject and scope of control are also specific. Financial control in the broad sense is a particular type of control. Financial control can be divided into internal, external, and internal audit. The most important are external controls carried out by the Supreme Chamber of Control (NIK), the Regional Audit Office (RIO), the Tax Inspection Office, the Provincial Office, the Marshal's Office and other entities, where, in principle, there is no overlap between the subject of the control carried out by different entities. Recently the increase of controls related to the use of EU funds can be seen, due to the expiry of the period of settling accounts associated with the completion of the EU's Financial Perspective.
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This paper presents the liquidity management with the application the data mining techniques. In proposed approach used the neurofuzzy system, that seeks the relations in data base of enterprise. It is an alternative approach as compared to the ones that have been applied so far. The example presented in this paper relates the estimation a delay in accounts receivable payment. There was led to the comparison of the conventional approach results with the reverse approach results. Additional on the base the sought rules, there can try improve the liquidity level.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wykorzystanie systemu rozmytoneuronowego do zarządzania płynnością finansową, obejmującego monitorowanie i sterowanie przepływami pieniężnymi. Zaproponowane podejście zostało oparte na systemie hybrydowym, łączącym techniki sztucznych sieci neuronowych z formalizmem zbiorów rozmytych. System ten wyszukuje zależności pomiędzy warunkami transakcji sprzedaży a długością okresu opóźnienia płatności należności przez klienta. Wyodrębnione zależności są przedstawione w postaci bazy reguł rozmytych, która jest podstawą planowania przepływów pieniężnych oraz sterowania płynnością finansową.
The Author discusses the possibilities of cooperation between Credit Unions and church organizations, taking into account legal specificity and needs of parish and convent.
The subject of consideration of the following are the most important issues related to the bank's financial management, with particular emphasis on the analysis and assessment of banks' financial activities. The Bank is a specific organization against which high requirements are placed, and the management of banking activities involves many challenges of a multi-faceted nature. The theoretical part focuses on issues related to the financial management of a banking enterprise, with particular emphasis on the role of financial statements in shaping the bank's operations. The empirical part contains an analysis of elements of the X bank financial report in 2013-2015.
The drastic increase in volume of local government debt in Hungary started in 2006. From that year to 2009 the value of municipal bonds issued increased sevenfold and exceeded USD 1 billion. My hypothesis assumes that a supposable improvement in local municipal financial management may have resulted in the spread of bond issue, which in Hungary is still considered innovative. My research, which was based on a stratified sample of 308 Hungarian municipalities, came to the conclusion that expertise of local governments’ financial executives related to loan financing (including also bond financing) is extremely low. As an interval estimation, we can conclude that practically 31–39% of all the Hungarian municipalities have no professional knowledge in this field. Based on my survey, the least right answers were given to statements relating to bond financing itself, though most respondents knew that long term borrowing’s priority is investment. The majority of local governments are unable to distinguish the economic differences between bank loans and bonds, and are unclear concerning the potential benefits, advantages, and disadvantages of bonds. No wonder that nearly all the bonds were issued privately where the buyers were solely commercial banks. In addition, 12–18% of the municipalities has prejudices and clearly has misconceptions about obtaining funds through borrowing. According to the results of principal component analysis local governments’ knowledge level can be classified and explained by three components: theoretical knowledge of local borrowing, knowledge of legal and administrative regulation, and skill in capital market financing. By summing up the results of the research it can be stated that the improvement in local financial management couldn’t have been the primary reason for municipal bond boom, but there were external factors that determined and dominated this process of booming.
The requirements of the modern world pose new and difficult challenges to a modern man.This man finds himself or herself in the middle of changes in the social, economic and political situation. These circumstances have a huge impact on the whole system of education, therefore, educational institutions responsible for upbringing and supporting children have to face new challenges, tasks and goals. Nowadays, one of the conditions of the social successis to have adequate education and relevant skills These include finance management skills. This trainingis to prepare students foractive and responsible participation in the financial market, sothat in the future people knew how to manage their money, properly configure personal and family budget, and recognize new financial products or properly communicate with financial institutions. This paper provides definitions of such concepts as “financial ability”, “basic funding”in relation to primary education and present show these were incorporated in the curricular of selected countries. This image is enriched by discussion on policies that promoteraising the levelof education in the field of finance.
The article discusses a role of budgetary control as a method of financial management in the housing community during the period of 2011-2015. As the research methods there were used the analysis of the budgets, as well as deductive and inductive reasoning for conclusions. The analysis of the budgets and their implementation in 2011-2015 shows that budgetary control is successfully used to manage community’s finances. It allowed the community to reduce certain categories of costs significantly. The analysis undertaken by the community venture shows that manifestations of budgetary control are present in its activities, taking into account feed-back and also feed-forward.
W Polsce w latach 2010-2015 wprowadzono znaczne zmiany w systemie finansowania parków narodowych. Do stycznia 2011 roku parki narodowe funkcjonowały jako państwowe jednostki budżetowe. Wielkość dotacji otrzymywanych z budżetu państwa była jednak niewystarczające (84 165 mln zł w 2009 r. i 87 667 mln zł w 2010 r.). Środki te przeznaczano przed wszystkim na wynagrodzenia i ich pochodne. W tej sytuacji Parki Narodowe zmuszone były szukać innych źródeł finansowania swojej działalności. Ponieważ nie posiadały osobowości prawnej, nie mogły prowadzić działalności gospodarczej, zdecydowano się na utworzenie przy każdym z nich gospodarstwa pomocniczego. Gospodarstwo pokrywało koszty swojej działalności z wypracowanych przez siebie środków, mogło również otrzymywać dotacje przedmiotowe z budżetu państwa. Podmioty te stanowiły najistotniejsze źródło finansowania parków, a ich udział w realizacji zadań służących celom parku wynosił przeciętnie około 50%. Niestety działalność gospodarstw mogła też negatywnie wpływać na chronione ekosystemy (np. przez dążenie do zwiększenia sprzedaży drewna). System finansowania parków narodowych funkcjonujący do 2010 r. nie był przygotowany do bezpośredniego przyjmowania środków z Unii Europejskiej. Fundusze UE jako źródło finansowania wykorzystywane było jedynie w nielicznych parkach i zazwyczaj w relatywnie niewielkich kwotach. W 2009 roku 65% parków narodowych nie posiadało projektów finansowanych lub współfinansowanych z funduszy UE. Konieczne stało się stworzenie innego mechanizmu finansowania. Wejście w życie nowych przepisów o finansach publicznych (od stycznia 2011 r.) spowodowało likwidację gospodarstw pomocniczych oraz przekształcenie parków narodowych - państwowych jednostek budżetowych - w państwowe osoby prawne. Pozwoliło to parkom narodowym dysponować swoimi przychodami i poprawiło przejrzystość ich finansowania. Wprowadzone zmiany z jednej strony umożliwiły zatrzymanie wypracowanych przychodów i skuteczniejsze wnioskowanie o dotacje, a z drugiej zrodziły obawy przed nadmierną komercjalizacją działalności parków. W wyniku przemian poprawiła się sytuacja ekonomiczna dużych, dobrze zorganizowanych parków - zwłaszcza tych, w których dużą część przychodu stanowią środki z udostępniania terenów np. Słowiński Park Narodowy. Bardzo ważnym czynnikiem stała się przedsiębiorczość dyrekcji i kompetencje pracowników (w szczególności w zakresie pozyskiwania środków UE). Zwiększona samodzielność i związana z nią odpowiedzialność sprawiły, że w słabszych finansowo parkach pojawiły się obawy dotyczące przyszłego funkcjonowania. O niedoskonałości systemu świadczą prognozowane przez parki wyniki finansowe na 2016 r. Osiągnięcie dodatniego wyniku netto zakłada się w zaledwie czterech Parkach Narodowych (Słowińskim, "Gór Stołowych", Narwiańskim, i "Ujścia Warty"). W pozostałych 19 parkach przewiduje się ujemny wynik netto w łącznej kwocie 13 311 mln zł. Celem niniejszego opracowania jest analiza i ocena przemian w finansowaniu parków narodowych w Polsce w latach 2010-2015. W opracowaniu wykorzystano materiały źródłowe w postaci opracowań Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego, danych Ministerstwa Środowiska oraz Ministerstwa Finansów. W celu możliwie wszechstronnego i obiektywnego przedstawienia wieloaspektowej problematyki wykorzystano właściwą tematycznie literaturę przedmiotu oraz akty prawne.
EN
Significant changes in the financing of national parks were introduced in Poland in the years 2010–2015. Until January 2011 national parks were operating as state budgetary units, however the amount of subsidies received from the state budget was insufficient (PLN 84 165 million in 2009 and PLN 87 667 million in 2010). These funds were being allocated mostly for salaries and their derivatives, and therefore national parks were forced to look for other sources of financing. Since national parks didn’t have legal personality and couldn’t conduct business activity, a decision to establish subsidiaries to all national parks has been made. The subsidiaries financed themselves with their own means, they were also in a position of receiving earmarked subsidies from the state budget. The subsidiaries were the main source of national parks’ financing and their share in carrying out tasks related to the parks objectives was about 50% on average. Unfortunately, the subsidiaries’ activity could also negatively affect the protected ecosystems (e.g. through increasing sales of wood). The national parks’ financing system, which had been in use before 2010, was not ready for receiving the funds directly from the EU. The EU funds as a source of financing were used only in a few parks and mostly in relatively small amounts. In 2009, 65% of national parks didn’t have any projects financed, or co-financed by the EU funds. Implementation of a different financing mechanism was necessary. Implementation of new public finance regulations (January 2011), led to a close-down of the national parks’ subsidiaries and a transformation of the national parks – state budgetary units – into state legal persons. The transformation allowed the national parks to allocate their revenue and improved the transparency of their financing. On the one hand the introduced changes allowed the national parks to retain the income and efficiently apply for subsidies, but on the other hand some concerns about excessive commercialization of the parks activity have been raised. Due to the implemented changes the economic situation of big, well organized parks has improved – notably in those parks where a significant part of income is generated by the availability of the parks area for tourism e.g. Słowiński National Park. Managerial skills of the board of directors and the employees’ competences (especially within the scope of obtaining the EU funds) have become a major factor. Increased autonomy and resulting from this situation responsibility led to growing concerns about the functioning of financially weaker parks in the future. Limitations of the system are indicated by the financial forecast for 2016. Positive net result is forecasted only in four national parks (Słowiński, Gór Stołowych, Narwiański and Ujście Warty) while in the remaining 19 parks negative net result in the total amount of PLN 13 311 million is predicted. The aim of the paper is to analyze and evaluate changes in the national parks financing in Poland in the years 2010–2015. Source materials, i.e. reports of the Central Statistical Office of Poland, reports and data of the Polish Ministry of the Environment, and reports of the Polish Ministry of Finance have been used in the paper. Furthermore, in order to deliver a comprehensive and objective analysis of the multifaceted problems and issues, subject literature and legislation have been examined.
Zarządzanie finansami przedsiębiorstwa zawsze związane jest z dużą niepewnością i ryzykiem, i równocześnie z dużymi szansami. Zarząd przedsiębiorstwa musi znać istotę procesów finansowych, aby mógł podejmować racjonalne bieżące i strategiczne decyzje finansowe. Zarządzanie kosztami stanowi jeden z głównych elementów systemu zarządzania finansami w przedsiębiorstwie. Jednym z kierunków analizy ponoszonych kosztów jest badanie ich efektywności z punktu widzenia produktywności i rentowności w kierunku wzrostu wartości firmy.
EN
Enterprise finances management is also connected with high suspense and risk and at the same time with huge chances. A committee of enterprise must know an essence of financial processes to make reasonable, current and strategic financial decisions. Costs of management set one of the main element of finances management system in enterprise. One way of analysis incurred costs is searching their effectiveness at the aspect of productivity and efficiency toward company growth value.
The paper overviews the implementation of COSO’s Internal Control – Integrated Framework (ICIF) model in Bulgaria’s municipal administrations. It presents the results of a study on the practice of developing and implementing Financial Management and Control Systems (FSMS). The aim of the study was to review objectively the actual status of Bulgarian municipalities’ FSMS and thus to identify some of their shortcomings and inconsistencies with the ICIF model. The results show that the legal framework for financial control in Bulgaria’s public sector organizations is appropriate to the elements and principles of the revised ICIF, but also that its practical implementation is inefficient due to the formal attitude towards the requirements and the lack of appropriate “tone at the top” in some organizations. A proposal is made for introduction of a certification regime for public sector organizations with regard to the implementation of FSMSs based on COSO’s ICIF
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The number of companies are considering to outsource their entire finance and accounting functions. Outsourcing have grown rapidly and financial management outsourcing could be answer to many financial and strategic dilemmas. Outsourcing is one approach considered by organizations, as, to help reduce costs and improve the quality of financial management operations. But reduced costs and improved quality of financial management are not always the most significant benefits. Outsourcing supports core competencies and relieves finance managers of repetitive or generic business task letting them concentrate on high-level, value-added activities. For that reason, decision on outsourcing is becoming part of the organizational strategic planning process with the goal of increasing competitiveness in the market. Identifying deficiencies through benchmarking is a key factor for outsourcing decision.
PL
Wiele przedsiębiorstw rozważa możliwość outsourcingu w celu udoskonalenia sytemu finansowego. Z tej przyczyny w ostatnich latach outsourcing stał się metodą na rozwiązanie wielu finansowych i strategicznych dylematów. Przedsiębiorstwa, decydując się na outsourcing, oczekują redukcji kosztów oraz poprawy jakości zarządzania finansami. Warto jednak podkreślić, iż nie są to najbardziej znaczące efekty wykorzystania outsourcingu w zarządzaniu finansami przedsiębiorstw. Outsourcing dostarcza bowiem kluczowych kompetencji i uwalnia zarządzających finansami od zadań rutynowych oraz pozwala się skoncentrować na działaniach zmierzających do wykreowania wartości dodanej. Dlatego też decyzja o wykorzystaniu outsourcingu staje się częścią strategii organizacyjnej, ukierunkowanej na zwiększenie konkurencyjności przedsiębiorstwa. Kluczowym czynnikiem, wpływającym na podjęcie decyzji o wykorzystaniu outsourcingu, jest analiza porównawcza zmierzająca do ustalenia niedostatków w systemie finansowym przedsiębiorstwa.
Nowadays, it is not possible for a manufacturer to start designing and manufacturing a new product without accurately estimating its total production costs. In order to avoid excessive expenditure on launching the production of future products, their costs should be estimated as quickly and precisely as possible. For this purpose, a method of describing the design, technological and organizational features of elements during the design process and in connection with the allocation of costs to activities was proposed, mathematical models were built to identify cost factors, key for cost evaluation, designed elements. The paper presents theoretical aspects related to the idea of target costing, as well as an example of determining the area of cost reduction so as not to incur losses assuming the intended, defined by customers, price for the product.
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