In what follows my intention is to trace the fundamental ideas of Heraclitus. To this end, I proceed in eight steps: First I provide some information on Heraclitus’ work, second I take a look at Heraclitus’ doctrine of flux, third I comment on the conception of logos, IN the fourth step I outline the conception of physis, on the basis of which, in the fifth step, I explore the teachings about the unity of the opposites. In the sixth step I examine the relationship between logos and physis, which I characterize finally in the seventh step. In the eighth step I summarize my understanding Heraclitus’ fundamental ideas.
In this article the author presents the idea of Heraclitus’ ekpyrosis. It is based on the work of other philosophers, because the orginal writings of Heraclitus have never been found.
The following paper aims to explore some Heraclitus’ fragments that could entail a personified conception of logos. The first part of the paper shows the analysis of the authentic sense of the Greek root ‘leg-’. In this part I followed philologists (among others Chantraine, Narecki) and philosopher Heidegger, who was a great adherent of understanding the original sources of Heraclitus’ philosophy. The closing part points to Heraclitus’ fragments in which the term “logos” is used.
The paper draws attention to the numerous links between Heraclitus, Gogol, Heidegger in aspect of closeness of philosophy and poetry. Mythological and mythopoetic elements are revealed to be important for the chosen authors. Gogol's and Heidegger's deep connections with Romanticism and Modernism are brought to light.
The article in an attempt to show a certain group of views about war. Within this group war is treated as something exceeding the realm of human influence. In the paper as examples of that approach are discussed philosophy of Heraclitus of Ephesus and the Francisco Goya’s series Disasters of War. Anti-war series by Spanish painter is interpreted in context of the presence of war culture in the view of Krzysztof Wodiczko.
Artykuł zawiera filologiczno-filozoficzną weryfikację „szkicu przekładu” fragmentów księgi Heraklita z Efezu, jakiego przed rokiem 1921 dokonał Henryk Elzenberg. Własnej próby tłumaczenia maksym Efezyjczyka nie oparł Elzenberg na ich źródłach, lecz na trzeciej edycji zbioru Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (19123) Hermanna Dielsa, który wyimki z oryginalnych passusów redagował czterokrotnie i rozmaicie przekładał. By jak najlepiej ocenić i zweryfikować Elzenbergowy „szkic przekładu”, autor przytoczył – kolejno – (1) źródła greckie, (2) własne ich tłumaczenia, (3) teksty greckie analizowanych „fragmentów” Efezyjczyka w redakcji Dielsa, (4) ich niemieckie przekłady autorstwa Dielsa i – na tle ich wszystkich (5) translatorskie próby Elzenberga. Zastosowana metodologia ułatwiła sformułowanie wniosku, że wierny był wprawdzie młody Elzenberg własnej zasadzie, by niczego – przekładów niemieckiego filologa nie pomijając – nie czytać „potulnie”, na niwie jednak stricte filologicznej bezwiednie padł ofiarą „bezradności” Dielsa, gdyż w jego „szkicu przekładu” aforyzmów Heraklita nic doprawdy nie świadczy o tym, aby (1) odkrył – albo przynajmniej przeczuwał – jakąkolwiek między nimi „współzależność” (Zusammenhang), i by (2) na jej podstawie sformułował jakiekolwiek własne wnioski filozoficzne, odzwierciedlające myśl Efezyjczyka. Najlepiej tego dowiodło porównanie fragmentu B67 z maksymą B53 na tle ich źródeł oraz ich przekładów.
EN
The article contains a philological and philosophical verification of a „sketch of a translation” of the fragments of the book of Heraclitus of Ephesus, which Henryk Elzenberg made before the year 1921. Elzenberg did not base his own attempt to translate maxims of the Ephesian sage on their sources, but on the third edition of the collection Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (19123) compiled by Hermann Diels, who had four times edited and variously translated excerpts from the original passages. In order to best evaluate and verify Elzenberg’s „sketch of a translation”, the author has quoted – in succession – (1) the Greek sources, (2) his own translations of them, (3) Diels’ versions of the Greek texts of the Ephesian’s fragments analyzed here, (4) Diels’ German translations of them and – against all of these – (5) Elzenberg’s attempts at translation. The methodology used in the article has facilitated the formulation of a conclusion that although the young Elzenberg was faithful to his own principle of reading nothing whatsoever „meekly” – without overlooking the translations of the German philologist – nevertheless, on strictly philological grounds, he unwittingly fell victim to Diels’ „helplessness”, because in fact nothing in his „sketch of a translation” of Heraclitus’ aphorisms provides evidence that (1) he discovered – or at least presaged – any „connection” (Zusammenhang) between them, or that (2) he formulated on the basis thereof any philosophical conclusions, reflecting the Ephesian’s thought. The best proof of this emerges from a comparison of fragment B67 with maxim B53 based on the sources and the translations.
The term “genus” has evolved over time. This paper traces development of the word from the common usage of Ancient Greece, through the pre-Socratic philosophers and Plato, and up to the more technical use in Aristotle. It began in common use to mean a class or race of people, most specifically referring to people with a common parentage. The pre-Socratics applied the term to refer to things that were generated. Plato used the term to refer to groups of people generated by a common interest or aim. Aristotle employed it in different ways based on his predecessors. This paper makes comparisons between these usages and the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. It argues that understanding the development of “genus” facilitates understanding how Thomas Aquinas used it.
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