Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

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100%

Hirschova M.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 1

3-16

EN

This article deals with different approaches towards linguistic pragmatics, in particular with the difference between the general concept of pragmatics and the pragmatics of a particular language. In recent decades, the scope and content of linguistic pragmatics has been accounted for in various ways, from very broad to rather restricted. In this article, the notion of pragmatic perspective in language analysis and description is adopted as a suitable concept, i.e. pragmatics is not understood as a separate component (level) of a language system even though the links between semantics and pragmatics are indisputable. The notion of pragmatic perspective in linguistic analysis stresses the fact that each element of a natural language has its pragmatic dimension. Most importantly, this concept entails that the field of pragmatics should deal not only with signs in the classical sense, i.e. from this viewpoint, Morris' canonical definition of pragmatics is abandoned. Furthermore, some examples of pragmatic description of language-specific phenomena are discussed, in particular the pragmatic interpretation of the Czech conjunction a (and) and of the means of personal and social deixis in Czech.

2

Konstantnost syntaktické funkce mezi jazyky

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Duskova L.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 4

243-261

EN

This article presents the findings of a detailed inquiry into syntactic constancy between English and Czech; the clause elements under discussion include the subject, object, adverbial and subject complement. The project assumes the general validity of the principle of end focus (basic distribution of communicative dynamism) as a superordinate factor with respect to syntactic structure. Since the primary word order principle differs in English (grammatical function) and Czech (functional sentence perspective or FSP), the presentation of identical content in the same linear order may involve a different syntactic structure. These assumptions are tested by comparing parallel texts. Instances of divergent syntactic structure are collected and analyzed against the background of identical syntactic renderings which provide the constancy measure. Clause elements are considered with respect to syntactic function, including the formal indicators thereof, sentence position, and the FSP function. The role of FSP as a factor of syntactic divergence has largely been confirmed especially where the divergence involves the subject. In the case of postverbal elements, motivating factors were primarily found in different verb valency and the more nominal character of English. These two factors play a role in the English-Czech translation direction, besides greater compliance of syntactic with semantic structure.

3

Jazykový úzus vs. postoj k jazyku v Čechách: výsledky empirického a sociolingvistického výzkumu v západních Čechách a v Praze

80%

Lenka B.-N.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 3

174-194

EN

This article summarizes a publication (Bayer, 2003) based on two studies of language use and attitudes conducted in West Bohemia and Prague in 1998 and 1999 in which language material from a total of 105 participants was analysed. The bases for analysis were the phonetic and morphological characteristics of Standard Czech (SC) and Common Czech (CC). Participant selection was based on gender, education level and place of residence. Interviews were conducted in both formal and informal situations. The results of these interviews were compared with those of a concurrently conducted survey, in which the participants interviewed then provided information indicating their attitudes towards SC or CC. This comparison revealed a relationship between actual language use and attitudes toward the two language varieties - a discrepancy between the positive attitude towards SC and the great infrequency of its use. The gender and regional affiliation of the speakers had only a very minor impact on this relationship, whereas education proved to be an important factor. Finally, the causes of the discrepancy identified were investigated. On the basis of comments, primarily those made by student participants, the insufficiency of the linguistic education in schools is postulated.

4

Euro-gradation Czech. A Slavic picture of a euro-universal

80%

Marvan J.

Bohemistyka

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2009

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tom 9

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nr 1

3 - 30

EN

The author explores the European Linguo-area. He presents language systems and their mutual dependence. He points to language connections, which are based on various language features. The author relies on an Indo-European perspective of researching languages, with Czech as the model in every case. The author wants to show the new possibilities of comparative linguistics.

5

The role of metonymy in Czech word-formation

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Janda L. A.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2010

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tom 71

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nr 4

260-274

EN

This article explores the role of metonymic semantic relationships in the derivation of words via suffixation in Czech. Most scholarly work on metonymy has focused on the use of one word to substitute for another word, as when we say redhead to refer to a whole person. A similar semantic relationship is present when we form a word like brichac 'person with a (big) belly' from the noun bricho 'belly'. However, scholarly work on word-formation has not explored these metonymic semantic relationships. This study analyzes a database of 562 types of suffixal formations in Czech, where each type represents a unique combination of metonymic relationship, word-class, and suffix. This analysis not only demonstrates parallels between substitutional and word-formational metonymy, but shows that the metonymic relationships in word-formation are more diverse than in substitution. Asymmetries in these relationships are also explored, showing for example that actions are generally more salient than the participants and the setting, and that parts are more salient than wholes. The design of this study can be extended to analyze the word-formation systems of other languages and thus facilitate cross-linguistic comparisons.

6

Towards an inventory of pitch accents for read Czech

80%

Dubeda T.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2011

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tom 72

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nr 1

3-12

EN

The present article is a tentative description of prenuclear intonation in Czech within the framework of autosegmental theory, which has been applied to Czech prosody only marginally so far. After discussing the advantages and drawbacks of this kind of stylization, it puts forward a structured set of pitch accents, elementary building blocks of sentence intonation, intended for the annotation of intonation phrases. This set was derived from phonetic analysis of read speech using the criteria of interchangeability and perceptual similarity. The analysis includes information about the frequency of pitch accents in prenuclear positions and their discoursive functions. The theoretical principles explained in the introductory part should make the article accessible even for readers with limited knowledge of current prosodic paradigms.

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SROVNÁNÍ ČESKÉHO A SLOVENSKÉHO POLISTOPADOVÉHO LITERÁRNÍHO VÝVOJE

80%

Machala L.

Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)

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2010

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tom 57

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nr 1

73 – 84

EN

Comparative balance inventory of the post-Velvet Revolution development in both Slovak and Czech literature represents a record of the qualitative and quantitative differences connected with a reintegration of works belonging to samizdat and exile communicational circle in the national literary corpuses. Besides, it places on record different forms of such phenomena like spiritually oriented poetry, surrealism, postmodernism with their specific features in the both Slovak and Czech environments. It also points out the fact that while in the Slovak society after November 1989 the impulses from the exile and its literature influenced mostly political and religious life, in the Czech environment they were manifested mainly in a new value ordination of the national literature. The article concludes that two decades of democracy evidently confirmed autonomy of both the mentioned national literatures, although some of the phenomena seem to be common on the both sides during the mentioned period. The main common denominator was the fact that both of the literatures were quite remarkably enriched during the last two decades from quantitative as well as qualitative aspect.

8

Pasivum v češtině

80%

Karlik P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 2

83-113

EN

Analysis of Czech data within the theoretical framework of Modified Valency Theory (Karlik, 2000) shows that the syntactic derivation of passive voice proceeds in two phases. The first phase, which he calls (A), can be referred to as deagentization. Given the passive morphology of a verb, A-1 (i.e. the subject or external argument of the verb) is blocked. When the verb is transitive, A-2 (i.e. the object or the internal argument of the verb) enters the caseless subject position 'e' of a verb with passive morphology, i.e. the -n-/-t- participle in Czech. The resulting structures are sometimes called syntactically ergative, as shown by 'PROA-1 chvalit NPaccA-2 - e(i)A-2 chvalen-O/-a/-o t(i)', as opposed to lexically ergative, as illustrated in the example 'PROA-2 blednout'. The second phase, which he calls (B), can be referred to as raising. For transitive verbs, this is the movement of A-2 from the subject position 'e' of a verb with passive morphology, where it fails to receive a case, into the subject position of the verb byt, 'to be'. The verb 'to be' does not assign a O-role, however, in this position, A-2 can obtain case and thus be lexically realized: Petr(i)A-2 je e(i) chvalen t(i). In the description of the passive voice, it is necessary to distinguish expressions with deverbal adjectives because these are produced through a single phase. Deverbal adjectives are generated earlier in the lexicon.

9

Autoedukacja w refleksji czeskich i słowackich pedagogów i andragogów

80%

Pavlů J.

Rocznik Andragogiczny

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2010

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tom R. 2010

EN

The author of this article presents his own point of views on the issue of the concept of self-education and it's use in czech and slovak academic. Article enriched by quotes of famous czech and slovak academic teacher makes it possible for insight at their work and presents their own thoughts on a given issue. In the end the author presents his definition of the self-education concept.

10

III. ČESKO-UHORSKÁ VOJNA O BABENBERSKÉ DEDIČSTVO 1270 – 1271

80%

Roháč P.

Vojenská história

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2016

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tom 20

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nr 4

6 - 33

EN

The study is a continuation of two papers already published in the Vojenská história magazine, which had analysed the causes, development and consequences of the Czech-Hungarian war in 1254 – 1256 and the war in 1260. The current study deals with the third war between the Czech and Hungarian Kingdom, which broke out as a result of death of the Hungarian king Belo IV., culminating in an indecisive battle at the Rabca river in Transdanubia. The study has a unique contribution to the Slovak historiography, since the topic has not been processed in such an extent ever before, in spite of being one of the key areas of the 13th century history, in addition to the „big politics“ also reaching to the issues of settlement or town development (the history of Bratislava in particular). The author deals in detail with individual military-historical aspect of these events, especially in terms of comparison of the Hungarian and Czech army during the reign of the Czech king, Přemysl Otakar II. The author collected a significant number of primary sources both of narrative and of diplomatic nature, complemented by the „celebratory” materials processed in favour of the Czech monarch. The paper is based on numerous literature sources, both domestic and foreign.

11

Vernakularizace – alternativa ke konceptu národního obrození?

80%

Woegerbauer M.

Česká literatura (Czech Literature)

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2008

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tom 56

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nr 4

461-490

EN

This study introduces the concept of vernacularization in the context of the literary history of Bohemia around 1800. National philologists, to some extent until today, examine this literature based on 19th-century national and aesthetic criteria (i.e. the notion of 'genius', originality etc.) which, as the author argues, do not suit an analysis of multi-lingual pre-Romantic culture. Without intending to replace the popular and politically relevant narrative of the National Revival, the concept of vernacularization attempts to generate a comparatively oriented discussion regarding the transition (beginning around 1760) from the multi-lingual cultures of a stratified society (the nobility, the clergy, the common people etc.) into separate, linguistically defined regional and subsequently national cultures and especially national literatures in the first half of the 19th century. Vernacularization is defined as a form of knowledge transfer between cultures considered to have different places in a European cultural hierarchy. The 'higher' or 'classical' cultures serve as the vehicles for the transfer of culture; they are supposed to be quite independent of regional contexts and thus can be interregionally recognized as exemplary; in a stratified society they are accessible mainly to the elites. That predestines them to serve as a means of representation. 'Vernacularization' indicates the efforts by a region's intellectual elites to make this arcane knowledge (or at least its 'useful' parts) accessible to their uneducated compatriots (in the Middle Ages mainly to the secular elite, in the 18th and 19th centuries above all to the 'folk'). This dissemination of useful knowledge in support of the general good is described aptly by Joseph Anton Riegger as the obligation of the ideal 'enlightened patriot.' Therefore, the 'logic' of vernacularization should not be limited to one country or one era; on the contrary, the concept should encourage comparison and simultaneously provide insight into the inner hierarchy of European cultures into which regional culture would be integrated. In this context, all 'mature' cultures (not only those of antiquity) can be considered exemplary or model cultures. The theme of knowledge transfer as a service to the homeland, in spite of significant differences determined by time and place, can be traced through various examples: from Cicero (Greece-Rome) to Dante Alighieri (Roman and Provencal culture to Italy), Du Bellay (Roman and Italian culture to France) and finally to Frederick II (Italian, English and French culture to protestant Germany), through the inaugural lecture (1765) of the Freiburg (and later Prague) professor of law Joseph Anton Riegger, whose detailed defense of his decision to lecture in German rather than in Latin is a central text in this study.

12

Požadavky na úroveň diskuse o spisovné/standardní češtině

80%

Oliva K.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 4

278-291

EN

This text is a methodological rather than a 'research-based' reaction to the article by F. Cermak, P. Sgall and P. Vybiral (2005). Its central topic is constituted by a detailed survey of individual statements in the article. In many cases, these statements are shown to be in conflict with empirical facts (mainly with corpus evidence) or, even worse, with each other. In the final section, the current paper argues for either producing valid, consistent, and, last but not least, new argumentation in the discussion called for, or for dropping the idea altogether, since it might otherwise endanger the scientific level of Slovo a slovesnost. The appendix presents a list of relevant literature which must be considered, should the discussion take place.

13

Světové dějiny raného novověku v české historické vědě po roce 1989: dědictví, změny a přísliby

80%

Rakova S.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2008

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nr 23

287-315

EN

This article covers the principal themes, outcomes, institutions and personalities of the Czech historiography of the early modern world history after 1989. The authoress gives an analysis of the starting conditions, i. e. the state of research, reflecting ideological, theoretical and thematic heritage of totalitarian history writing with all its restrictions and confinements. Then she defines the principal spheres of interest in the early 1990s: political, diplomatic and military history of wars and colonial expansion, its outstanding leaders and trading companies, i. e. typical history of 'kings and battles'. The other field relatively well developed was a history of the Latin America and the related Roman world: Spain and Portugal, their military and political impact but also their cultural influence in the newly gained territories. This territorial orientation was supported by the multiple early modern relations between Vienna and Madrid, personalized also in the members of the Bohemian high nobility who, spending years in diplomatic services, kept intensive cultural contacts even after their return. The registration, catalogization and description of the Latin items in the noble libraries and book collections (original or re-constructed) are an important part of mapping Czech relations with abroad, as well as the research in the travelling of Czech Jesuit missionaries to Spanish American colonies. Later in the 1990s, the theoretical influences of contemporary Western historiography invaded radically the Czech history writing including the field of world history. Interdisciplinary approaches, methods of new social and cultural history, complex relations between social, cultural, ideological and linguistic spheres attracted attention of many researchers. They applied them in 'territorial' sense (new views on Anglo-Saxon countries) as well as in 'thematic' one (the images and reception of 'the other' - nation, race, gender, faith, criminals and marginalized people; historical dynamics of social institutions and informal groupings). The Czech research in and interpretation of early modern world history has been undergoing gradual change, with the analytical, structural, socio-linguistic and cultural themes and approaches gaining ground. As a result of this process, the first attempts to conceptualize newly the principal events and features of European and American early modern civilization were published.

14

Nominativ a instrumentál predikátového substantiva v současné češtině: sonda do korpusu

80%

Sticha F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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tom 65

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nr 2

113-133

EN

Statistics from about 17,000 occurrences of the structures 'N1 is N1' and 'N1 is N7' have proved that (a) there is a functional difference between the two predicative cases and (b) there are strong norms for selecting one of the two cases in communication. The nominative case is a strong norm if the communicative function of the sentence predicate is to (a) identify a sort of denotation in a demonstrative act, (b) identify a sort of denotation in a nominative act, (c) define using qualification or (d) qualify in an expressive manner. The nominative is preferred when stating a person's profession, in most cases (except for professions such as minister, director, manager etc., especially in a specific sentence structure and discourse function). The statistics show that (a) for 630 different predicate nouns (PN), only the nominative is used and for 270 PN, only the instrumental is used; (b) for 900 PN, one of the two predicative cases is used either exclusively or with a strong preference; (c) for only 89 PN, the use of the two cases is balanced. The corpus statistics for the two predicative cases show that the selection of one of these cases is semantically determined and to a great degree lexically bound.

15

THE CONCEPT OF WORLD LITERATURE IN CZECH AND SLOVAK COMPARATIVE LITERARY STUDIES

80%

Zelenka M.

World Literature Studies

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2022

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tom 14

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nr 2

5 - 30

EN

This article aims to systemize the trends in world literature research, highlighting the differences between the concepts of this phenomenon as embraced by “small” and “large” literatures. It also takes account of the Czech and Slovak line of thinking which questions the concept of world literature as normative poetics or the standardized canon of masterpieces and their various discourses. The historical experience of Czech and Slovak comparative literary studies defending the independent values of Slavic literatures suggests that there cannot be any arbitrary research on world literature. With some exceptions and regardless of their terminologically and semantically different interpretations of this specialism, contemporary theoretical concepts (as embraced by Emily Apter, Pascale Casanova, David Damrosch, Marko Juvan, Franco Moretti, etc.) re-establish recognizing world literature as an international research issue or a subject employing English as a universal means of communication. Imposing such notion would allegedly condone inequality as a kind of epistemological framework to codify the binary opposition of “developed” and “underdeveloped” or “the centre” and “periphery”. It was mainly the Czech-Slovak structuralise tradition (represented by Frank Wollman, René Wellek, Dionýz Ďurišin, etc.) that rejected national literature as a natural starting point of world literature. Anchored in the Central European intellectual milieu at the crossing of various aesthetic movements, these “defensive” theories were linked with the structural concept of the Prague Linguistic Circle, letting alone the multilingual tradition of the former Habsburg Empire and the phenomenon of migration which implied the aspect of polyglossia and heterotopia as a breeding ground for comparative scholars.

16

Od školské spisovnosti ke standardní češtině: výzva k diskusi

80%

Cermak F. , Sgall P. , Vybiral P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 2

EN

This paper recalls difficulties in the functional and social stratification of Czech and the codification of its literary norm. These difficulties make it necessary to discuss the possibility of a transition from the current post-purist viewpoint to a more realistic and liberal one. The point is to abandon the unavailing efforts at a sharp specification of 'literary' morphemic forms and to aim for an approach which works with a gradual division of standard and non-standard phenomena, viewed as a rich cline of functionally diversified forms. This theoretical approach may reveal that informal discourse in Czech also has its standard even though it includes frequent oscillation between items from different registers. It is a substantial task to apply this approach in education, where bookish forms are still currently required in communicative situations for which bookish style is inappropriate.

17

Wizerunek Czecha w »Zrób sobie raj« czy może kreowanie nowych stereotypów

80%

Szczepańska E.

Bohemistyka

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2013

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tom 13

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nr 4

286 - 296

EN

The article concerns the Czech and Polish stereotypes in the book of M. Szczygieł »Zrób sobie raj«. In his essays Szczygieł presents well known and the mostly negative images from new and more positive positions. Such a biased vision of the Czech raises the question of whether the picture is close to reality, and how much it is still a stereotype.

18

SOCIAL JETLAG IN THE CONTEXT OF WORK AND FAMILY

80%

Kudrnáčová M. , Hamplová D.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2022

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tom 54

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nr 4

295 – 324

EN

By definition, social jetlag – a misalignment between the social and biological time – is closely linked to social obligations that conflict with the individual’s chronotype. It is a widespread phenomenon and is linked to various negative health, cognitive, and psychological outcomes. Although there are studies on social jetlag, they are mostly dominated by biomedical approaches. Therefore, the presented study aims to explore the link between social jetlag and work and family status from an original social perspective. The study explores the link between the magnitude of social jetlag and factors related to the type of occupation and selected family obligations using a representative Czech sample. Using the 4th wave of the Czech Household Panel Survey (CHPS), secondary data analysis in Stata 16 was performed. A sample of 1,441 employed and self-employed respondents was included in the analysis. The multilevel mixed-effect modelling was used to control for members of the same household. Model fit was evaluated by likelihood ratio test and BIC. Self-employed individuals are less likely to experience social jetlag than employees. Professional classes are least likely to suffer from social jetlag. Lower occupational classes experience more severe social jetlag, but its severity is moderated by self-employment. If self-employed, the routine manual and nonmanual workers do not experience significantly larger social jetlag than professionals. In contrast to occupation, we found no evidence that family status, such as co-residential partnership, contributes to the severity of social jetlag. Working parents of small children experience lower social jetlag than childless individuals. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that social jetlag is more closely linked to the type of work than to the family status.

19

K článku Od školské spisovnosti ke standardní češtině: reakce na výzvu k diskusi

80%

Korensky J.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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tom 66

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nr 4

270-278

EN

The author agrees with the need to discuss the problems surrounding the functional stratification of contemporary Czech expressed in the article by F. Cermak, P. Sgall and P. Vybiral (2005). He requests that this discussion take place with maximum effort made to achieve theoretical precision, within a framework of possibilities without a priori ideologizing and in a truly dialogic manner. In this sense, the author provides several suggestions. Above all it is necessary for the differences of opinion originating from varying interpretations of Czech national history to be mutually elucidated, but it is especially necessary to clarify the mutual relationship between the differing methodological points of departure from a purely linguistic perspective. If we are to substitute the previously existing traditional conceptual schemes based on the term 'iterary language' with a scheme centered around the term 'standard', it is necessary to do so in a thorough, consistent and structured manner.

20

Wybrane stereotypy Czecha i Polaka z perspektywy historycznej

70%

Szczepańska E.

Bohemistyka

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2015

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tom 15

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nr 4

366 - 377

EN

The article deals with some Czech-Polish stereotypes that are present in the awareness of both nations until today. The origin of some of these stereotypes dates back to the days of yore (Hussitism, Pan-Slawism). Going through vicissitudes of life, some of them have changed while others have been continuing their existence with the same meaning for many centuries, stirring up a great deal of emotions in the people of both West-Slavonic nations.