Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

O źródłach teorii przyczynowania celowego w tomizmie konsekwentnym

100%

Szczepkowska W.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

|

2008

|

tom 6

|

nr 1

517-532

2

The reaction of the WIG stock market index to changes in the interest rates on bank deposits

100%

Przekota G. , Szczepańska-Przekota I.

Operations Research and Decisions

|

2010

|

tom Vol. 20, No. 1

97-110

EN

Determination of the relationship between the money market and capital market is particularly important from the point of view of taking a decision on the location of investment capital. It may help to forecast future states. This study seeks to determine the relationship of the interest rate on deposits in zloty with the WIG stock index and the volume of turnover on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Analysis of correlation and VAR models are used. Analysis of long-term correlation indicates a negative relationship between the interest rate on deposits in banks and the value of the WIG stock-index. However, this may be spurious. The dependence between these variables may be more complex and should rather be seen as short term. It seems that in general the impact of an increase in interest rates on the value of the WIG index is negative in the short term, just as in the long term. In addition, in the short term these variables can move in the same direction. The results obtained in the research are consistent with results obtained for other national markets. This applies in particular to the relatively weak, negative correlation described above.

3

Causal reversibility in individual token interpretation of Petri Nets

100%

Benamira A.

Computer Science

|

2020

|

tom T. 21 (4)

489-511

EN

Causal reversibility in concurrent systems means that events that the origin of other events can only be undone after undoing its consequences. In opposition to backtracking, events that are independent of each other can be reversed in an arbitrary order; in other words, we have flexible reversibility with respect to a causality relationship. An implementation of individual token interpretation of Petri Nets (IPNs) has been proposed by Rob Van Glabbeek et al.; the present paper investigates a study of causal reversibility within IPNs. Given N as an IPN, by adding an intuitive firing rule to undo transitions according to the causality relationship, the coherence of N is assured; i.e., the set of all reachable states of N in the reversible version and that of the original one are identical. Furthermore, reversibility in N is flexible, and their initial state can be accessible in reverse from any state. In this paper, an approach for controlling causal-reversibility within IPNs is proposed.

4

On the Relation Between Health and Income: A Cross-Country Analysis

100%

Kobylinski K. , Tyrowicz J.

Central European Economic Journal

|

2018

|

tom 5

|

nr 52

EN

An examination of the correlation between health and wealth cannot determine the direction of causality between the two. Countries’ geographic characteristics have an important effect on health, and they are plausibly uncorrelated with other determinants of wealth. This paper uses two climate variables – population-weighted temperature and precipitation – to obtain instrumental variables estimates of the effect of health on wealth.

5

Existence

100%

Skorupski J.

Analiza i Egzystencja. Czasopismo Filozoficzne

|

2013

|

nr 24

5-16

XX

The question what really—ultimately, basically, and so forth—exists remains a fundamental question of philosophy. It is also, however, a prime example of how misleading it can be to try to answer a philosophical question without first taking pains to clarify it. In this case, clarification has turned out to be difficult and controversial, which leads to a meta-question: Is this apparently fundamental question—the ontological question—also a pseudo-question, a question that should be dissolved rather than solved? This paper answers for an answer that is somewhat Meinongian.

6

Moral Responsibility for Natural Disasters

100%

Dranseika V.

Human Affairs

|

2015

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tom 26

|

nr 1

73-79

EN

My aim in this paper is to explore the idea of human moral responsibility for (the outcomes) of natural disasters. First, I discuss the claim that there is often a human causal contribution to negative outcomes of even such paradigmatic natural disasters as earthquakes, typhoons, and volcano eruptions. Second, I attempt to move away from discussions attributing human causal responsibility to discussions attributing human moral responsibility for such outcomes (and to the obstacles to such attributions). I suggest that in most (perhaps even all) cases of moral responsibility for the outcomes of natural disasters moral responsibility is grounded in culpable negligence, including culpable failure to prevent the side-effects of our actions or omissions.

7

Causality in models of thermal processes in ship engine rooms with the use of Bond Graph (BG) method

100%

Cichy M. , Kneba Z. , Kropiwnicki J.

Polish Maritime Research

|

2017

|

tom S 1

32--37

EN

With a single approach to modeling elements of different physical nature, the method of Bond Graph (BG) is particularly well suited for modeling energy systems consisting of mechanical, thermal, electrical and hydraulic elements that operate in the power system engine room. The paper refers to the earlier presented [2] new concept of thermal process modeling using the BG method. The authors own suggestions for determining causality in models of thermal processes created by the said concept were given. The analysis of causality makes it possible to demonstrate the model conflicts that prevent the placement of state equations which allows for the direct conduct of simulation experiments. Attention has been drawn to the link between the energy systems models of thermal processes with models of elements of different physical nature. Two examples of determining causality in models of complex energy systems of thermal elements have been presented. The firs relates to the electrical system associated with the process of heat exchange. The second is a model of the mechanical system associated with the thermodynamic process.

8

Context and Animacy Play a Role in Dynamic Decision-Making

100%

Osman M. , Ananiadis-Basias A.

Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation

|

2013

|

tom 9

|

nr 2

61-78

EN

Perception, judgment, and reasoning are all processes that are sensitive to cues to animacy (i.e. the presence of signals that indicate an object behaves as if it has intentions and internal goals). The present study investigated the following question: Does animacy facilitate decision-making in a dynamic control system? To address this, the present study used a dynamic decision-making task and compared behavior in four different contexts (Abstract, Animate-Social, Inanimate-Social, Inanimate-Non-social). Participants were randomly allocated to one of these contexts, and in each version they were required to learn to manipulate variables in order to bring the dynamic system to a desirable state and maintain it at that level. The findings suggest that it is not animacy per se that facilitates decision-making behavior, but rather the presence of a context. However, animacy made an impact on the type of strategic behavior implemented when interacting with the dynamic system. We argue that context induces general beliefs about causal relationships in dynamic environments that generalize across animate as well as inanimate contexts.

9

Indeterministic Temporal Logic

100%

Trzęsicki K.

Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric

|

2015

|

tom 42

|

nr 1

139-162

EN

The questions od determinism, causality, and freedom have been the main philosophical problems debated since the beginning of temporal logic. The issue of the logical value of sentences about the future was stated by Aristotle in the famous tomorrow sea-battle passage. The question has inspired Łukasiewicz’s idea of many-valued logics and was a motive of A. N. Prior’s considerations about the logic of tenses. In the scheme of temporal logic there are different solutions to the problem. In the paper we consider indeterministic temporal logic based on the idea of temporal worlds and the relation of accessibility between them.

10

Imperfect Causality

100%

Mazlack L. J.

Fundamenta Informaticae

|

2004

|

tom Vol. 59, nr 2,3

191--201

EN

Causal reasoning is important to human reasoning. It plays an essential role in day-to-day human decision-making. Human understanding of causality is necessarily imprecise, imperfect, and uncertain. Soft computing methods may be able to provide the approximation tools needed. In order to algorithmically consider causes, imprecise causal models are needed. A difficulty is striking a good balance between precise formalism and imprecise reality. Determining causes from available data has been a goal throughout human history. Today, data mining holds the promise of extracting unsuspected information from very large databases. The most common methods build rules. In many ways, the interest in rules is that they offer the promise (or illusion) of causal, or at least, predictive relationships. However, the most common rule form (association rules) only calculates a joint occurrence frequency; they do not express a causal relationship. If causal relationships could be discovered, it would be very useful.

11

The reaction of the WIG stock market index to changes in the interest rates on bank deposits

100%

PRZEKOTA G. , SZCZEPAŃSKA-PRZEKOTA A.

Operations Research and Decisions

|

2010

|

tom 20

|

nr 1

97-110

EN

Determination of the relationship between the money market and capital market is particularly important from the point of view of taking a decision on the location of investment capital. It may help to forecast future states. This study seeks to determine the relationship of the interest rate on deposits in zloty with the WIG stock index and the volume of turnover on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Analysis of correlation and VAR models are used. Analysis of long-term correlation indicates a negative relationship between the interest rate on deposits in banks and the value of the WIG stock-index. However, this may be spurious. The dependence between these variables may be more complex and should rather be seen as short term. It seems that in general the impact of an increase in interest rates on the value of the WIG index is negative in the short term, just as in the long term. In addition, in the short term these variables can move in the same direction. The results obtained in the research are consistent with results obtained for other national markets. This applies in particular to the relatively weak, negative correlation described above.

12

On the analytic properties of the S-matrix for the unknown interactions surrounded by centrifugal and rapidly decreasing potentials

88%

Olkhovsky V.

Open Physics

|

2011

|

tom 9

|

nr 1

13-44

EN

The analytic structure of the non-relativistic unitary and non-unitary S-matrix is investigated for the cases of the unknown interactions with the unknown motion equations inside a sphere of radius a, surrounded by the centrifugal and rapidly decreasing (exponentially or by the Yukawian law or by the more rapidly decreasing) potentials. The one-channel case and special examples of many-channel cases are considered. Some kinds of symmetry conditions are imposed. The Schroedinger equation for r > a for the particle motion and the condition of the completeness of the correspondent wave functions are assumed. The connection of the obtained results with the usual (temporal) causality is examined. Finally a scientific program is presented as a clear continuation and extension of the obtained results.

13

Semantics for Specialising Attack Trees based on Linear Logic

88%

Horne R. , Mauw S. , Tiu A.

Fundamenta Informaticae

|

2017

|

tom Vol. 153, nr 1/2

57--86

EN

Attack trees profile the sub-goals of the proponent of an attack. Attack trees have a variety of semantics depending on the kind of question posed about the attack, where questions are captured by an attribute domain. We observe that one of the most general semantics for attack trees, the multiset semantics, coincides with a semantics expressed using linear logic propositions. The semantics can be used to compare attack trees to determine whether one attack tree is a specialisation of another attack tree. Building on these observations, we propose two new semantics for an extension of attack trees named causal attack trees. Such attack trees are extended with an operator capturing the causal order of sub-goals in an attack. These two semantics extend the multiset semantics to sets of series-parallel graphs closed under certain graph homomorphisms, where each semantics respects a class of attribute domains. We define a sound logical system with respect to each of these semantics, by using a recently introduced extension of linear logic, called MAV, featuring a non-commutative operator. The non-commutative operator models causal dependencies in causal attack trees. Similarly to linear logic for attack trees, implication defines a decidable preorder for specialising causal attack trees that soundly respects a class of attribute domains.

14

The Casual Relationship Between Knowledge Spillovers and Economic Growth: The Turkish Case

88%

Ozturk I. , Acaravci A. , Seyfettin A.

Ekonomista

|

2015

|

nr 2

189-201

PL

Artykuł analizuje determinanty międzynarodowych przepływów wiedzy za pośrednictwem importu dóbr inwestycyjnych i bezpośrednich inwestycji zagranicznych oraz ich wpływ na wzrost gospodarczy na przykładzie Turcji. W tym celu zbadane zostały krótkoi długookresowe zależności przyczynowo-skutkowe pomiędzy transferami wiedzy i głównymi wskaźnikami makroekonomicznymi opisującymi rozwój gospodarki Turcji w okresie od 1 kw. 1992 r. do 3 kw. 2007 r. (tzn. w okresie 15 lat poprzedzających wybuch globalnego kryzysu fi nansowo-ekonomicznego). Wyniki testu kointegracji ARDL wskazują na istnienie długookresowej zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi modelu (import dóbr inwestycyjnych, zagraniczne inwestycje bezpośrednie, PKB, akumulacja kapitału trwałego, eksport i import) na poziomie istotności 1%. Artykuł bada także zależność między transferem wiedzy a wzrostem gospodarczym, wykorzystując do tego celu testy przyczynowości. Grangera z opóźnioną korektą błędu. Wyniki wskazują, że wystęouje tu długookresowa zależność przyczynowo-skutkowa w sensie Grangera pomiędzy zmiennymi niezależnymi modelu a importem dóbr inwestycyjnych, jednokierunkowa zależność krótkookresowa między importem dóbr inwestycyjnych i wielkością krajowych inwestycji oraz jednokierunkowa krótkookresowa zależność między eksportem i PKB.

EN

This study has pointed out the long run determinants of the foreign knowledge and it spillovers effects, which come from capital goods imports. For this purpose, we explored both short-run and long-run causal relationships between foreign knowledge spillovers and its main determinants for Turkish economy over the 1992:Q1–2007:Q3 period. Results from ARDL bounds testing approach of cointegration indicate that there is an evidence of a long-run relation between the variables (capital goods imports, foreign direct investment, GDP, fixed capital formation, exports and imports) in the model at 1% significance level. This study also investigates the causality relationship between knowledge spillovers and economic growth by using Granger causality models augmented with a lagged error-correction term. According to the results from causality models, there are a long-run Granger causality running from the independent variables to capital goods imports variable, and an unidirectional short-run causal relationship from capital goods imports to domestic investments, and an unidirectional short-run causal relationship from exports to GDP.

RU

В статье анализируются детерминанты международных трансфертов знаний, осуществляемых посредством импорта инвестиционных благ и прямых иностранных инвестиций, а также их влияние на экономический рост на примере Турции. С этой целью были исследованы кратко- и долгосрочные причинно-следственные зависимости между трансфертами знаний и главными макроэкономическими показателями, описывающими развитие экономики Турции в период с первого квартала 1992 г. до третьего квартала 2007 г. (т.е. в период 15 лет, предшествующих всплеску глобального финансово-экономического кризиса). Результаты теста коинтеграции ARDL указывают на существование долгосрочной зависимости между переменными модели (импорт инвестиционных благ, прямые иностранные инвестиции, ВВП, накопление постоянного капитала, экспорт и импорт) на уровне существенности в 1%. В статье исследуется зависимость между трансфертом знаний и экономическим ростом, с использованием для этой цели теста Гренджера на причинность с лагами корректировки ошибок. Результаты указывают на наличие долгосрочной причинно-следственной зависимости по Гренджеру между независимыми переменными модели и импортом инвестиционных благ, односторонней краткосрочной зависимости между импортом инвестиционных благ и величиной отечественных инвестиций, а также односторонней краткосрочной зависимости между экспортом и ВВП.

15

Badanie zależności pomiędzy handlem zagranicznym a PKB z wykorzystaniem modelu VAR oraz przyczynowości Grangera

88%

Pisarski M.

Econometrics. Ekonometria. Advances in Applied Data Analytics

|

2013

|

nr 4(42)

103-116

EN

The main goal of this paper is to examine relationships between GDP and inter-national trade (exports and imports). Foreign trade channels which can affect national in-come have been listed and the impact of trade on GDP was described. Differences between a closed and an open economy are shown. The autoregression vector (VAR) model was used as well as Granger causality test. Quarterly dataset for the USA, the period from 1997:Q1 to 2013:Q3 was used. The results of Granger causality test led us to the conclusion that export causes GDP and also GDP and import affect each other (in Granger causality).

16

The minimum wage in Poland and its connection to unemployment: Evaluating causality

88%

Sikora A.

Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie

|

2021

|

tom 50

|

nr 2

65-77

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena zależności między wynagrodzeniem minimalnym, zatrudnieniem i bezrobociem w Polsce. Przedstawiono przegląd teoretycznych aspektów płacy minimalnej, głównych motywacji za jej stosowaniem, a także potencjalnych negatywnych konsekwencji. Płaca minimalna w Polsce zostaje przedstawiona na tle innych krajów Unii Europejskiej. Wykorzystując metodę Toda-Yamamoto oraz dane kwartalne GUS i ILOSTAT obejmujące lata 2002–2019, zbadano przyczynowość Grangera między indeksem Kaitza a wybranymi wskaźnikami rynku pracy. Wyniki wskazują na istnienie jednokierunkowej przyczynowości Grangera między wskaźnikiem Kaitza a ogólną stopą bezrobocia. Nie wykryto podobnych zależności w przypadku pozostałych badanych wskaźników, w tym między innymi stopy zatrudnienia i stopy bezrobocia wśród osób młodych.

EN

The paper’s primary goal is the evaluation of the relationship between minimum wage, employment, and unemployment in Poland in the past two decades. It presents an overview of theoretical aspects of minimum wages, the main motivations behind its implementation, as well as potential negative consequences. The minimum wage in Poland is presented in comparison to other European Union countries. Finally, using a Toda-Yamamoto approach and quarterly data covering the years 2002–2019, the Granger causality between the Kaitz index and selected labour market indicators is examined. The results indicate the presence of unidirectional Granger causality between the Kaitz index and the general unemployment rate. It does not indicate similar relationships for other examined indicators, including employment rate and youth unemployment rate.

17

Causality in western and eastern philosophies

88%

Teuchmann R.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

|

2020

|

tom 48

|

nr 4

5-28

EN

The general outline of the issue of causality in Western and Eastern philosophies shows that any concept of causality has always depended on the way of understanding reality. In classical European metaphysics, causes explained the existence of being, but from the time of Galileo this concept came to be used only to explain phenomena and events taking place in the experienced world. Eventually, the concept of a cause became more and more restricted, and even discredited. But there are also attempts to rehabilitate the importance of causation, especially in the research of those who try to refer to classical metaphysics. Of course, we cannot forget phenomenological research, in which causality belongs to the system of the constituted, intentional world and makes sense only within it. This dependence of the known object on the subject of knowledge is particularly evident in the philosophy of the East, mainly in the philosophy of India. All the disputes within this tradition have concerned the question whether the effect preexists within the cause or not. Accordingly, two opposing views have formed: satkāryavāda and asatkāryavāda. The first one (satkāryavāda) represents Sankya and Advaita Vedanta, the second (asatkāryavāda) – the system of Nyaya.

18

Ludwik Silberstein o przyczynowości w przyrodzie

88%

Flin P. , Stępień A.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

|

2011

|

nr 49

138-148

PL

In this paper we present the opinions of Ludwik Silberstein (1872-1948) on the question of causality in the scientiﬁc investigations. The discussion is based on the examples taken from physics and astronomy. Silberstein is convinced that the principle of causality is an important heuristic law, a diﬀerent kind of law of nature (as, for example, Kepler’s laws or Ohm’s law).

19

Oko i Skarbiec Prawdziwego Prawa, zwój siódmy: Głęboka wiara w przyczynę-i-skutek

88%

Kigen D. , Kanert M.

ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal

|

2017

|

tom 7

|

nr 1

157-165

EN

Źródło przekładu: Kawamura Kōdō (Red. i przyp.). Dōgen zenji zenshū, dai 2 kan. Tōkyō: Shunjūsha.

20

Causal Analysis Between Liquidity and Profitability: Is There Any Difference Between Public and Private Commercial Banks in Bangladesh?

88%

Islam Q. B. T.

Journal of Banking and Financial Economics

|

2020

|

nr 2(14)

38-46

EN

This paper analyzes the causal relationship between liquidity and profitability for public and private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The augmented Dickey-Fuller test of stationarity is carried out first. As they are found to be integrated of the same order, the Engle-Granger test of cointegration is applied. Finally, the Granger causality test is applied to check if there is any causal relationship between liquidity and profitability for public and private commercial banks in Bangladesh from 2001 to 2019. Another aim of the paper is to see if there is any difference in the causal relationship between these two bank typologies. The results show that there is unidirectional causality from profitability to liquidity for public banks while no causal relationship is evident for private commercial banks in Bangladesh. The findings further confirm that different bank typologies behave differently in Bangladesh and hence policy makers should keep this in mind during policy formulation.