Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Paměť a propaganda. Dějiny habsburské monarchie jako učebnice vědy o vládě v díle francouzských osvícenských historiků

100%

Ondo Grečenková M.

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tom 24

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nr 1

199-230

EN

This essay offers one of the plausible interpretations of the history of the Habsburg monarchy and establishment of its society as it was presented to the public by French enlightened historians. It views their works through the eyes of contem-porary readers and elaborates on the information and knowledge of the world and politics which they might have achieved by reading the works. The essay contemplates on the reasons which made French authors deal with the history of the Habsburg monarchy and explains principles which they applied in the process. The central section of the paper concentrates on enlightened interpretational models that described historical events and closes with contemporary argumentation on the “order” of historical progress of the nation. The new political situation and alliance between the Habsburg monarchy and France, which was sealed by a marriage of Maria Theresia’s daughter and the future French king in 1756, called for broad publicity and ideological support from the French public. There was a good reason for official and non-official propaganda to promote an idea of happy future for both nations. Historical discourse served as one of the genres, which facilitated this mission. Although enlightened historiography promoted strict rules for historical writing, the final effect of a historical text on the reader seemed to be more important than adhering to the principles. The historio-graphic work was thus governed by facts that produced the most suitable information about improving the society and its advance towards harmony and order. The proclaimed principle of enlightened criticism and objectivity faded away in favour of promoting history as a school of morality and politics. Historical interpretation was governed by a fundamental enlightened explanatory model based on a conception of the society and the nation performing on the principle of unity of the aggregate and its components. Individual sections of this model (i.e. the people’s manners, the rulers and relations between these categories) were judged by the principle of a bi-polar system of contradictions: e.g. good/bad, they/we, enlightened ruler/tyrant, order/chaos, etc. This system allowed authors of historical works to lead a dialogue with current affairs and apply schemes of enlightened rulers, ideal mannerism and good rule on concrete historical examples. Neither mannerism nor ruling methods were conceived as historical categories, but their assessment corresponded with 18th century concepts. In this way, Empress Maria 230 Theresia could have become the “enlightened” ruler just like the legendary Forefather Čech from the dawn of history. Rather than underlining specificities, such historical interpretations of the Habsburg monarchy involved universal historical and political issues, which might have been identical with the history of a different country. Historians became more involved in the specificities when they started vindicating absolute power within the Habsburg monarchy, in which Bohemian lands and the Hungarian Crown played a major role. Even here, the bi-polar interpretational model (positive/negative, absolute power/estate monarchy) was applied. The French interpretational models, which were applied to the history of the Habsburg monarchy, epitomised a portrait of an enlightened society. They steered interpretation of historical progress towards the principles of enlightened political philosophy – i.e. “scholarship about ruling” as it was often referred to in contemporary terminology.

2

SOCIO-PROFESSIONAL AND TERRITORIAL STRATIFICATION OF STUDENTS IN SECONDARY AND POST-SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN CESKE BUDEJOVICE IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

63%

Novotny M.

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tom 31

117-146

EN

The secondary and post-secondary schools that provided essential education to just a small percentage of the male population in the first half of the 19th century played an irreplaceable role in the formation of the future elites in early modern society in the Czech lands. The Bishop's Seminary (founded in 1804), the Philosophy Lyceum (1803) and the Piaristicke Gymnasium (1762) became a strong attraction for young people from Ceske Budejovice, where the schools were located, and from all of Southern Bohemia and the surrounding areas, who were longing for a higher education. Between 1800 and 1848, 4909 boys studied at the gymnasium, most of whom were from families of tradesmen and architects, and there was also a large proportion of boys from families of teachers. Between 1803 and 1846, 2556 students of the Philosophy Lyceum enrolled in the first year of study, mainly from tradesmen and agricultural families. The lyceum's catchment area was very similar to that of the gymnasium. The social and territorial composition of the theology students (1618 in total) was very similar to that of the Philosophy Lyceum, which was also from where it received the most students.

3

CZECH VILLAGES. THE CENSUS AND BUILDING NUMBERING IN 1770 IN BOHEMIA, MORAVIA AND SILESIA

63%

Tantner A.

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tom 30

EN

In this article the author presents some of the results from his dissertation, which he successfully defended at the University of Vienna in 2004, and which is soon to be published. The census of the population in 1771/72 was much larger than the previous census taken for military purposes and intended to serve as the basis for a new system of army recruitment. The numbering of buildings was carried out simultaneously. The census process was complicated and time-consuming, especially in Moravia. The census was supplemented by lengthy reports from the military bureaus about the social situations in individual countries, which present very strong criticism of the prevailing conditions in the monarchy. In some cases the numbering of buildings met with resistance from the population, whose comments are cited in the article.

4

'WE PROMISE TO LOVE, HONOUR AND OBEY ONE ANOTHER, TILL DEATH DO US PART'. THE INFLUENCE OF FAMILY AND 'FRIENDS' ON THE CHOICE OF MARRIAGE PARTNER - TREBON IN THE LATE 18TH AND EARLY 19TH CENTURY

63%

Mrazkova J.

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tom 29

53-107

EN

The study is based on an analysis of marriage licences that were drawn up among the rural population on the estate of Trebon in the late 18th and early the 19th century. One of the main aims of the study was to test the use of this source in historical research and also to acquire an idea of the influence of the family and rural society on a person's choice of marriage partner. The marriage licenses analysed in the study, like wills, convey something of the collective mentality that was characteristic of the society under observation and reveal the everyday life of specific individuals. In previous centuries the entire family had engaged in choosing a person's marriage partner and even other members of the village community indirectly influenced this choice. An important role was played by 'friends', that is, people from the immediate surroundings, who served as a form of social control, and through their 'friendship' legitimised the position of the marrying partners. If a person chose an inappropriate partner they risked losing their 'friends', and future life in the village would be considerably more difficult and circumscribed.

5

PARISH REGISTERS IN THE CZECH LANDS UNDER THE ATTENTION OF RESEARCHERS (Cirkevni matriky ceskych zemi v pozornosti badatelu)

63%

Melkesova M.

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tom 32

5-56

EN

This article presents an overview of literature produced in the past century and a half in connection with the study of parish registers. This includes studies by historians, historical demographers, anthropologists, and professional genealogists, and even short articles by amateur enthusiasts. Each work is presented within the context of legal history and the changing methodological approaches to working with parish registers. Parish registers provide a record over several centuries of christenings, marriages, and burials, and as such they rightly rank as an exceptionally significant written source, since in scope and content they form an extraordinarily rich source of information for research on human history. For this reason they have been and will continue to be the subject of great attention from individual researchers and groups of scientists.

6

THE DEFENSIVE STRATEGY OF 'DISGRACED' WOMEN IN THE ESTATE OF JINDRICHUV HRADEC IN THE 17TH AND THE EARLY 18TH CENTURY

63%

Dibelka J.

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tom 31

5-20

EN

The study draws on research on interrogation records connected with vice crime in the Jindrichuv Hradec estate in the years 1670-1710. In 142 cases handled, criminal fornication was by far the most prevalent crime and it was the easiest offence to prove. However, the women offenders, who were usually between 20 and 30 years of age, did not have to worry just about punishment from the authorities, as a woman was above all at risk of losing her honour. Therefore women used various defensive strategies that were intended to ensure them the least possible damage to their honour and could even help them to restore it. Most often a woman defended herself with the claim that prior to sexual intercourse her partner had offered her marriage. If that claim proved true, the woman's behaviour was regarded to some degree as legitimate. Another possible defensive strategy was to accuse the man of rape or throw blame on someone else. Both men and women tended to cite their alleged drunkenness as a mitigating circumstance. However, many women and men accused of criminal fornication never served their sentences

7

SUBURBAN GAMES AND ENTERTAINMENT. LEISURE TIME, HOLIDAYS AND CEREMONIES IN THE COMMUNITY OF GOCLAW IN 1918-1939

63%

Wozniak A.

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nr 1-2

221-252

EN

Goclaw belongs to the district of Warsaw called Grochow, on the right side of the Vistula river. In the years 1918-1939 Grochow was a large and quickly developing district, whereas Goclaw was its least urbanized part, resembling the neighbouring villages more than the urban areas. The society inhabiting Goclaw was diversified in many respects: ethnic, religious, professional. Those who were better off had German ancestry, were Lutherans of the Augsburg Confession and lived mainly on farming. The Roman Catholic Poles owned very small farms. They were in different trades, did odd jobs. In the 1930s., due to economic crisis, great part of them were unemployed and suffered great poverty. Some were employed in public works or were on dole. For most families their own houses and small plots of land provided some kind of security in case of unemployment. People inhabiting the suburb of Goclaw in the years 1918-39 lived in a community resembling, to a considerable degree, a local community of the traditional type. They had preserved social ties characteristic for such kind of community - kinship and neighbourly ties which gave sense of security to individuals and families in case of crisis. That system of social bonds and sense of solidarity were supported and reinforced by common celebrating of rituals of annual cycle and life cycle as well as particular forms of entertainment. On the other hand it was the economic crisis of the 1930s and poverty that contributed to setting back the urbanization and development of the suburban district. Poverty made it difficult for the residents to enjoy all kinds of entertainment offered by the city life. The previous way of life of the suburban community got unsettled. Frequent contacts with neighbouring villages, culturally similar, confirmed and supported their value system.

8

Financování českého dívčího gymnázia Minerva, spolku pro ženské studium

51%

Malinska J.

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nr 1

1-33

EN

By the early 1880s, the Czech civic women's organizations achieved considerable success in building up a network of girls' schools, but there was a serious need for a type of secondary school that would provide the possibility of special exams (maturita) to enter the university studies. In 1890, Eliska Krasnohorska established such a school, a 'gymnasium' connected with the Minerva Association, which was fully responsible for funding the school. The school had a private status and consequently, the students had to pay fees, contributions for books, various requisites, etc. The school received regular and considerable financial support from the Council of the Royal Capital City of Prague and from the Land Committee of the Diet of the Czech Kingdom. Other sources of funds for operational activities were the contributions of Minerva Association members, occasional donations from corporations (usually women's civic organizations), local governments, financial institutions, industrial enterprises, and private persons. The women's activities related to the public sector, and especially to girls' education, largely contributed to the process of democratization and to the gradual establishment of equal of rights for women in Czech society.

9

SOCIETY OF SAINT ADALBERT FROM THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR TO THE CHANGE INTO A “SPECIAL PURPOSE FACILITY” (1945 – 1954)

51%

Katuninec M.

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2007

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tom 55

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nr suppl. issue

113 – 136

EN

The Society of Saint Adalbert (Vojtech) played a significant role in the religious and national life of the Slovak people for a long period of time. During World War II, it was at odds with the authorities, but managed to become a little more independent then in previous periods. The Democratic Party won the 1946 parliamentary election in Slovakia. This development was supposed to solidify the newly found independence of the Society of Saint Adalbert. Increases in publication rate and membership numbers were also encouraging this trend. After the Communist Party had taken power in 1948, the society fell on hard times. Its activities continued, but their scope was severely restricted and the Communist Party exercised strong control over them. People of the regime took over running the society, and prepared a new Charter in 1953. The society started to be defined as a religious institution without active membership, and the new Charter came into effect in 1954.

10

[recenzja:] Bartłomiej Paszylk, Książki zakazane, Warszawa − Bielsko-Biała 2009

51%

Ciszewska W. A.

Toruńskie Studia Bibliologiczne

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2010

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tom 3

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nr 2(5)

186-186

EN

A review of a book on 'prohibited books'. The various reasons for censorship (social, moral, religious and political reasons) as well as their results were described. A question whether a book can potentially pose a threat was raised.

11

LOCAL AND IMPERIAL DATES AT THE BEGINNING OF THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD

51%

Boiy T.

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tom 18

9-22

EN

Dating and time-reckoning has always meant a lot more than simply keeping track of time. It is of course true that from very early times onwards all people, either pastoralists or agriculturalist, had to take the seasons - which means the solar cycle - into account for the simple reason of bare survival. Since a year is far too long for many practical arrangements the omnipresence of the moon provided a perfect solution, the moon's phases turned out to be an ideal length to divide one year into smaller units. The integration of a lunar cycle into the solar system is not self-evident though and the astronomical knowledge of people can often be judged by the way they tried to solve this dilemma. Still, a lot more factors come into play when time-reckoning and dating systems come into being. Both in the calendar - the division of every individual year - and in year-counting - some kind of superstructure for several years - religious, cultic, ideological and political elements played an important role. Since the sun, the stars and the moon were regularly worshipped in most religions in Antiquity, their cycles often determined religious festivals and other cultic events and therefore the calendar was closely linked with religion. Ideology, especially royal ideology, is found mainly in the system of year-counting.

12

DEMETRIUS III IN JUDEA

51%

Dabrowa E.

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tom 18

175-181

EN

Absence of sources is why we know little about the last kings of the Seleucid dynasty and their reigns. One exception is Demetrius III (97/96-88/87 BC), a son of Antiochus VIII Grypus. What knowledge we have of him we owe to his role in the history of Judea at the end of Alexander Jannaeus' reign (103-86 BC). Josephus' historical works suggest that the king of Syria became involved in a conflict which broke out in Judea between Alexander Jannaeus and a group of his opponents led by the Pharisees. In doing so, he lent the latter his powerful military assistance. It proved so substantial that in a battle near Shechem Alexander Jannaeus' army was defeated. Only a lucky coincidence enabled him still to stay in power and soon to suppress his opposition (cf. Jos. BJ 1, 92-95, AJ 13, 376-379). This historical episode is exceptional in that Demetrius III was the first king of Syria since Antiochus VII Sidetes to stand on Judean soil and, at that, as an ally of one of local religious groups. It is this fact that makes the event worth looking at through the lens of not only the confl ict between Alexander Jannaeus and the Pharisees, but also of Demetrius III's objectives in interfering in Judea's internal affairs.

13

Československá účast na Všeruské výstavě selského hospodářství a domácího průmyslu v Moskvě v roce 1923

51%

Marek M.

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nr 2

153-177

EN

This essay analyses the Czechoslovak attendance in the All-Russian Exhibition of Peasant Farming and Domestic Industry in Moscow, 1923. It concentrates on initiatives of Czechoslovak companies and motives, which led the Soviets to attract exhibitors from foreign firms. Sufficient amount of prompt information often determined participation in the exhibition. Thus the study analyses the origin, content and amount of information, which the firms received and potential activity, which they executed in order to acquire the relevant information.

14

FEW NOTES ABOUT EXPERIENCE OF HISTORY, ON THE MARGINS OF THE POEM WRITTEN BY WISLAWA SZYMBORSKA, 'END AND BEGINNING' (Kilka uwag o doswiadczeniu historii na marginesie wiersza 'Koniec i poczatek' Wislawy Szymborskiej)

51%

Zmudzka-Brodnicka M.

Colloquium Wydziału Nauk Humanistycznych i Społecznych AMW

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2010

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nr 2

289-308

EN

The article is inspired by poem The End and the Beginning written by Wislawa Szymborska, who claims that history is constantly repeated emanation of evil and human suffering. So to live after tragic events, we need to forget about. The article analyses a change in the understanding of a category of experience and identity in humanities and social science. Modern understanding of human being in terms of temporal being, not in terms of substance, that develops over the whole period of its existence caused changes in the understanding category of memory and oblivion. Memory is narrative construction, and the oblivion is included in.

15

Od reorganizace k reorganizaci. Role časopisu Byzantinoslavica ve vývoji české byzantologie v letech 1945–1970

51%

Havlíková L.

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2012

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tom 98

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nr 1-2

189-207

EN

The author’s intention is to present an overview of the history of the Czech Byzantine studies after the Second World War based on the archival documents, because this topic was not examined yet in the Czech historiography. The post-war reality and changes of political system in Czechoslovakia after February 1948 were negative reflected in the Czechoslovak byzantinology. The author describes a situation on the field of Czech Byzantine studies in Prague between the years 1945 and 1970, in which the Byzantine studies, including history, history of art, philology, philosophy, and archaeology, were studied in the Slavonic Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences suspended in 1963, and at the Charles University in Prague. She dedicates a man part of her contribution to the explication of the importance of Byzantinoslavica, the international journal for Byzantine studies, in the post-war Czech byzantinology and history and the importance of Byzantine studies for the cultural and scientific development European nations and peoples.

16

Cierpienie: cena, jaką płacimy za historię

51%

Werner W.

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2010

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nr 1

69-73

EN

The article deals with the problem of suffering considered as the intrinsic part of historical consciousness. Historical consciousness, interpreted here as a way of thinking and not only as the subject of thinking (i.e. historical knowledge), is connected with the individual perspective. The individual awareness puts the great burden of responsibility on the singular (and thinking historically) man. As people of historical culture we believe that our future is determined by our previous acts and decisions. Therefore, suffering is the result of the gap between ‘is’ and ‘ought to be’, for which we feel responsible both as acting individuals and also as historical subjects.

17

Die „soziale Frage“ in der Habsburgermonarchie im zeitgenössischen gesellschaftwissenschaftlichen Diskurs

51%

Drobesch W.

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nr 1

1-12

EN

The social question was a substantial aspect of the transformation of the feudal agrarian country into a modern industrial society and of the related dissolution of the patriarchal system of rule and care. Therefore, it cannot be reduced, as is often the case, to mere pauperism and the workers’ question. The social question meant something more and embraced a wide range of facets. From the Great Depression of 1873 at the latest it was apparent that the social conditions constituted a problem concerning the whole society. That means that not only the problems of industry workers, but also those of trade and small business, as well as of agriculture and of the new middle class of white-collar workers were viewed much more than before as parts of the social question. Associated with this was also the discussion on the form of social system. Although the Austrian Empire in July 1914 was still far from being a social state, major steps were taken in that direction by the legislation and government trying to carry through social theoretical postulates. In spite of the fact that their effectiveness was declining under the conditions of permanent political crisis after 1900, the legislation showed that the Austrian Empire, irrespective of the escalating nationalist disputes, was reformable. Eventually, however, all hopes placed by the governments and the forces endeavoring to preserve the state proved false. The vision of national state appeared to be much more attractive to the political protagonists as well as to the political public than the utopia of modern social state.

18

BÁBKARSKÁ BYSTRICA 2014

51%

Čujová F.

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nr 1

62 – 71

EN

This text deals with the 19th year of the international festival of puppet theatre Bábkarská Bystrica 2014. It situates it in the broader context of how the festival has received its current form. The oldest puppet theatre festival in Slovakia currently focuses on contemporary theatre works as well as authorial theatre. It continues to have the ambition to bring a wide range of genres and themes to as many different audiences and age groups as possible. As the repertoires of theatres in Slovakia and the neighbouring V4 countries reveal, Bábkarská Bystrica is successful in spreading the tradition that it has created. It can be seen in the wide and inspiring range of puppet theatre productions aimed at adults which present an alternative to dramatic theatre.

19

POST LEUCOTOMY SYNDROMES - AN ATTEMPT AT A CURRENT APPRAISAL

51%

Steuden M.

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tom 14

125-139

EN

Prefrontal leucotomy was a neurosurgical treatment procedure widely used in people with mental diseases in the 50's of the previous century. This provided ample empirical material documenting the behaviour of persons with operationally induced lesions in the frontal lobes of the brain. Since the surgical procedure affected strictly specified areas of the patients, several separate syndromes of symptoms can be distinguished. This diversity can be attributed to multiple causes, such as different primary diseases in patients undergoing the operation or the severity of various clinical syndromes, which is associated with different impact the syndromes exerted on the structure and the function of the brain and this could be more powerful than the very effect of leucotomy - serious brain damage. It is possible to analyse individual character of cerebral - psychic relationships in the patients undergoing the operation. It is also possible to notice the similarity between the behaviour of the people after leucotomy with the features of schizoid, narcissist, borderline and posttraumatic behaviours.

20

OBRAZ TRANSFORMÁCIE DIVADELNEJ SIETE V SLOVENSKEJ REPUBLIKE

51%

Podmaková D.

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nr 4

382 - 392

EN

The paper addresses a number of topics related to the theatre transformation in Slovakia. As early as the 1980s, at the time of the command economy, the objective of this theatrical experiment was to enhance the economic prudence of the teams of creative professionals and an efficient and effective management of allocated appropriations and performance-based remuneration. After 1989 and transition to a market economy, multi-source funding was also debated in culture. When attempts to merge drama ensembles and various cultural institutions into larger institutions were made, there cropped up a problem of the availability of competent managers who would be able to manage institutions of various missions and an issue of scarce funding. The State made it possible to start private theatres by various founders, however, it failed to stipulate the terms and conditions of multi-source funding in a systemic way. It, too, failed to introduce the possibility of multi-year grant projects (for instance, three or five-year grant projects, which are commonly implemented abroad). Indeed, the theatre is a privileged type of entertainment of a small part of the population, however, it facilitates personal growth and creativity and it is a component part of drama therapy. It has not abandoned memory effect stereotypes (the allocation of state grants to culture), it has failed to set a rating system to evaluate concrete theatrical productions and their impact upon the audiences, despite the fact that a new paradigm of the theatre function and perception was introduced as an outcome of the development of society and a change in the percipient target group.