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EN
There are presented the results of investigations on the effect of dairy cattle maintenance system on the animal health and welfare. The paper is mainly focused on observations on the effect of cowshed bedding on animals' physiological state. Methodic of investigations was based on observing the cow herd in four farms during eight months. The animal maintenance technologies in these farms were different. Prior to investigations, the breeders were interviewed in respect of technical parameters in the buildings for livestock. The results of investigations proved that maintenance system, type of bedding and technical parameters of the livestock building influenced evaluation of cattle health and potential hazards expressed by injuries.
PL
Wpływ systemu utrzymania na wybrane aspekty zdrowotności bydła mlecznego. Celem pracy była ocena wpływu systemu utrzymania bydła mlecznego na stan zdrowia oraz dobrostan zwierząt. W pracy skupiono się głównie na obserwacji wpływu podłoża w oborze na stan fizjologiczny zwierząt. Metodyka badań opierała się na obserwacji stad krów w 4 gospodarstwach przez okres ośmiu miesięcy. Technologie utrzymania zwierząt w tych gospodarstwach były zróżnicowane. Przed przystąpieniem do badań przeprowadzono wywiady z hodowcami na temat parametrów technicznych budynków inwentarskich. Wyniki badań potwierdziły, że zarówno system utrzymania, rodzaj podłoża, jak i parametry techniczne budynku inwentarskiego wykazują wpływ na ocenę zdrowotności bydła i potencjalne zagrożenia wyrażane urazami ciała.
3
Content available The role of boron in animal health
88%
EN
Boron is a mineral used for various purposes in glass, ceramics, automotive and paint industries. Recently, boron has been confirmed to be an essential element for plants, animals and humans, although the knowledge of its biological effects is rather scanty. Boron is a dynamic trace element, and inorganic borates are transformed into boric acids and absorbed from mucosal surfaces, even when they are in low levels of physiological pH. It has been determined that boron affects many enzymes, bone development, mineralization, Ca, P, Mg and energy metabolism. Boron mineral compounds can be effective in optimizing the performance of an organism, treatment of bone structure disorders, reduction of cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Beside the effects it produces specifically on fat and lipid metabolisms, boron can influence the activity of vitamin D and affect some disorders connected with its deficiency. Although several studies on effects of boron on some mechanisms have been conducted over the last ten years, the available information remains insufficient.
EN
Recent literature data suggests that parasitic and fungal diseases, which pose a threat to both human and animal health, remain a clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic problem. Attention is increasingly paid to the role played by natural microbiota in maintaining homeostasis in humans. A particular emphasis is placed on the possibility of manipulating the human microbiota (permanent, transient, pathogenic) and macrobiota (e.g., Trichuris suis) to support the treatment of selected diseases such as Crohn’s disease, obesity, diabetes and cancer. Emphasis is placed on important medical species whose infections not only impair health but can also be life threatening, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Echinococcus multilocularis and Baylisascaris procyonis, which expand into areas which have so far been uninhabited. This article also presents the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic parasitoses imported from the tropics, which spread across large groups of people through human-to-human transmission (Enterobius vermicularis, Sarcoptes scabiei). It also discusses the problem of environmentally-conditioned parasitoses, particularly their etiological factors associated with food contaminated with invasive forms (Trichinella sp., Toxoplasma gondii). The analysis also concerns the presence of developmental forms of geohelminths (Toxocara sp.) and ectoparasites (ticks), which are vectors of serious human diseases (Lyme borreliosis, anaplasmosis, babesiosis), in the environment. Mycological topics contains rare cases of mycoses environmentally conditioned (CNS aspergillosis) and transmissions of these pathogens in a population of hospitalized individuals, as well as seeking new methods used to treat mycoses.
5
Content available Proper care of dogs from their owner’s perspective
88%
EN
Proper care of dogs from their owner's perspective. The aim of the study was to examine the level of awareness of dog owners regarding the needs of dogs and ways of providing them with proper care. In order to provide dogs with proper care one needs to consider both the specific requirements of the species, as well as the expectations of the owners. The owner (in Poland) awareness survey was carried out by means of an internet diagnostic survey. The survey was performed on a group of 424 people currently owning dogs. Surveyed were asked 12 questions. The results of the survey were processed statistically (SPSS 23.0 statistical package). In order to divide the respondents into groups of various awareness of dog welfare, a clustering analysis was performed using k-means clustering. In order to estimate the differences in several independent variable samples the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. The respondents attributed the largest weight to medical costs (0.847) and physical activity associated with owning a dog (0.844). They regarded the costs of keep least important (0.548). The differences were confirmed statistically. Already during the phase of making the decision about owning a dog the more aware persons search for information about the animal. Such people declare o greater weight of all elements of dog care associated with welfare. This relation is evident in case of grooming and providing the dog with walks. The obtained results of the survey show that the majority of the respondents are people knowing the needs of their dogs.
PL
Właściwa opieka nad psem z perspektywy właścicieli.Celem pracy było zbadanie poziomu świadomości właścicieli psów, na temat potrzeb psów i sposobu zapewnienia im właściwej opieki. Aby zapewnić psom odpowiednią opiekę należy wziąć pod uwagę zarówno specyficzne wymogi gatunku, jak i oczekiwania właścicieli. Badanie świadomości właścicieli przeprowadzono za pomocą internetowego sondażu diagnostycznego. Ankietę przeprowadzono w Polsce, na grupie 424 osób, aktualnie posiadających psy. Ankietowanym zadano 12 pytań. Wyniki ankiety opracowano statystycznie (pakiet statystyczny SPSS 23.0). W celu podzielenia respondentów na grupy o różnej świadomości w zakresie dobrostanu psów, zastosowano analizę skupień metodą k-średnich. Do oszacowania różnic w kilku próbach zmiennych niezależnych wykorzystano test Kruskala-Wallisa.Respondenci największą wagę przywiązywali do kosztów leczenia (0,847) i aktywności fizycznej związanej z posiadaniem psa (0,844). Za najmniej istotne uznali koszty utrzymania (0,548). Różnice zostały potwierdzone statystycznie. Już na etapie podejmowania decyzji o posiadaniu psa osoby bardziej świadome poszukują pełnych informacji o zwierzęciu. Takie osoby deklarują większą wagę wszystkich elementów opieki nad psem związanych z dobrostanem. Zależność ta jest wyraźna w przypadku pielęgnacji i zapewnienia psu spacerów. Uzyskane wyniki badania ankietowego wskazują, że większość respondentów to osoby znające potrzeby psów.
EN
The effect of feeding ration, enriched in synthetic and natural ß-carotene on the selectedindicators of health condition of the cows and on reproduction parameters. The studies were conducted on 40 Simmental cows, classified into 4 groups, 10 animals in each group. The experiment was performed since the 4th week before calving until 12 week of lactation. In group I (control), standard nutrition, based on grass silage and maize silage was employed. In group II 400 mg of synthetic ß-carotene/cow/day to the ration was introduced. In group III, a part of maize silage was replaced by pumpkin silage in such ratio as to receive by 400 mg higher intake of natural ß-carotene/cow/day as compared to group I. The rations in group IV were not balanced in respect of the content of ß-carotene; there was only the replacement of 60% DM of maize silage by the pumpkin silage in this group. During the studies, blood samples were collected: to 5 hours after calving and on 4 and 12 week of lactation. Milk samples were collected on 4, 8 and 12 week of lactation and on 23 day after the first insemination. Morphological parameters of blood and concentration of ß-hydroxy-butyric acid in blood serum were analysed. In milk, somatic cell count and the level of progesterone on 23 day after insemination were determined. In group I during the following measurements were found the lowest levels of part of the morphological parameters of blood: after calving the lowest level of RBC (significant difference compared to group II), at 4th week of lactation the lowest level of HCT, and at 12 week of lactation RBC and HCT. The significant differences in somatic cell count in the milk, were recorded in the 8th week of lactation –significantly higher in group I as compared to group III. The significant differences between the groups in respect of BHM acid concentration was found only after calving. The highest BHM level occurred in the cows from group I and it was significantly higher in relation to group II and IV. In the cows from groups II, III and IV, the first heat occurred earlier; these animals had also shorter inter-gestation period. Also, the progesterone level, as determined on 23 day after insemination, was higher in the milk of cows from groups II, III and IV as compared to the animals from group I.
PL
Wpływ dawki pokarmowej wzbogaconej w syntetyczny lub naturalny β-karoten na wybrane wskaźniki stanu zdrowia krów oraz parametry rozrodu.Badania przeprowadzono na 40 krowach rasy simentale, podzielonych na 4 grupy po 10 osobników. Doświadczenie prowadzono od 4 tygodnia przed planowanym wycieleniem do 12 tygodnia laktacji. W grupie I (kontrolnej) stosowano standardowe żywienie oparte na kiszonce z traw i kiszonce z kukurydzy. W grupie II wprowadzono dodatek do dawki 400 mg syntetycznego ß-karotenu/krowę/dzień. W grupie III zastępowano część kiszonki z kukurydzy kiszonką z dyni, tak aby uzyskać w porównaniu do grupy I wyższe o 400 mg pobranie naturalnego ß-karotenu/krowę/dzień. Dawki w grupie IV nie bilansowano pod kątem zawartości β-karotenu, a przyjęto w niej zastąpienie 60% s.m. kiszonki z kukurydzy kiszonką z dyni. W trakcie badań od krów pobierano krew: do 5 godzin po wycieleniu w 4, 12 tygodniu laktacji. Próbki mleka pobierano w 4, 8 i 12 tygodniu laktacji oraz w 23 dniu po pierwszej inseminacji. Analizowano parametry morfologiczne krwi oraz w surowicy stężenie kwasu β-hydroksymasłowego. W mleku oznaczono liczbę komórek somatycznych oraz poziom progesteronu w 23 dniu po inseminacji. W grupie I podczas kolejnych pomiarów stwierdzono najniższe poziomy części parametrów morfologicznych krwi. Po wycieleniu najniższy poziom RBC (istotna różnica w stosunku do grupy II), w 4 tygodniu laktacji najniższy poziom HCT, a w 12 tygodniu laktacji RBC i HCT. Różnice między grupami w zawartości komórek somatycznych w mleku stwierdzono w 8 tygodniu laktacji - istotnie więcej w grupie I w porównaniu do III. Istotne różnice między grupami w stężeniu kwasu BHM w surowicy stwierdzono tylko po wycieleniu. Najwyższy poziom BHM występował u krów z grupy I i był istotnie wyższy w stosunku do grupy II i IV. U krów z grup II, III i IV w porównaniu do I wcześniej wystąpiła I ruja, a także miały one krótszy okres międzyciążowy. Również oznaczony w 23 dniu po inseminacji poziom progesteronu wyższy był w mleku krów z grup II, III i IV w porównaniu do krów z grupy I.
IT
L’articolo si propone di rispondere alla domanda se le regolazioni giuridiche adottate a livello dell’UE e a quello nazionale siano utili alla tutela della salute degli animali e se garantiscano l’uso sicuro degli antibiotici nella produzione animale. Nella parte conclusiva, l’autrice afferma che le norme di legge vigenti determinano in modo chiaro le situazioni, d’altronde tassativamente indicate, in cui è ammissibile ricorrere all’uso degli antibiotici, al di là delle quali esso è vietato e può comportare sanzioni specifiche. Tuttavia, le suddette norme non sono rispettate. Non servono, quindi, a proteggere la salute degli animali e non portano a stimolare in misura adeguata il loro impiego sicuro. Sembra che la scarsa efficacia delle regolazioni giuridiche, adottate sia a livello dell’UE che a quello nazionale, sia da correlare alla debolezza dei controlli effettuati e ad un troppo facile accesso agli antibiotici.
EN
The purpose of the considerations is to answer the question whether the legal regulations adopted at the EU and national level serve to protect animal health and allow for safe use of antibiotics in animal production. The authoress concludes that the legal standards currently in force unequivocally determine the admissibility of the use of antibiotics in enumerated situations, outside of which their use is prohibited and carries a risk of a specific sanction. However, these standards are not observed. Thus, they do not serve to protect animal health and only to a limited extent stimulate their safe use in production. It seems that the weakness of controls and an easy access to antibiotics are responsible for the low effectiveness of the legal regulations adopted both at the EU and national level.
PL
Artykuł stanowi odpowiedź na pytanie, czy przyjęte na poziomie unijnym normy prawne służą ochronie zdrowia zwierząt oraz pozwalają na bezpieczne stosowanie antybiotyków w produkcji zwierzęcej. Podjęto w nim także próbę ustalenia i oceny krajowych rozwiązań prawnych w tym zakresie oraz wskazania kierunków koniecznych zmian w realizowanej polityce rolnej UE. W efekcie stwierdzono, że obowiązujące normy prawne jednoznacznie określają dopuszczalność stosowania antybiotyków w enumeratywnie wskazanych sytuacjach, poza którymi ich używanie jest zabronione i grozi sankcją, ale nie zawsze są przestrzegane. Nie służą więc ochronie zdrowia zwierząt i w ograniczonym zakresie są bezpiecznie stosowane w produkcji. Niska skuteczność przyjętej na poziomie unijnym i krajowym regulacji wiąże się prawdopodobnie ze słabością prowadzonych kontroli oraz łatwym dostępem do antybiotyków.
12
Content available Prawo o zdrowiu zwierząt
71%
IT
L’articolo si propone di affrontare le questioni relative all’attuazione di soluzioni giuridiche dell’UE nell’ambito della sanità animale, con l’intento di valutare la regolazione già adottata, volta a realizzare il pacchetto di misure sulla sanità animale (del 2013), nonché di indicare proposte di modifiche da applicare alla legislazione nazionale in questo settore. La nuova regolazione in materia di sanità animale implica la necessità di modificare o abrogare molte disposizioni nazionali, i quali disciplinano l’eradicazione delle malattie degli animali, in particolare quelle che recepiscono direttive e decisioni abrogate. Gli strumenti giuridiciivi previsti dovrebbero contribuire al completamento del mercato interno e a prevenire ladiffusione di malattie infettive, presupponendo che essa consenta di preservare, per quanto maggiormente possibile, l’attuale stato di salute degli animali.
EN
The subject of the article is the issues related to the implementation of EU legal solutions concerning the protection of the health of farm animals, while the purpose of the considerations is to evaluate the legal regulation adopted to implement the package of measures aimed at animal health that have been in place since 2013, and propose the direction of necessary changes in the national legislation in this area. The new animal health legislation entails the amendment or repeal of a number of national provisions on animal disease control, in particular those which were transpositions of directives and EU decisions now repealed. The legal instruments provided for in the regulation are expected to contribute to the achievement of a fully integrated internal market and to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, provided that the existing animal health status is maintained as far as possible.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są zagadnienia związane z wdrażaniem unijnych rozwiązań prawnych w zakresie ochrony zdrowia zwierząt hodowlanych, natomiast celem rozważań jest ocena regulacji prawnej przyjętej w celu wdrożenia pakietu działań na rzecz zdrowia zwierząt, istnieją od 2013 r. i proponują kierunek niezbędnych zmian w ustawodawstwie krajowym w tym zakresie. Nowe przepisy dotyczące zdrowia zwierząt pociągają za sobą zmianę lub uchylenie wielu przepisów krajowych dotyczących zwalczania chorób zwierząt, w szczególności tych, które były transpozycją dyrektyw i uchylonych obecnie decyzji UE. Oczekuje się, że instrumenty prawne przewidziane w rozporządzeniu przyczynią się do osiągnięcia w pełni zintegrowanego rynku wewnętrznego i zapobiegania rozprzestrzenianiu się chorób zakaźnych, pod warunkiem utrzymania w miarę możliwości obecnego stanu zdrowia zwierząt.
EN
Introduction. Inaudible but ubiquitous environmental infrasound undoubtedly affects the frame of mind and health of humans. Objective. The object of the study is to prove that civil engineering objects can be sources of infrasound, and a review of the literature on effects of infrasound on the health of people and animals. Methods. Computer simulation of an air flow around a typical element of outdoor infrastructure. The simulation was carried out using the author’s computer programme, based on Discrete Vortex Method algorithms. Results and conclusions. The numerical experiment clearly proved that industrial objects can be sources of infrasonic noise during windy weather. The picture of air flow around a cylinder shows that regular turbulent motion is a source of sound with one dominating frequency. The sound once generated propagate far from its source. Frequency and intensity of the sound depends on wind velocity and shape of the object. Further research in this area are advisable.
EN
Staphylococci are the main aetiological factor of bovine mastitis in many dairy herds. Traditionally, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were considered a normal skin microbiota. Lately the role of CNS in bovine mastitis has increased, as in some countries these pathogens had started to outnumber other mastitis aetiological factors. Given the scale of mastitis problems, the intensive use of antibiotics in dairy cattle, the number of animals and the consumption of milk products there is an urgent need to highlight the threat to both human and animal health originating from CNS. The knowledge of how CNS mastitis develops, spreads in herd and persists is limited. Bovine strains of CNS are poorly characterised; moreover, they are characterised mainly in terms of phenotypes. This review summarises knowledge on the characterisation of CNS strains, stressing the role of the bacterial genotype, in the context of the risk to human and animal health. Selected CNS virulence factors that play a role during mastitis in dairy cattle are listed and described in this paper. They have been selected subjectively by the authors in view of their significance for public health (toxins, antimicrobial resistance) and their importance for animal health (formation of biofilm, prevention of phagocytosis intracellular survival) and mastitis outcome.
EN
Animal by-products of category 3 after proper processing may be a valuable fertilizer for agricultural purposes. However, they can contain numerous bacterial and viral pathogens and, in cases of improper handling, may pose a health risk for people and animals. This study is aimed at monitoring the number of fecal streptococci introduced into carriers of different types imitating fragments of meat and bone wastes during composting process in a drum bio-reactor. Fecal streptococci are indicator microorganisms, and are known by their thermoresistant characteristics, so it was assumed that their elimination will also diminish the pathogenic microorganisms present in wastes. Three research cycles were carried out in a drum-type bio-reactor, and a different course of temperature was noted in each of them. In cycle 1, in which the temperature exceeded 60ºC, fecal streptococci died the fastest, 139.0-154.4 hours later (depending on carrier type). In cycles 2 and 3, maximum temperatures were similar (57.2ºC and 58.8ºC, respectively), but secondary multiplication of the streptococci in the 102nd hour of the processes was observed. In cycle 2 at this time their number was similar to the level of initial suspension. The type and size of the carriers were of no major importance to streptococci survival in the bio-reactor. Yet in each of the cycles analyzed, effective reduction was accomplished and the product obtained can be considered to be environmentally safe.
EN
Despite the unfavourable influence of mycotoxins on human and animal health and few toxi- cological aspects that have been documented, about these biologically active substances has not been explored. Aiming at more knowledge and a better understanding of the effects and mechanism of mycotoxin action in mammals would provide the basics for developing strategies to restrain different mycotoxicoses. One of the processes not fully understood is biotransformation, to which mycotoxins are subjected the animal organism. Biotransformation is the conversion of mycotoxins to non-toxic metabolites and occurs mostly in the intestinal mucosal membrane and liver, although other tissues and systems also take part in this process. Mycotoxin biotransformation reactions can be considered bioinactivation or detoxication, but mycotoxin biotransformation processes could also result in products more toxic than the mycotoxin. It can be concluded from research studies that our knowledge of mycotoxin biotransformation is scarce.
EN
Antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria isolated from nasal swabs and lungs of pigs, to 16 commonly used antibiotics, was determined by disc diffusion test, ß-lactams showed the best activity against Streptococcus suis (S. suis) (> 99% of susceptible strains). The lowest sensitivity of S. suis was evidenced to: tylosin, tetracycline and neomycin (50%, 40% and 25%, respectively). Isolates of Escherichia coli (E. coli) demonstrated the highest susceptibility to cephalosporin (85% strains), gentamicin and norfloxacin (over 74%). The lowest susceptibility of E. coli was demonstrated to tiamulin and penicillin (11.3% and 1.9%, respectively). Over 80% of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. The highest resistance of App, but demonstrated by below 20% of tested isolates only, was evidenced to neomycin and LxS. Isolates of Pasteurella multocida (Pm), Haemophilus parasuis (Hps) and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (A. pyogenes) were highly susceptible to the most antibiotics included in the analysis. The comparison of the in vitro susceptibility of pathogens to the chemotherapeutics used on Polish farms for the therapy of bacterial infection of pigs within the last five years and the last 10 years, showed an increasing percent of E. coli and S. suis strains resistant to commonly used antibiotics. It is also shown that Pm, Hps, App and A. pyogenes isolates were continuously susceptible to the most chemotherapeutics applied.
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