Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Rise and fall; Changes in hierarchical position of the Hungarian cities in the 20th century

100%

Beluszky P. , Gyory R.

Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)

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2004

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tom 18

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nr 1

1-42

EN

In order to survey the changes in the settlement pattern, this essay compares the results of empirical hierarchy research carried out for the years 1910, 1965, 1995, 2000, with those of the analysis that was made for specifying the quantitative characteristics of urban functions. Considering the results, we can state that 20th century urbanization did not result in a spectacular increase in the number of settlements with urban functions, and that the structure of the urban hierarchy appeared to be stable for the last century - even if the composition of certain hierarchy levels was altered. We called particular attention to the cities falling back in their hierarchy position (e.g. Sátoraljaújhely, Balassagyarmat, Jászberény, Makó, Mohács etc.) Industrialization, agglomeration and tourism were the three major incentives that caused rise within the urban hierarchy in the 20th century.

2

The Aggeres and the Rise of Urban Communities in Early Iron Age Latium

100%

Ziolkowski A.

Archeologia

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2005

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tom 56

31-51

EN

The author discusses material signs of the birth of the city in Latium. First, there is a critical examination of the notion of 'proto-urbanisation' and the methods used by its partisans to determine the '(proto-)urban' character of Latial settlements of the Early Iron Age. Second, it is argued that the rise of urban communities in the region is signalled by the appearance during the 8th century of centres protected by powerful earthen ramparts, the aggeres, and vice versa - that every centre thus protected was originally an urban community.

3

Globalization and the social structure of the metropolitan areas

100%

Szirmai V.

Szociologiai Szemle (Sociological Review)

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2004

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nr 4

3-24

EN

This study examines how the social structure of the European and Hungarian Metropolitan areas changes. Our analysis demonstrates the relationship between the new trends of urbanization, the spreading of the global economy and the reorganized society of the Metropolitans. Based on the main stream of the international and national researches and statistical analyses, an overview is presented on the areal effects of the global economic and historical trends, the differences between the areal social structures due to different economical development of the urban centers and their surrounding area, the social inequalities between the urban centers and their surrounding area.

4

Prostor města a jeho fázový růst v českých zemích od konce 19. století

100%

Semotanová E.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2010

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tom 36

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nr 2

225-254

EN

The issue of phased growth of the town space depending on the number of inhabitants, the development and profile formation of the town in the region and on penetration of towns into the landscape around them opens up a number of questions and problems in the research in relation to the historici land use, economic history and demography. An unusual dimension of research is offered by the study of the picture of historical landscape during individual phases of town expansion all the way to the current sub-urbanizing processes based on comparative map sources of the Czech lands since the second half of the 18th century.

5

Regionalne zróżnicowanie rozwoju miast we Francji

100%

Dorocki S.

Barometr Regionalny. Analizy i prognozy

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2012

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nr 3(29)

13-32

EN

The 20th and 21st centuries are the periods of urbanization. In 2008, for the first time the world’s urban population exceeded 50%. This process is driven mainly by technological, economic and social changes. In the case of Europe, “metropolitan Europe” has already become a commonly used name. However, the question arises as to whether the processes of urbanization take place with the same intensity throughout Europe and if there are any regional differences in these changes. This paper attempts to present regional differences in the development of cities in France. As an indicator of development the changes of city population have been adopted. The analysis was based on the number of urban population in France in the years 1965–2007. The analysis of these changes was carried out in relation to various administrative units: regions, departments, units and urban agglomerations (unité urbaine). After analising the changes of the degree of urbanization of regions an attempt was made to create a model of urban development in various regions of France and, on this basis, forecast their future growth. Finally, selected indicators of socio-economic changes have been compared with the rate of urban population changes. This has been aimed at verifying the influence of individual factors on contemporary processes of urbanization.

6

The application of the Coleman-model in residential environmental research

88%

Foldi Z.

Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)

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2004

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tom 18

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nr 1

43-58

EN

In the paper a possible theoretical approach of residential environmental research is outlined. The paper also deals with the application of the resulted model in the case of concrete neighbourhoods. The model is based on the Coleman system behaviour model, which emphasizes the fact that the macro level changes always happen with the 'mediation' of the micro level. The decisions brought on the micro level under the conditions set on the macro level add up on the aggregate level again and produce a new structure in society and space. The aim of the research the model is used in is to explain the differences in the trajectories of different residential areas of originally nearly the same age, architectural design and social composition in Budapest. In the applied twinning residential environment dynamics model the classic Coleman-model is doubled. It is due to the necessity of combining the individual mobility and investment mobility trends, that together give dynamism to the neighbourhoods and other larger or smaller scale spatial units of residential function. Besides the general model a neighbourhood specific application of the model is presented on the rehabilitation process of Middle - Józsefváros, a classic downgrading area, where a few years ago a large scale renewal process was initiated.

7

The highways and urban development

88%

Toth G.

Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)

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2004

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tom 18

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nr 2

37-50

EN

Spatial structure of a part of cities in the USA is determined by highways. Usually, the impact of motorways only modified the spatial structure of cities in Europe. Another important role of motorways can be observed in respect of suburbanisation. A relatively new phenomenon is the emergence of edge cities. Overgrowth of suburbanisation has several harmful impacts which many think are in connection with motorways. However, to counterbalance their impacts is a very important task. Our paper is a short review of these issues.

8

Additions to the question of economic suburbanisation

88%

Koos B.

Ter es Tarsadalom (Space and Society)

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2004

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tom 18

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nr 1

59-72

EN

After the political-economic transition in Hungary the strict rules of the market economy enforced a rapid adaptation to these new conditions. One aspect of this adaptation is the re-examination of the firms' location. In consequence of this relocation the preceding high (urban) concentration of the economic activity has been reducing since the relocating firms prefer suburban location to rural or urban sites.

9

Antropologia miasta – urbanizacja, przestrzen i relacje spoleczne

75%

Poblocki K.

Lud

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2011

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tom 95

69-90

EN

This paper discusses the tensions between empirical and theoretical analyses of the city. It argues that a distinction between "anthropology of the city" and "anthropology in the city" ought to be made. The former aims at understanding the city as a whole, while the latter is based upon participant observation and classic fieldwork wherein the "urban experience" is studied in a first-hand fashion. While there is a veritable anthropological tradition of studies in the urban milieu, there is not enough adequate theoretical discussion on understanding the city as a whole. The failure of the research project led by Rem Koolhaas in Nigerian Lagos is an apt example of what is called "naive urban anthropology", where the two are confused. After presenting and critiquing Koolhaas' research, this paper argues that in order to develop a more theoretical understanding of urbanization one needs to follow in the wake of urban theory devised by David Harvey and Neil Smith. It argues that most predicaments in urban theory stem from the domination of thinking within the confines of the paradigm of "absolute space". The paper gives a historical account of the emergence of absolute space, and then shows how it has been eclipsed by both relative and relational spaces. It shows how Harvey's inverted ontology, giving primacy to space and not to place, can alleviate some of the current shortcomings of urban anthropology, and how the theoretical perspective ought to be complimented with anthropological studies of the emergent new "urban ways of life" in contemporary cities.

10

PODOBY VEĽKOMESTA A MALOMESTA V SLOVENSKEJ LITERATÚRE NA PRELOME 19. A 20. STOROČIA (ÚVODNÉ POZNÁMKY K TÉME)

75%

Hučková D.

Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)

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2011

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tom 58

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nr 6

505 – 521

EN

A town as a literary setting began to be used more often in Slovak literature in the period of Realism, in about the 1870s. Increasing use of town as a motif was writers´ response to the new situation in the society and culture, which occurred as a result of the contemporary modernization, which also included new phenomena of urbanization and the related changes of lifestyle. The literary depiction differentiated between town (mainly Slovak environment) and city (most often Budapest, sometimes Prague and very rarely Vienna). The town was presented as ours, Slovak, whereas city as strange – that is unfamiliar (in terms of topography), different (with regard to the customs and morals), unknown (as for the language). Although the traditional Slovak opposition concept domestic – strange always contained an element of a priori assessment, where the domestic definitely meant the positive and the strange mostly associated with the negative, the connotations of the town/city were not just black and white. The ´black-and-white spectrum´ was present there but it only functioned as a starting point whose significance was further reviewed or openly questioned within the changes of the genre. That way the original preconceived idea (either positive or negative) gradually developed into its opposite: originally idealized domestic town had to face criticism for its petit bourgeois character and superficiality (Jégé, Jesenský), and on the contrary traditionally disapproved city (namely Budapest) could be experienced as enriching even domesticated environment (Daniel Bachát-Dumný, Belo Klein-Tesnoskalský, Samuel Czambel). Although the contemporary literature placed weight on the realistic depiction of the world, its first and foremost intention was not to depict towns and cities realistically but to present ideologically motivated concepts of town and city being either a minority-friendly (acceptable), or dangerous (unacceptable) place.

11

Od prostorové integrace k segregaci a zpět – vztah měst a průmyslu na příkladu Prahy

75%

Kupka J.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2011

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tom 37

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nr 1

131-151

EN

The relationship between the industry and a town, or specifically the production and housing has gone through dramatic development during the past two centuries. Various tendencies became apparent in the theory and in the urbanistic practice. The integration of functions was apparent in a pre-industrial town at the beginning; this resulted in serious problems and a “collapse” of a traditional town as the industry grew dynamically during the “Gründerzeit“. In response, towns were criticized and effort was made to fully segregate functions. In the second half of the 20th century the schematic application of mono-functional areas was justifiably criticized and “reason-able” integration was required again after the transfer to polyfunctional units and complex solutions to towns.

12

Geograficzne podstawy tożsamości kulturowej współczesnego Lublina

75%

Rodzoś J.

Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia

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2012

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tom 7

305-332

EN

A city’s identity should be understood in terms of a set of characteristic features that distinguish it from any other city and underscore its uniqueness. Such unique identity is defined by several factors such as urban landscape, architecture, natural environment, economy and public life. Uniqueness can be achieved either through unmistakable landmarks and phenomena, or through a peculiar combination of objects, not necessarily unique in themselves. Uniqueness may be reflected in the city’s physiognomy, its urban landscape, the specific character of individual sights, as well as people’s awareness, their behaviour and different systems of values. Determining the city’s identity is a long-term, historic process. In the case of Lublin, the geographical conditions that shape the city’s cultural identity are very characteristic. The dynamic landscape and the presence of three river valleys have resulted in a specific spatial display and urban planning. This concerns both older and newer districts. Said conditions are all reflected in Lublin’s urban landscape, green areas arrangement, transport routes, and many other elements. The city is located in a peripheral, agricultural region, which translates into social structure, different systems of values of the city’s inhabitants, as well as into the city’s economy, which inextricably linked with the agricultural character of the Lubelszczyzna region.

13

Ekonomiczne skutki koncentracji ludnosci i działalnosci gospodarczej w roznych skalach geograficznych

75%

Adamowicz M.

Wieś i Rolnictwo

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2011

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nr 4(153)

41-60p

EN

The paper discusses development problems and challenges posed by the increasing concentration of population and economic activity on the international, national, regional and local scale. The processes of urbanization and concentration of population and economic activity in development centers and, especially, large cities progress dynamically until the moment that the income per head reaches the level of about USD 3,500. Then, they slow down and spread into the neighboring areas. Demographic concentration is faster than economic concentration and the pace and scale of convergence processes vary. The convergence of consumption indicators takes place faster than the convergence of any other economic development indicators, and the convergence of the standards of living as well as the concentration of economic activity occur most swiftly on the local scale. In step with economic growth location becomes less crucial for households but more and more important for businesses. A suitable instrument for measuring demographic and economic densities is the agglomeration index.

14

SOCIO-PRIESTOROVÉ PREMENY VIDIECKYCH SÍDIEL NA SLOVENSKU V ZAČIATKOCH 21. STOROČIA – SOCIOLOGICKÁ REFLEXIA

75%

Falťan Ľ.

Sociológia (Sociology)

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2019

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tom 51

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nr 2

95 – 114

EN

The transformation of rural communities in Slovakia was also reflected in the architectural and urban design of rural settlements. Changes in the architectural and urban design of rural settlements reflect the ongoing socio-structural changes in rural communities. However, these socio-structural and architectural-urbanistic changes have different intensity and different forms in various regions of Slovakia. At present, local development transformations are not only conditional on the needs and ambitions of the local population, but also on the new "players" of development processes - the new homeowners, the stakeholder groups in the manufacturing sector and the service sector, such as investors (developers) in the area of housing. This is particularly intense in suburbanized areas of large cities. It brings a whole range of positive but also problematic social and spatial processes, forming rural space. In a number of cases, this also significantly changes the character and expression of rural settlements and rural landscapes.

15

CONTENTUAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES OF THE CITY CENTRE (Obsahove a funkcne zmeny centra mesta - moderne a tradicne, alebo hladanie novej tvare centra)

63%

Darulova J.

Slovenský národopis (Slovak Ethnology)

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2010

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tom 58

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nr 2

159-176

EN

Since 1889 the central areas of Slovak towns have undergone striking changes in content and function. One may rate positively the exclusion of traffic and the introduction of pedestrian zones where the commercial and social-cultural potential of the town is normally concentrated. This has created opportunities for meeting, casual trade and social contacts. Based on research on the changes of content and function in the centre of Banska Bystrica, one may say that the historic memory of the town has come into confrontation with the new contents, meanings and symbols immediately present in the town's central areas. The nodes of communication are gradually changing in the process of transformation, while at the same time modernisation fills with new contents above all those 'vacated places' which were distinctively marked by socialism in the recent past. Freedom of enterprise, free trade and the market mechanism have permitted new elements and processes to penetrate to the town spaces, visible in the ethnicity of shopkeepers and business executives as well as in the massive inrush of hypermarkets and shopping centres. A positive phenomenon is the fact that in the process of rebuilding the square and its adjoining streets the original historic character of the town centre has been preserved and courtyards have been opened up and made accessible to the public, with suitable building extensions for small shops and enterprises. However, the construction of a commercial-social centre situated in the vicinity of the pedestrian zone has disrupted many of the square's functions and much commercial and social activity has transferred itself to this new complex.

16

EAST SLOVAKIAN IRONWORKS AND SELECTED DEMOGRAPHIC INDEXES OF THE CITY OF KOŠICE FROM 1960 TO1989. PART I.: POPULATION MOVEMENT

63%

Sáposová Z. , Bobková M.

Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied

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2016

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tom 19

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nr 4

-

EN

Based on the decision of the Czechoslovak government, on the 1st April 1959 the memorandum establishing the national company Východoslovenské železiarne – East Slovakian Ironworks – was signed. On the 4th January 1960, the construction of the metallurgical plant started in the administrative area of the villages Šaca, Veľká Ida, Sokoľany, Haniska and Bočiar. The city became a centre of heavy industry and - due to the open positions - also a target of internal migration. The East Slovakian Ironworks changed the image and the character of Košice. This study aims to research the relationship of the demographic and economic phenomena in Košice during the construction of the East Slovakian Ironworks and in the following period, during the era of socialism. This paper, researching the connection of population and economics, is separated into two parts. The first part of the study deals with the impact of the economy on migration, while the other deals with the population structure. This first part of the study focuses on migration of the population of the city during the erection and operation of the East Slovakian Ironworks from 1960 to 1989. In addition to migration, this introductory part of the study presents also the main characteristics of socialist industrialisation, as well as the basic information concerning the reasons of constructing the plant in Košice. The present study presents also a number of research issues concerning the historic demography of the city of Košice in the period of socialism, requiring deeper analysis. Unfortunately, the historical demographic developments of the population of the city, occurring during the second half of the 20th century (similarly to the other eras) have not been sufficiently processed yet. The existing scientific publications mostly deal only with Slovakia as a whole, or, eventually, with other regions (Tišliar P.; Šprocha B.; Bleha B., Vaňo B.; Matlovič R., Mládek J.) while focusing on a part of the problem, such as a specific decade, a census, a selected element of the population structure, or some economic or political factors influencing population demography. Serious works concerning the population of the city have been published; however, from a geographer's point of view. After the World War II, Slovakia was one of the undeveloped agricultural regions with high hidden unemployment and lack of jobs in the industry and in the other sectors of the economy. Industrialisation, as performed in Slovakia, rooted in the Soviet model, thus socialist development focused primarily on heavy industry (such as metallurgy, production of arms, machinery). The development of heavy industry was supported also by the Slovak politicians and national economy experts, who requested the establishment of multiple works of this kind, claiming that these would provide opportunities for work and a base for the processing industry.

17

The tale of the landscape in the Czech lands in the 19th century

63%

Vyskočil A.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2012

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tom 38

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nr 1

119-142

EN

The study describes the transformation of the Czech lands in the course of the 19th century. In an overview, it introduces the process of transformation of a landscape shaped primarily by the baroque period into an industrial landscape. It notes individual processes, which significantly impacted landscape structures (such as industrialization, urbanization, development of transportation infrastructure etc.). It points to the transformation of the way in which land was used. It also notes the different kinds of environmental impact and the loss of landscape identity as well as reactions to these negative phenomena (nature preservation, tourism, public green areas).