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EN
The paper describes several modernization aspects of a three-staged synthesis gas radial turbo compressor. The principal aim was to adapt the machine to new working conditions, resulting from the current state-of-art production technology. The required discharge pressure was changed from 21.1 MPa to 14 MPa. The paper covers the discussion on the scope of modernization, its variants and the final variant choice. It provides review of the thermodynamic calculation methodology, dedicated test stand results and also some of the on-site acceptance tests. The revamped compressor is in continuous service since October 2015.
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Content available remote Trends in the modernization of armoured weapons. The PT-91M2 tank
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EN
The article describes the project to modernize the tanks of the T-72 series, presented for the first time at the International Defence Industry Exhibition - Kielce 2017 (MSPO 2017). The specifications of the proposed versions of the modernization of the T-72 tank are referred to and compared with those of other types of tanks (T-72B3, M1A2 ABRAMS). The article presents mainly a technical approach: extensive technical analyzes of the parameters of the offered package in comparison to those of key MBTs. In conclusions, reference is made to essential considerations in favour of the implementation of the industrial manufacture of the presented modernized version of the PT-91M2.
EN
The paper presents a proposal for the modernization of a district road No. 1592D relation Polwica-Wierzbno. The aim of the modernization is to improve communication accessibility, increase traffic safety, ride comfort, and to adapt the surface to the current requirements. The technical condition of the road is insufficient, the surface is damaged, roadsides unsuitable and do not have adequate drainage. The degree of damage depends on many different factors. Over the last few years we have been observing significant growth of both transport and construction works. The main factor, influencing the condition of road pavements is high traffic, which results from agriculture development, and the same time more intensive participation of agricultural vehicles in slow-speed traffic, development of heavy good vehicles’ traffic, development of local population and growth of passenger vehicles.
EN
The article studies directions of modernization of system of physical education in higher education institutions of Poland. The content of interactive teaching methods and training, means of the development of health and recreational teaching methods, the use of the volunteer movement in organizing and conducting physical education activities, sports events, popularization of the Olympic movement, the application of the principles of Olympic education in students everyday lives are revealed. It is determined that the human health is regarded as a special, the most important value to humans and includes: physical; mental and social health. A practical manifestation of modernization of the system of physical education of youth at higher educational establishments of Poland on the implementation of health and fitness technologies in physical education are: varied fitness programs; exercises of rhythmic gymnastics, aerobics and their variants; team sports, outdoor games; yoga; study of techniques of martial arts; dance exercises; lessons in swimming pools and open water. It was found out that the implementation of measures of modernization of the system of physical education of youth at higher educational establishments of Poland on the modern stage is aimed at exploring new, popular among young people, and current active physical recreation opportunities; providing opportunities for students learning under the guidance of specialists of physical education; young people learning the technique of control and self-monitoring of their health status; implementation in the daily life health and fitness technologies in physical education; developing skills for implementing first aid. It is noted that the main organizational element for the modernization of the system of physical education of youth at higher educational establishments of Poland are sports clubs of the Academic sports Union. They organize and conduct a variety of recreational, entertainment, sports, tourism and other activities in physical education. Polish researchers consider physical culture and sports as the basis for the development of student youth of an energetic and positive attitude to life, to the development of decisiveness in achieving personal goals, self education, formation of ideal representation of a modern person, to the level which he seeks to develop.
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Content available remote Modernisation of Steam Turbine Construction at Regenerative Steam Extraction Point
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The paper presents a methodology which has led to improvement of the turbine stage performance in the regenerative steam extraction chamber area by introducing a ring which collects the leakage flow from the gaps over unshrouded rotor blade tips and directs it to the extraction chamber. A comparison is made between the results obtained for the initial design (without a ring) and the design with the ring mounted. The results obtained for the construction were calibrated using the data measured on a real turbine in a Polish power plant.
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Content available Project for the Terminus at Redycka Street
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The aim of the paper is to present a modernization project for the terminus at Redycka street in Wroclaw. The social amenity for the drivers and for the terminus staff has been designed. Additional equipment has been suggested, whose aim is to improve the terminus proper functioning. Also staff and passengers comfort has been taken into consideration. Proper pavement for the terminus has been designed as well.
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Content available remote Nová syntéza o společnosti v českých zemích v dlouhém 19. století
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The new social history of the Czech lands in the 19th century is written on the basis of the concept of history as games, where however an analysis is not lacking of the structural framing of society, rhythm of historical movement, relationship between the continuity and discontinuity of modernisation changes, relationship between historical stability and dynamics and where Czech lands are presented as a unique “laboratory” of these modernisation changes. The author overcame the classical concept of modernisation by drawing into this general concept the value frameworks (especially the values associated with the Enlightenment, liberalism and nationalism), as well as new trends of that time (gender, social issues or the emancipation of the labouring class), which modernization inevitably or inadvertently created, and then especially his imagination.
PL
Polish science quite rarely identifies the postwar period as well as the time of the Polish People’s Republic with modernity or modernization. More often the questions on succumbing and enslavement appear, in particular in recent years we can notice the discourses which compare the period of the Polish People’s Republic to the times of the German occupation, thus the state socialism to the Nazism. Although it may seem that currently it is even more difficult to perceive the times of the Polish People’s Republic as the time of modernization, this is the approach I would like to propose.
EN
During the past year culminating in the modernization of the Poznań Railway Node proved to be an extremely important technology overhaul and strengthening of railway viaducts on the streets of urban buildings in small towns. Paper discusses options considered for achieving this difficult task and the choice of the final solution. This paper also describes the advantages and disadvantages of each concept in relation to the anticipated difficulties in the course of renovation and a nuisance. This unconventional solution has not finally resulted in difficulties in the road. The essence of a solution was; remove the whole span and transport in to the Label Constructions from the Steel, repair, embedded in the destination place
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Content available 110 lat konstytucji irańskiej
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This article explores the phenomenon of the Iranian ‘Constitutional Revolu-tion’ of 1906, focusing on its historical context and, more specifically, on the changes in Iranian social consciousness that it triggered. Some important issues regarding the constitutional debate, concerning human and civil rights, are presented. In this author’s opinion, the second Iranian constitution, that of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1979), is an Islamized continuation of the previous one.
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W pracy przedstawiono możliwość optymalizacji operacji technologicznych obróbki tokarskiej z wykorzystaniem obrabiarek konwencjonalnych. Przedstawiono przykład adaptacji obrabiarki starszej generacji do pracy w gnieździe z obrabiarką sterowaną numerycznie.
EN
This paper presented possibility of optimisation of technologic operation for lathe-machining with application of conventional machine tools. There are presented an example of adaptation the older generation machine tools for work in the line of machine tools numeric controlled.
PL
W referacie podano chemiczną i toksykologiczną charakterystykę polichloropochodnych dioksyn ifuranów (PCDD/F) oraz przyczyny obecności tego rodzaju związków w spalinach silników ZI i ZS. Omówiono dotychczasowy stan wiedzy o wielkości emisji PCDD/F z tych źródeł oraz przypuszczalny mechanizm tworzenia się tych związków w procesie roboczym silnika spalinowego. Według przedstawionego własnego poglądu w mechanizmie tym przypisano główną rolę syntezie PCDD/F "de novo", w której kluczową rolę odgrywa arin nazywany benzinem (C6H4 - o dwóch wiązaniach podwójnych i jednym potrójnym). Sformułowano tezę o konieczności eliminacji z paliw nie tylko Pb(C2H5)4, ale przede wszystkim wszelkich związków chlorowców i to zarówno z benzyn, jak też z olejów napędowych i olejów silnikowych. Wyrażono opinię, że potrzebna jest kontrola zawartości chlorowców w paliwach i olejach silnikowych, zarówno u producentów jak i u sprzedawców detalicznych.
EN
In this paper it was presented chemical and lexicological characteristics for polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) as well described the reasons of presence of these compounds in exhaust gas of spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. It was treated of a knowledge state existing hitherto of the PCDD/F emission quantity from such sources and of a compound formation mechanism supposed during the internal combustion engine working cycle. In accordance with the author's own opinion represented the part of great weight in this mechanism was attributed to the PCDD/F synthesis "de novo", in which arine called benzine (C6H4 - with two double and one triple bounds) would be the most important component. A proposition was submitted, that not only Pb(C2H5)4 but also first and foremost all halogen compounds would have to be eliminated from gasoline as well as from diesel oils and motor oils. The opinion was shaped that a halogens quantity in fuels and motor oils would be necessary checked at producers and dealers alike.
EN
This article examines the impact of globalization on economic development. It is shown that globalization leads to uneven development of the world. In such circumstances it is necessary to modernize the economy, part of which is to modernize the investment sector. The article describes features of the modernization of the investment sector in Ukraine
PL
W artykule przedstawiono wpływ globalizacji na rozwój gospodarczy. Pokazano, że globalizacja prowadzi do nierówności w rozwoju świata. W takich okolicznościach konieczna jest modernizacja gospodarki, której częścią jest modernizacja sektora inwestycyjnego. W artykule opisano cechy modernizacji sektora inwestycyjnego na Ukrainie.
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono różne warianty modernizacji części przepływowej turbin parowych znajdujących się w wieloletniej eksploatacji. Maksymalny przyrost mocy może być uzyskany drogą modernizacji układu łopatkowego. Przejście do łopatek ze zmienianym kątem wypływu α1, zastosowanie tzw. meridionalnego profilowania krótkich łopatek pierwszych stopni części wysokoprężnej pozwala zwiększyć sprawność o około 2÷3% w porównaniu ze stanem wyjściowym konstrukcji. Pewne rezerwy podwyższenia ekonomiczności związane są także z modernizacją uszczelnień. Współczesne rozwiązania konstrukcyjne uszczelnień umożliwiają zmniejszenie przecieków pary o około 10÷30%, co prowadzi do wzrostu sprawności turbiny. Maksymalna efektywność aerodynamiczna elementów części przepływowej z dodatnimi wartościami wzdłużnego gradientu ciśnienia jest osiągana w warunkach stabilnego przepływu bez oderwania warstwy przyściennej od ścianek. Dotyczy to zarówno dyfuzorowych wylotów korpusów wysokiego, średniego i niskiego ciśnienia jak i dyfuzorów zaworów regulacyjnych. Przeprowadzone badania i doświadczenia modernizacji wskazują na możliwość podwyższenia mocy turbozespołu do 10÷12% w odniesieniu do stanu początkowego. Taki rezultat osiągany jest kosztem modernizacji tylko samego układu łopatkowego bez zmiany detali korpusu a rozważane w pracy techniczne rozwiązania mogą być zastosowane podczas kapitalnego remontu turbiny parowej nawet, w warunkach elektrowni.
EN
Different designs of modification of flow range in long-lived turbine plants have been considered in the presented paper. The maximum turbine power increment can be achieved by modernization of a turbine blading system. The use of blades with various nozzle-exit angles and meridional profiling for short blades of the first stages in high-pressure section provides an opportunity to increase efficiency by 2÷3% in comparison with a reference power. A significant gain in performance is associated with the design improvement of seals. Modern designs of seals make it possible to decrease steam leakage by 10÷30% that results in an increase in turbine efficiency. Maximum aerodynamic efficiency of flow channels with adverse pressure gradient has been achieved under a stable unseparated flow. The same holds for diffuser steam-turbine exhausts of the HP (high-pressure) part, the LP (low-pressure) part and the IP (intermediate pressure) part, and also diffusers of control valves. The research and the first effort of research in modification suggest possible increment of a turbine power up to 10÷12% in comparison with a reference power. This result can be obtained only due to modification of the blade system without changing the component of a turbine casing. The discussed engineering proposals can be implemented major overhaul of the steam turbine even in power plant conditions.
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PL
Occupational structure of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (Summary)The authors present a new picture of the occupational structure of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The article is based on the population censuses, carried out in Russia in 1897 and in Austria in 1900, as well as on the German economic census, conducted in 1895. In order to obtain reliable results, the authors have corrected errors found in the censuses in question. With the removal of the errors, they have been able to reconstruct the employment structures from which we can derive a more precise picture of the economic situation of the Polish lands at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The examination of the problem in question has made it possible for the authors to verify the long held view that the technological revolution in Polish lands took place at the turn of the 70s and 80s of the nineteenth century. The corrected census data show that the level of industrialization of the Polish lands in about 1900 was still very limited.
EN
The article presents the influence of Confucianism on formation of the state ideology in China in the 20th century. Confucianism in China was considered both as a religion and philosophy, and fundamentally focusing on the state and society. The emphasis was put on hierarchy and the morality in the family and the whole society. Confrontation with patterns and political ideas of the West during the late of 19th and early 20th centuries made a great impact to further develop of Confucianism in China. Nowadays Confucianism again was put in the center of the new state order. The Communist Party of China instrumentally treats the Confucian ideas to consolidate its power and build social peace. At the same time it promotes Confucianism and Chinese culture as an alternative to the Western values.
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Content available remote Electric machines older construction fed from frequency converters
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EN
The working life of electrical machines of great power (over 1MW) averages generally several decades. By the reconstruction of production aggregates due to saving of power in industrial or power enterprises and societies, the reconstruction of drive is often required but only with the existing electric motor. It goes for example about feeding of DC motor from rectifiers, use of slip-ring induction motor in subsynchronous cascade, feeding of asynchronous or synchronous motor from frequency converter with current or voltage intermediate circuit. Keeping of the same or slightly increased rated output and torque is supposed. The presentation of project, realization and practical operation experiences of such reconstructed drives in great enterprises should be the subject of this paper. Saving of power, EMC problems etc. will be presented.
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Content available Project for the Terminus at Redycka Street
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EN
The aim of the paper is to present a modernization project for the terminus at Redycka street in Wroclaw. The social amenity for the drivers and for the terminus staff has been designed. Additional equipment has been suggested, whose aim is to improve the terminus proper functioning. Also staff and passengers comfort has been taken into consideration. Proper pavement for the terminus has been designed as well.
EN
In this article it is told about realized on FSUE "Turbonasos" strategy of life cycle increasing of pumping equipment which is directed on increase of an application reliability and quality of pumping units. Problems of the unification, an application range expansion and increase possibilities of the pumping equipment resource are problems are considered.
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