W zwartej zabudowie miast otwartą przestrzeń, oprócz ulic i placów, stanowią m.in. podwórka i dziedzińce. Mogą one stanowić element pozwalający na podniesienie standardu życia, poprzez zapewnienie mieszkańcom, lub innym ich użytkownikom, bliższego kontaktu z zielenią.
Manorial and grange complexes are characteristic elements of the rural cultural landscape; they constitute significant evidence of the farming tradition of a region. Unfortunately, nowadays these complexes have often become dilapidated, their legibility has been obliterated and there have been radical changes in the spatial context. The aim of this study was to determine whether manorial and grange complexes were given proper attention in the development and strategic plans worked out by communes. The commune of Tarnowo Podgórne, stretching along the western boundary of Poznań city, was selected as a case study and research area. An attempt is also made to recognise what protective provisions the local law makes for those complexes. The authors think that the quality of plans concerning the facilities under study is unsatisfactory. The Land Use Plan includes recommendations to protect nonexistent facilities and lists a complex located beyond the commune boundaries. Although the Plan emphasises the significance of manorial and grange complexes, there are no local spatial development plans for most of them. Some plans referring to the spatial structures under analysis are imprecise and incomplete, which results in ineffective protection.
Kapliczki i krzyże przydrożne stanowią ważny element krajobrazu kulturowego Polski. Często były stawiane w miejscach istotnych z punktu widzenia podziałów przestrzeni, upamiętniały również miejsca wydarzeń historycznych. Zazwyczaj krzyże i kapliczki stanowiły cenny dla lokalnej społeczności obiekt kultu religijnego i przestrzenny punkt orientacyjny, były otaczane troską i opieką. Przy kapliczkach i krzyżach pojawiały się drzewa pojedyncze, bądź tworzące proste układy kompozycyjne, krzewy, a także byliny i rośliny jednoroczne. Współcześnie zmieniają się formy zieleni im towarzyszące, ulega zmianie również stosunek lokalnych społeczności do tych obiektów. W badaniach prowadzonych w ostatnich latach w Katedrze Terenów Zieleni i Architektury Krajobrazu Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu zajmowano się tą formą architektury sakralnej występującej w Wielkopolsce.
EN
Crosses and shrines, standing next to roads are significant element of cultural landscape of Poland. This objects were raised in places important to spatial arrangement as crossroads, village limits, founders’ plot neighborhood. Crosses and shrines were also frequently established to commemorate historical events. These objects were precious for local community as a sacred place or landmark. Next to crosses and shrines trees, ornamental shrubs, perennial and one year plants were planted. Nowadays forms of greenery accompanying sacral objects have been changed. Also its value for local communities is different now then in historical times. Department of Landscape Architecture of University of Life Sciences in Poznań performed research on crosses, shrines and accompanying greenery in Wielkopolska region and city of Poznań. The aim of research was to recognize historical, landscape and art values of crosses and shrines and present trends in its maintenance and its place in local communities life.
Praca dotyczy parków miejskich oraz ich znaczenia w strukturze i krajobrazie Poznania. Badania objęły 38 obiektów parkowych, o różnej genezie, wielkości, charakterze. Ocenie poddano równomierność rozmieszczenia parków w granicach aglomeracji, kształt zarysu planu (charakter linii granicznej) oraz ich otoczenie.
EN
The work concerns city parks in Poznan and their importance in the structure and landscape of the city. The research included 38 park objects of various origin, size and nature. There were evaluated the uniformity of parks’ distribution within the agglomeration, the shape of the outline of the plan (the nature of the border line) and their surroundings.
Brachycaudus divaricatae - was described by Shaposhnikov in the Middle East as a heteroecious aphid species migrating between Prunus divaricata and Melandrium album. The research conducted in Poland proved that this species can be described as holocyclic and monoecious. A significantly shortened development cycle with a summer-winter diapause characterizes this species in Poland. The aim of our studies was a detailed research of the species biology conducted to explain this phenomenon. Elements of the biology and ecology of the new fauna species Brachycaudus divaricatae Shap., were studied in Poland during the 2008-2010 time period. The term of spring hatching, number of generations per season, development length of particular generations, lifespan of specimen, and fecundity of particular generations were all defined. The three-year study proved that 6 to 8 aphid generations can develop on P. cerasifera in Poland. The emergence of sexuales (amphigonic females and males) of B. divaricatae occurred very early in the season: in mid-May, and the first eggs were laid in June.
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