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1

SLOVENSKÁ TEXTOLÓGIA A EDITORSTVO V DRUHEJ POLOVICI 20. STOROČIA

100%

Hašková Z.

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nr 2

143 – 155

EN

The goal of the article was to at least partly systematize the knowledge gained by the Slovak text studies as a generalizing work in this field does not exist in our country. The ideas built on the scientific articles within text studies written in the second half of the 20th century. The beginning of the Slovak text studies in the 1950s is represented by the works by Jozef Felix, Karol Rosenbaum and Mikuláš Bakoš. Later studies by Nora Krausová, František Miko and Peter Zajac form the next stage of its development and with regard to the future seem to be trend-setting. Owing to their communicative and inspiring nature, the summary can be considered a good starting point for an effective exploitation of their potential. Based on the study of the texts used at the birth of Slovak text studies it can be concluded that the most serious practical problems are related to the way texts are edited and the choice of the basic text. Using the texts written by younger authors the scientific character of the text studies was demonstrated as well as how they are bound with literary theory and why they are important for the correct understanding of literary texts. The summary and assessment of the Slovak text studies in the article map their most important topics and debatable issues, relate the results of the research by the literary scientists engaged in this field and draw attention to their various approaches. They also raise questions about the direction of the Slovak text studies in the future.

2

DYNAMIKA JAZYKA A DYNAMIKA TEXTU

100%

Kralčák Ľ.

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nr 5-6

315 – 321

EN

The article deals with the questions of the dynamics of a text in comparison with the dynamics of a language. Nowadays, the understanding of the concept dynamics is not problematic in the linguistics, and it may refer to a broad, historically conducted research. The question is how to understand the dynamics of a text, i. e. if there is any uniting principle which can serve as a support. A more detailed analysis shows that the collocation the dynamics of a text represents three different conceptual understandings: it is the dynamics of a thematic and compositional construction, the particular communicational dynamics, and the historical or development dynamics of a text. Finding of this condition refuses a possibility of defining one universal understanding of this concept.

3

MOŽNOSTI TEXTU

100%

Petríček M.

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tom 66

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nr 7

683 – 689

EN

The paper offers a brief history of French theory of text (Julia Kristeva, Roland Barthes) from the conception of the text as a stabile repository of the materiality of the signifier to the notion of the text as a field of production (becoming, significance). This development necessarily transforms the definition of the theory as well as the basic idea of the coherence of the text. But just from this perspective it is possible to see the new concept of text as a picture of our contemporary world. The text is, in this sense, a model of our world.

4

MEDZI POETIKOU TEXTU A POETIKOU UDALOSTI: K NIEKTORÝM ONTOLOGICKÝM OTÁZKAM EPICKEJ REPREZENTÁCIE

100%

Prušková Z.

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nr 4

327 – 342

EN

Research of arts and literature had moved from a striving for exact, structuralist handlings of its objects to observations of the world as mediated and experienced by humans. Research in aesthetics and literary studies not embedded in structuralism is often interdisciplinary in its nature and draws on a host of inspirations (anthropology, epistemology of imaginative processes, ontological transformations of existential meanings, etc.). The creative process and its product – the literary text – can be handled from various viewpoints. Traditionally, literary studies approached the text in terms of its structure, aesthetics, and poetics. Such observations do offer a systematic way in which the functioning and form of the literary work can be described; however, they are much less capable of grasping the ontological sources and origins of aesthetic experience. The latter are inherent to the engagement with an aesthetic object and as such need to be taken into account in the creation of knowledge and value of the literary work. Respecting the psychological subject of the writer and of communicative configurations of the literary text is crucial in this context. The article looks under the surface of textual structures and concentrates on imaginative processes in connection to the reception intention of the literary work.

5

EMPTINESS IN LANGUAGE - HORROR VACUI?

88%

Chrzanowska-Kluczewska E.

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tom 15

85-98

EN

The authoress argues that the conception of emptiness, ambivalent on physical and philosophical grounds, can be projected onto natural language. On the one hand, we can face here 'absolute emptiness', which is a total lack of certain elements in the linguistic system, on the other - gaps that tend to be filled in by the language user. It seems that the natural human propensity to complete the encountered empty places, lacunae, areas of indeterminacy, or blind spots is also well-visible in language and although such gaps can be spotted at each linguistic level, their occurrence is especially interesting at the level of semantics, stylistics and discourse analysis. The question of how interlocutors, readers and translators cope with such areas of blindness has been discussed by philosophers, literary critics, linguists and semioticians (most notably R. Ingarden, W. Iser, U. Eco, L. Dolezel). Dolezel rightly pointed out that 'absences' and 'silences' in texts (mostly fictional) can be either total (i. e. the ontological indeterminacy of fictional worlds) or only apparent (implicit meanings hidden yet recoverable from the text). The authoress of the present article perceives in the ontological incompleteness of fiction an instance of absolute, irrecoverable emptiness, whereas the idea of the text as an inferential machine, which through hints and suggestions prompts the reader to fill in the gaps (the case of concretisation in Ingarden's terminology) squares with her idea of the emptiness that tends toward an ultimate, if only partial completion. One of tenets of this paper is also the gamesome, ludic character of the activity of gap-filling. The completion of empty spaces in texts / discourses is a prototypical pragmatic game of the reader, critic or translator - their quite automatic answer to the authorial move of saturating the text with gaps (the term saturation or density of gaps has been borrowed from Dolezel 1995).

6

AKTUÁLNE OTÁZKY SLOVENSKEJ TEXTOLÓGIE: TEXTOLOGICKÝ DISKURZ NA SLOVENSKU

88%

Navrátil M.

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nr 4

294 – 301

EN

After year 1989 in Slovakia scientific research into textology and editorial practice has not been systematically developed, and therefore Slovak textology and editorial practice has faced stagnation or even regression. The lack of professional competence in publishing the literary works of the past has caused uncontrolled publishing of writings without any detailed analyses of the sources and variants. As a result, there is absence of theoretical thinking about the issues of editorial practice, which is also reflected in the editorial standards and processes. Moreover, the general need of professional approach to editing texts has disappeared. Selected editorial cases of the recent times are used to address the issues of Slovak textological discourse and editorial solutions.

7

SLOVO ZA OBRAZOM, ALEBO SLOVO A OBRAZ?

88%

Michalovič P.

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nr 1

33 – 41

EN

The paper deals with the problematic relation between word and image as articulated by Claude Lévi-Strauss’s and Roland Barthes. Occasionally, both of them analysed this relation. Lévi-Strauss was convicted, that the principle of double articulation, discovered by structural linguistics, can be applied even on fine art, although he acknowledged, that the principle doesn’t operate universally. Early Barthes was a persuaded supporter of semiology built on structural linguistics base. That led him to a privilege verbal language among other semantic systems. For him as well as for other French structuralists, verbal language was a system mixed with other system, which makes the understanding of rituals, military commands, pictograms, images etc. possible. Later, he made substantial amendments, which led him to accepting the irreducible autonomy of image and its independence of language.

8

POZNÁMKY K TEXTU – (NE)PORUŠENÍ OČEKÁVÁNÍ RECIPIENTŮ JAKO SOUČÁST AUTOROVY STRATEGIE

88%

Krátky O.

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nr 1

115 - 151

EN

The following paper draws upon a formerly published paper of mine (Krátky, 2021) where text perception was analysed from the perspective of the recipient. As its logical continuation and completion, this paper deals with the author’s viewpoint in the process. Various related aspects are identified, observed and studied, such as the ‘author’s strategy’, the evaluation of the recipient, the intended goals, as well as other important factors that influence the final text. Special attention is paid to all such aspects of communication pragmatism that are reflected by the author’s (more or less controlled) deviations from the norm, aptly made to achieve communication goals. Within this framework, the study strives to show the different roles that the factor termed ‘expectation violation’ takes on when strategically applied by the author in the process of text creation. To support this description, numerous observations by authors such as Grice, Burgoon, Gombrich, Iser etc. are employed. By tackling the author’s viewpoint on text creation, a claim is advanced concerning the plausibility of certain conclusions, theories and, possibly, laws, by virtue of the identification and observation of selected multi-domain principles, phenomena and tendencies.

9

SEDITIOUS MODERNISM(S) IN STOUT DICTATORSHIPS (TWO CUNNING FICTIONAL STRATEGIES)

75%

Spiridon M.

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nr 4

3 – 10

EN

This article focuses on two masterpieces of Russian modernism that foreground Moscow and Petersburg, two urban spaces that are well-rooted in collective and individual local consciousness: Master and Margarita by Michail Bulgakov and Petersburg by Andrei Bely. Both cities are portrayed in the turbulent political context of early 20th century as real borders between the European civilization on the one hand and the worst barbarity on the other. The author ś aim is to compare the strategies of both key representatives of Russian modernism whose approaches to the same task is rather different. They project dystopic worlds whose inhabitants have lost faith in art, religion and science and where history is only a bad dream, from which the individual can wake up no longer. The article identifies concepts used to explore these urban spaces, emphasizing the auto-referential style of both authors.

10

„SPECYFICZNY POLAK W NORMALNEJ FRANCJI”. O POLSKIEJ IMIGRACJI W TEKSTACH FRANCUSKICH BADACZY

63%

Chwieduk A.

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nr 2 (160)

23-50

PL

W obliczu coraz bardziej komplikującej się sytuacji imigracyjnej we Francji, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do ludności wyznania islamskiego, warto postawić pytanie o Polaków przybywających w zauważalny sposób do tego kraju przynajmniej od XIX wieku. W powszechnym odczuciu stanowią tam mało wyróżniającą się grupę imigrantów, co więcej – od wielu lat wpisującą się w model francuskiej integracji. Jednakże tego typu wyobrażenie nie koresponduje z obrazem imigracji polskiej, który wyłania się z publikacji naukowych, stanowiących przedmiot dyskusji w artykule. Jak się okazuje, Polacy jawią się w nich jako grupa nadal „obca”. Dlaczego? W odpowiedzi zostaną rozwinięte trzy myśli. Po pierwsze teksty francuskich badaczy poświęcone polskiej migracji ujawniają żywotność francuskiej dominacji politycznej, która w postkolonialnym kontekście polega na stanowieniu standardów światopoglądowych wolnych „od hermetycznych ideologii i wszelkich fundamentalizmów”. Po drugie, Polacy od wieków wpisują się w stereotyp „ubogiego, ale obcego kulturowo sojusznika” politycznego Francji. Po trzecie, przybysze z Polski zawsze byli klasyfikowani jako wyrazisty przypadek biednej imigracji zarobkowej. Artykuł podejmuje zatem refleksję nad zjawiskiem imigracji w kontekście relacji dominacji polityczno-kulturowej Francji w Europie i na świecie, ale także w odniesieniu do materii tekstu pisanego naukowego, jako kulturowego i zarazem politycznego narzędzia konstruowania Innego/Obcego.

EN

In the face of the increasingly complex immigration situation in France, particularly with regard to the Muslim population, a question well worth asking is one about Poles, who have been arriving in noticeable numbers to settle down in France at least since the nineteenth century. In the general perception Polish immigrants are not a very conspicuous group; what is more, they have been fitting well into the model of French integration for many years. Still, this image fails to correspond with the picture of Polish immigration which emerges from scientific publications discussed in this article. As it turns out, Poles appear in those publications as a group that is still considered ‘alien.’ Why? The answer to this question will be given through the investigation of three lines of thought. Firstly, texts of French researchers devoted to the subject of Polish migration reveal the perseverance of French political domination, manifesting itself – in the post-colonial context – in formulating world outlook standards free from ‘hermetic ideologies and any form of fundamentalism.’ Secondly, for centuries the Polish people have been stereotypically perceived as France’s ‘poor, yet culturally alien’ political ally. Finally, immigrants from Poland have always been classified as evident representatives of impoverished labour migrants. Thus, the article offers a reflection on the phenomenon of immigration in the context of France’s political and cultural domination in Europe and the world, but also in relation to written scientific texts as cultural and political tools for constructing the figure of the Other/Alien.