Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

THE GSTP1 c.313A>G POLYMORPHISM MODULATES THE CARDIORESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO AEROBIC TRAINING

100%

Zarebska A. , Jastrzebski Z. , Kaczmarczyk M. , Ficek K. , Maciejewska-Karlowska A. , Sawczuk M. , Leońska-Duniec A. , Krol P. , Cieszczyk P. , Zmijewski P. , Eynon N.

Biology of Sport

|

2014

|

tom 31

|

nr 4

261-266

EN

TThe GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism is a candidate to explain some of the individual differences in cardiorespiratory fitness phenotypes’ responses to aerobic exercise training. We aim to explore the association between the GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism and the response to low-high impact aerobic exercise training. Sixty-six Polish Caucasian women were genotyped for the GSTP1 c.313A>G polymorphism; 62 of them completed 12-week aerobic (50-75% HR max ) exercise training and were measured for selected somatic features (body mass and BMI) and cardiorespiratory fitness indices – maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max , maximum heart rate (HR max ), maximum ventilation (V E max ) and anaerobic threshold (AT) – before and after the training period. Two-factor analysis of variance revealed a main training effect for body mass reduction (p=0.007) and BMI reduction (p=0.013), improvements of absolute and relative VO 2max (both p<0.001), and increased V E max (p=0.005), but not for changes in fat-free mass (FFM) (p=0.162). However, a significant training x GSTP1 c.313A>G interaction was found only for FFM (p=0.042), absolute and relative VO 2max (p=0.029 and p=0.026), and V E max (p=0.005). As the result of training, significantly greater improvements in VO 2max , V E max and FFM were gained by the GG+GA group compared to the AA genotype group. The results support the hypothesis that heterogeneity in individual response to training stimuli is at least in part determined by genetics, and GSTP1 c.313A>G may be considered as one (of what appear to be many) target polymorphisms to influence these changes.

2

A Situational Theory of Advantages in Sport

100%

Hämäläinen M.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

|

2013

|

tom 60

|

nr 1

5-13

EN

The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic explanation of the concept of advantage in the context of sport competitions. Advantage is a common concept in sports, but it also holds ambiguities that need clarification. Let’s say, for example, that the national soccer team of Brazil is playing the national team of Finland and is ahead 5 to 0. Finland receives a penalty kick due to a refereeing error. At this point, which of the teams has the advantage? In this paper, I answer this question through a systematic explanation of the concept of advantage. My theory is based on Sigmund Loland’s view that advantage can be distributed both formally and informally in sport competitions. I will develop Loland’s notion of formal advantage by introducing what I call an absolute sense of advantage - a relation of superiority that is based on the performances of two competitors. I replace informal advantage with what I refer to as an expectancy sense of advantage, which is related to expectations regarding the absolute advantage. These two senses of advantage have different functions, and I conclude that advantage is a phenomenon that plays a vital role in all sport competitions through these two senses - absolute and expectancy.

3

Acute Endocrine Responses to Different Strength Exercise Order in Men

100%

da Conceição R. R. , Simão R. , Silveira A. L. B. , e Silva G. C. , Nobre M. , Salerno V. P. , Novaes J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

|

2014

|

tom 44

|

nr 1

111-120

EN

This study compared the effects of order of muscle groups’ exercised (larger to smaller muscles vs. smaller to larger muscles) on the acute levels of total testosterone, free testosterone and cortisol during resistance training (RT) sessions. Healthy male participants (n=8; age: 28.8 ± 6.4 years; body mass: 87.0 ± 10.6 kg; body height: 181.0 ± 0.7 cm; BMI: 26.5 ± 4.1) were randomly separated into two experimental groups. The first group (LG-SM) performed an RT session (3 sets of 10 repetitions and a 2 min rest period) of the exercises in following order: bench press (BP), lat pulldown (LP), barbell shoulder press (BSP), triceps pushdown (TP) and barbell cut (BC). The second group (SM-LG) performed an RT session in following order: BC, TP, BSP, LA, BP. Blood was collected at the end of the last repetition of each session. Control samples of blood were taken after 30 min of rest. Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of total testosterone (p < 0.05), free testosterone (p < 0.0001) and cortisol (p < 0.0001) after both RT sessions in comparison to rest. However, when comparing LG-SM and SM-LG, no significant differences were found. The results suggest that, while RT sessions induce an acute change in the levels of testosterone and cortisol, this response is independent of the order of exercising muscle groups.

4

SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF ELASTIC TAPING ON DANCER’S POSTURAL CONTROL PERFORMANCE

100%

Vinken P. M. , Hennig L. , Heinen T.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2014

|

tom 8

|

nr 4

61-72

EN

It was explored whether three different applications of elastic tape on the lower limbs of active, healthy dancers influence their postural control performance. 15 active, healthy dancers randomly performed demi-pointes and sissone ouvertes on a force platform in four experimental conditions: 1. no tape application, 2. ankle joint tape application, 3. leg muscle tape application, and 4. control tape application. Four kinetic parameters were calculated in order to represent postural control performance: 1) variable error of force magnitude in forward-backward direction, 2) variable error of force magnitude in side to side direction. 3) peak impact force during landing phase and 4) episodes of overall duration. Results revealed a task-dependent performance-enhancing effect and an application-specific performance-influencing effect concerning vertical ground reaction force measurements. It is concluded that the application of elastic tape for healthy, active dancers may on the one hand enhance parameters of postural control, whereas the same elastic tape application may hamper other performance related aspects of typical modern and classical ballet dance routines. Conflicting scientific results may thus indicate that generalized effects are controversial and positive influences in one specific characteristic can induce a decrease in another performance influencing characteristic.

5

CKM Gene G (Ncoi-) Allele Has a Positive Effect on Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Caucasian Women Practicing Sports Requiring Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Metabolism

100%

Gronek P. , Holdys J. , Kryściak J. , Stanisławski D.

Journal of Human Kinetics

|

2013

|

tom 39

|

nr 1

137-145

EN

The search for genes with a positive influence on physical fitness is a difficult process. Physical fitness is a trait determined by multiple genes, and its genetic basis is then modified by numerous environmental factors. The present study examines the effects of the polymorphism of creatine kinase (CKM) gene on VO2max - a physiological index of aerobic capacity of high heritability. The study sample consisted of 154 men and 85 women, who were students of the University School of Physical Education in Poznań and athletes practicing various sports, including members of the Polish national team. The study revealed a positive effect of a rare G (NcoI-) allele of the CKM gene on maximal oxygen uptake in Caucasian women practicing sports requiring aerobic and anaerobic exercise metabolism. Also a tendency was noted in individuals with NcoI-/- (GG) and NcoI-/+ (GA) genotypes to reach higher VO2max levels.

6

A Situational Theory of Advantages in Sport

100%

Hämäläinen M.

|

tom 60

|

nr 1

5-13

EN

The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic explanation of the concept of advantage in the context of sport competitions. Advantage is a common concept in sports, but it also holds ambiguities that need clarification. Let’s say, for example, that the national soccer team of Brazil is playing the national team of Finland and is ahead 5 to 0. Finland receives a penalty kick due to a refereeing error. At this point, which of the teams has the advantage? In this paper, I answer this question through a systematic explanation of the concept of advantage. My theory is based on Sigmund Loland’s view that advantage can be distributed both formally and informally in sport competitions. I will develop Loland’s notion of formal advantage by introducing what I call an absolute sense of advantage - a relation of superiority that is based on the performances of two competitors. I replace informal advantage with what I refer to as an expectancy sense of advantage, which is related to expectations regarding the absolute advantage. These two senses of advantage have different functions, and I conclude that advantage is a phenomenon that plays a vital role in all sport competitions through these two senses - absolute and expectancy.

7

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF): Its Mechanisms and Effects on Range of Motion and Muscular Function

100%

Hindle K. , Whitcomb T. , Briggs W. , Hong J.

Journal of Human Kinetics

|

2012

|

tom 31

105-113

EN

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is common practice for increasing range of motion, though little research has been done to evaluate theories behind it. The purpose of this study was to review possible mechanisms, proposed theories, and physiological changes that occur due to proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques. Four theoretical mechanisms were identified: autogenic inhibition, reciprocal inhibition, stress relaxation, and the gate control theory. The studies suggest that a combination of these four mechanisms enhance range of motion. When completed prior to exercise, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation decreases performance in maximal effort exercises. When this stretching technique is performed consistently and post exercise, it increases athletic performance, along with range of motion. Little investigation has been done regarding the theoretical mechanisms of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, though four mechanisms were identified from the literature. As stated, the main goal of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is to increase range of motion and performance. Studies found both of these to be true when completed under the correct conditions. These mechanisms were found to be plausible; however, further investigation needs to be conducted. All four mechanisms behind the stretching technique explain the reasoning behind the increase in range of motion, as well as in strength and athletic performance. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation shows potential benefits if performed correctly and consistently.

8

Heart score and blood lactate in the assessment of athlete horse performance

100%

Piccione G. , Costa A. , Fazio F. , Caola G.

Medycyna Weterynaryjna

|

2003

|

tom 59

|

nr 11

9

The Functional Test for Agility Performance is a Reliable Quick Decision-Making Test for Skilled Water Polo Players

88%

Tucher G. , de Souza Castro F. A. , da Silva A. J. R. M. , Garrido N. D.

Journal of Human Kinetics

|

2015

|

tom 46

|

nr 1

157-165

EN

The reliability of the Functional Test for Agility Performance has only been evaluated in water polo players in a small group of novice athletes. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Functional Test for Agility Performance in skilled water polo players. Forty-two athletes (17.81 ± 3.24 years old) with a minimum of 5 years of competitive experience (7.05 ± 2.84 years) and playing at the national or international level were evaluated. The Functional Test for Agility Performance is characterized as a specific open decision-making test where a tested player moves as quickly as possible in accordance to a pass made by another player. The time spent in the test was measured by two experienced coaches. Descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 95% limit of agreement (LOA), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurements (SEM) were used for data analysis. Athletes completed the Functional Test for Agility Performance in 4.15 [...] 0.47 s. The ICC value was 0.87 (95% IC = 0.80-0.92). The SEM varied between 0.24 and 0.38 s. The LOA was 1.20 s and the CV average considering each individual trial was 6%. The Functional Test for Agility Performance was shown to be a reliable quick decision-making test for skilled water polo players.

10

Effect of Kinesiotape Applications on Ball Velocity and Accuracy in Amateur Soccer and Handball

88%

Müller C. , Brandes M.

Journal of Human Kinetics

|

2015

|

tom 49

|

nr 1

119-129

EN

Evidence supporting performance enhancing effects of kinesiotape in sports is missing. The aims of this study were to evaluate effects of kinesiotape applications with regard to shooting and throwing performance in 26 amateur soccer and 32 handball players, and to further investigate if these effects were influenced by the players’ level of performance. Ball speed as the primary outcome and accuracy of soccer kicks and handball throws were analyzed with and without kinesiotape by means of radar units and video recordings. The application of kinesiotapes significantly increased ball speed in soccer by 1.4 km/h (p=0.047) and accuracy with a lesser distance from the target by -6.9 cm (p=0.039). Ball velocity in handball throws also significantly increased by 1.2 km/h (p=0.013), while accuracy was deteriorated with a greater distance from the target by 3.4 cm (p=0.005). Larger effects with respect to ball speed were found in players with a lower performance level in kicking (1.7 km/h, p=0.028) and throwing (1.8 km/h, p=0.001) compared with higher level soccer and handball players (1.2 km/h, p=0.346 and 0.5 km/h, p=0.511, respectively). In conclusion, the applications of kinesiotape used in this study might have beneficial effects on performance in amateur soccer, but the gain in ball speed in handball is counteracted by a significant deterioration of accuracy. Subgroup analyses indicate that kinesiotape may yield larger effects on ball velocity in athletes with lower kicking and throwing skills.

11

Newer Perspectives in Lactate Threshold Estimation for Endurance Sports – A Mini-Review

88%

Krishnan A. , Guru C. S. , Sivaraman A. , Alwar T. , Sharma D. , Angrish P.

Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine

|

2021

|

tom 35

|

nr 3

99-116

EN

Lactate threshold (LT) estimation in endurance sports continues to be a widely controversial field amongst sports scientists and students despite beyond 50 years of research. With the advent of technology and superior sensors, LT research has ventured into newer fields involving wearables and artificial intelligence. Still, there is a felt need to understand the focused areas of LT research and to guide the students, sports scientists and coaches. The main aim of this mini-review is to identify research categories in a descriptive manner and to synthesize broad themes for future research from latest literature. A comprehensive electronic search in three databases was performed including only original free full text research articles conducted in athletes and heathy subjects, published in English between 2016 and 2020 following PRISMA guidelines. Out of screened 466 articles, 14 articles were finally shortlisted as per inclusion criteria and the findings were summarized. Five research categories were identified and reviewed. To conclude, there is a need for consensus in Graded Exercise test protocols used, LT concepts validity for specific sports and the application of valid, reliable noninvasive LT estimation methods in endurance sports. Synthesized broad themes would help guide sports scientists, students and researchers for future research.

12

Genetic variants of uncoupling proteins-2 and -3 in relation to maximal oxygen uptake in different sports

88%

Holdys J. , Gronek P. , Kryściak J. , Stanisławski D.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2013

|

tom 60

|

nr 1

71-75

EN

Uncoupling proteins 2 and 3 (UCP2 and UCP3) as mitochondrial electron transporters are involved in regulation of ATP production and energy dissipation as heat. Energy efficiency plays an important role in physical performance, especially in aerobic fitness. The aim of this study was to examine the association between maximal oxygen uptake and genetic variants of the UCP2 and UCP3 genes. The studies were carried out in a group of 154 men and 85 women, professional athletes representing various sports and fitness levels and students of the University of Physical Education in Poznań. Physiological and molecular procedures were used, i.e. direct measurement of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and analysis of an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the 3'untranslated region of exon 8 of the UCP2 gene and a C>T substitution in exon 5 (Y210Y) of the UCP3 gene. No statistically significant associations were found, only certain trends. Insertion allele (I) of the I/D UCP2 and the T allele of the UCP3 gene were favourable in obtaining higher VO2max level and might be considered as endurance-related alleles.

13

Maximal oxygen uptake is associated with allele -202 A of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) promoter polymorphism and (CA)n tandem repeats of insulin-like growth factor IGF1 in Caucasians from Poland

88%

Gronek P. , Holdys J. , Kryściak J. , Wieliński D. , Słomski R.

Acta Biochimica Polonica

|

2014

|

tom 61

|

nr 2

245-252

EN

Physical fitness is a trait determined by multiple genes, and its genetic basis is modified by numerous environmental factors. The present study examines the effects of the (CA)n tandem repeats polymorphism in IGFI gene and SNP Alw21I restriction site -202 A>C polymorphism in IGF1BP3 on VO2max - a physiological index of aerobic capacity of high heritability. The study sample consisted of 239 (154 male and 85 female) students of the University School of Physical Education in Poznań and athletes practicing various sports, including members of the Polish national team. An association was found between -202 A/C polymorphism of IGFBP3 gene with VO2max in men. Higher VO2max values were attained by men with CC genotype, especially male athletes practicing endurance sports and sports featuring energy metabolism of aerobic/anaerobic character. A statistically significant influence of allele 188 and genotype 188/188 of tandem repeats (CA)n polymorphism of IGF1 gene on VO2max was found in women. Also, lower values of maximal oxygen uptake were noted in individuals with allele 186 or genotype 186/186, and higher VO2max values in athletes with allele 194.

14

Relationship of maximal isometric torque produced in flexors and extensors rate to technique by judo athletes

75%

Sterkowicz S. , Lech G. , Sterkowicz-Przybycień K. , Chwała W. , Ambroży T. , Pałka T.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

|

2018

|

tom Vol. 20, nr 2

65--71

EN

Purpose: Development of strength is one of essential elements of motor preparation of judo athletes. The aim this study was to examine the influence of body composition and the joint torques on successful performance of various judo techniques. Methods: Twentyfive judo athletes participated in 175 judo bouts, which were video-recorded during the All-Polish competitions. Biomechanical classification of technical actions was used. The age and athletic experience of the subjects were 18 and 8.8 years, respectively. Their body height was 179.4 cm (Martin’s type anthropometer) and body mass was 80.3 kg (Sartorius F 1505 – DZA scales). Percentage of fat (10.6%) was estimated using skinfold result measurements. BMI (24.9 kgm–2), fat-free mass index (21.9 kgm–2) and fat mass index (3.0 kgm–2) were calculated. Maximum torques measured under static conditions were evaluated 2–3 days after the tournament. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were conducted ( p  0.05). Results: Balancing of maximum torques in the muscles of the pelvic and illiac regions caused more frequent performance of physical lever-type throwing techniques, compared to couple of force-type throwing techniques. A negative correlation was found between body fat and value of force recorded for knee flexors and between the frequency of using techniques during groundwork and torques measured in hip extensors. High correlation of fat-free mass index and relative elbow flexor torque was found. Conclusions: The relationship between body composition and frequency of techniques used in a tournament, and joint torques developed by athletes were found.

15

Orienteers physical and mental potential determinants for promoting sustainable training process development in ecological approach

75%

Fernate A. , Smila B.

Aktywność Ruchowa Ludzi w Różnym Wieku

|

2006

|

tom 10

|

nr 2

16

Physiological and physical profile of taekwondo athletes of different age categories during simulated combat

75%

Herrera Valenzuela T. , Cancino López J. , Franchini E. , Henríquez-Olguín C. , Aedo Muñoz E.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

|

2014

|

tom 14

|

nr 2

36-40

EN

The purpose of the present study was to compare the physiological responses and the actions performed by taekwondo athletes from three different age groups. The sample consisted of children (10.9 ± 1.6 years), cadets (14.7 ± 1.3 years) and adults (23.4 ± 3.1) male taekwondo athletes, who participated in simulated taekwondo competition. Higher values were found in blood lactate cadets (9.49 ± 3.52 mmol.L-1) versus children (5.87 ± 2.45 mmol.L-1;, n2 = 0.274, P = 0.01), lower displacement values in adults (166.7 ± 20.2 m) versus children (225.4 ± 39.6 m, n2 =0.265, P = 0.01). Maximum speed also differed among groups (F = 3.39; P = 0.048; η2 = 0.195), with lower values for children (1.89 ± 0.22) versus adults (2.19 ± 0.34, P = 0.041) and cadets (2.16 ± 0.34, P = 0.025). For peak heart rate (HRpeak) there was an effect of group (F = 4.14; P = 0.027; η2 = 0.24) and of round (F = 10.55; P = 0.001; η2 = 0.28). Cadets had a higher HRpeak compared to adults (P = 0.025). Independently of age group, round 1 resulted in lower HRpeak compared to both rounds 2 (P = 0.004) and 3 (P < 0.001). Blood lactate, displacement, maximum speed and HRpeak differed among age groups, with no difference in acceleration and number of impacts. HRpeak and HRmean differed among rounds. The time spent during match simulated differed among HRpeak zones.

PL

Taekwondo jest sportem walki o wysokiej intensywności. Ze względu na tę cechę, intensywność względna i bezwzględna wysiłku wykonywanego przez sportowców czasie treningu lub zawodów jest trudna do określenia ilościowego. Stąd niektórzy autorzy mierzyli rodzaj i ilość działań, energię pochłoniętą przez elektroniczny protektor ciała podczas zawodów lub niektóre fizjologiczne reakcje np. wytwarzanie się mleczanu we krwi, tętno lub zużycie tlenu. Analiza zmiennych może pomóc zrozumieć wymagania fizyczne i fizjologiczne taekwondo oraz doprowadzić do poprawy metod szkoleniowych. Celem niniejszej pracy było porównanie reakcji fizjologicznych oraz czynności wykonywanych przez zawodników taekwondo z trzech różnych grup wiekowych. Próba składała się z dzieci (10,9 ± 1,6 lat), kadetów (14,7 ± 1,3 lat) i dorosłych (23,4 ± 3,1) zawodników taekwondo, którzy wzięli udział w symulowanej konkurencji taekwondo. Walka składała się z trzech 2-minutowych rund z 1 minutową przerwą, odtwarzając charakterystykę rzeczywistej konkurencji taekwondo. Sportowcy zostali sparowani w zależności od ich masy ciała i poziomu technicznego. Przemieszczenia ciała, przyspieszenie, liczba uderzeń (np. przyspieszenia były mierzone w jednostkach siły „G”) i prędkości maksymalne zostały określone przez trójosiowy akcelerometr, który posiadał na sobie każdy sportowiec. Tętno zostało zmierzone za pomocą EI SPI Elite (GPSports Systems, Australia) zintegrowanego z czujnikiem polarnym (Polar, Finlandia). Wyższe wartości mleczanu we krwi znaleziono u kadetów (9,49 ± 3,52 mmol.L-1) w porównaniu z dziećmi (5,87 ± 2,45 mmol.L-1; n2 = 0,274 , P= 0,01), niższe wartości odchyłowe u dorosłych (166,7 ± 20,2 m) w porównaniu do dzieci (225,4 ± 39,6 m, n2 = 0,265, P = 0,01). Różnica w maksymalnej prędkości między grupami wynosiła (F = 3,39, P = 0,048; η2 = 0,195), przy niższych wartościach dla dzieci (1,89 ± 0,22) w porównaniu do osób dorosłych (2,19±0,34, P=0,041) i kadetów (2,16±0,34, P=0,025). Dla szczytowej akcji serca (HRpeak) rezultat dla grupy wynosił (F = 4,14, P = 0,027; η2 = 0,24) i całościowy (F = 10,55, P = 0,001; η2 = 0,28). HRpeak dla kadetów miał wyższą wartość w porównaniu do osób dorosłych (P =0,025). Niezależnie od grupy wiekowej, w rundzie 1 uzyskano niższą wartość HRpeak w porównaniu do obu rund 2 (P = 0,004 ) i 3 ( P <0,001). Zawartość mleczanu we krwi, wartości odchyłek, prędkość maksymalna i HRpeak różniły się w grupach wiekowych, bez różnicy w przyspieszeniu i liczby uderzeń. HRpeak i HRmean różniły między rundami. Czas spędzony podczas symulowanej walki różnił się między strefami HRpeak.

17

Physical and physiological profile of young female taekwondo athletes during simulated combat

75%

Herrera-Valenzuela T. , Valdes-Badilla P. , Cancino Lopez J. , Díaz Narváez V. , Ferreira da Silva Santos J. , Franchini E. , Perez-Gutierrez M.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

|

2015

|

tom 15

|

nr 4

58-64

EN

Aim and Method. The purpose of this study was to describe the physical performance (acceleration, number of impacts, distance and maximum speed) and physiological response (heart rate and blood lactate) of young female taekwondo athletes during combat simulations. Material. The sample consisted of seven girls (13.1 ± 1.1 years), who participated in a simulated taekwondo competition. Results. The main results observed were: post match blood lactate = 4.19 ± 2.03 mmol.L-1; peak heart rate = 201 ± 7 bpm; maximum acceleration = 9.68 ± 0.52 G; number of impacts = 148 ± 42; total distance = 203 ± 69 m; and maximum speed = 7.07 [6.7, 8.2] km/h. A lower mean heart rate (P <0.05; F = 8.333) was found in the first round (163 ± 14 bpm) compared with the second (182 ± 9 bpm) and third rounds (185 ± 10 bpm). Conclusions. The main findings of the present study are that young female taekwondo athletes presented with low blood lactate after the match, performed around 150 impacts during the match, which occurred each 1.37 m – given that the total displacement is around 200 m – with high acceleration, and the displacements were performed at moderate speeds. In addition the heart rate was lower in the first round compared to the other two rounds.

PL

Wstęp. Taekwondo to sport walki, który ewoluował w aspektach naukowych i technicznych od czasu włączenia go do grona dyscyplin olimpijskich, zmuszając poszczególne kraje do poszukiwania informacji z różnych źródeł – instytucji zaangażowanych w proces osiągania wyników sportowych na poziomie międzynarodowym. Taekwondo jest uważane za sport o przerywanej wysokiej intensywności, przez co trudno jest ocenić wysiłek sportowców podczas zawodów lub w symulowanej walce. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie fizycznych i fizjologicznych reakcji młodych zawodniczek taekwondo podczas symulacji walki. Metody. Zmienne mierzone podczas walki taekwondo obejmowały: tętno, prędkość, liczbę uderzeń, odległość i przyspieszenie. Dane te zostały uzyskane przy użyciu GPS zintegrowanego z monitorem pracy serca. Minutę po meczu zmierzono stężenie mleczanu we krwi ([BL]), po pobraniu próbki krwi z palca. Siedem młodych zawodniczek taekwondo zostało wybranych na szkolenia w Olympic Training Center w Chile (średnia ± SD: wiek: 13,1 ± 1,1 lat, masa ciała: 43,2 ± 6,7 kg, wzrost: 151,7 ± 9,8 cm; BMI: 18,7 ± 1,6 kg / m²; czas praktyki: 3,1 ± 0,7 lat). Udział w tym badaniu był dobrowolny, a rodzice zawodniczek wyrazili pisemną zgodę na ich udział po uzyskaniu informacji na temat procedur i ewentualnych zagrożeń. Wyniki. Główne zaobserwowane rezultaty były następujące: mleczan we krwi po meczu = 4,19 ± 2,03 mmol.L-1; szczytowe tętno = 201 ± 7 uderzeń na minutę; maksymalne przyspieszenie = 9,68 ± 0,52 G; liczba uderzeń = 148 ± 42; całkowita odległość = 203 ± 69 m; maksymalna prędkość = 7,07 [6.7, 8.2] km/h. Częstość akcji serca (p <0,05; F = 8,333) stwierdzona w pierwszej rundzie (163 ± 14 bpm) była niższa w porównaniu z drugą (182 ± 9 rund BPM) i trzecią rundą (185 ± 10 BPM). Maksymalna osiągnięta prędkość wyniosła ok. 6 km/h oraz 6-7 km/h i jest wyższa od średniej światowej, a dla przyspieszenia, liczba uderzeń w obrębie 5-6 G i 6-6,5 G jest także wyższa niż średnia światowa. Dyskusja. Ponieważ system punktacji taekwondo opiera się na minimalnym kontakcie cielesnym (zastosowanie ochraniaczy), sportowcy wydają się uniknąć wydatków energii wymagających bardzo intensywnych wysiłków, co jest potwierdzone przez mniejszą liczbę uderzeń o wartości wyższych niż 8 G. Przemieszczenia się młodych zawodniczek taekwondo poniżej 7 km/h jest prawdopodobnie spowodowane przez wielkość obszaru walki i krótką odległość od przeciwnika. Wnioski. Główne ustalenia niniejszego badania wskazują, że młode zawodniczki taekwondo miały niski poziom mleczanu we krwi po meczu, wykonano około 150 uderzeń w trakcie walki, które wystąpiły co 1,37 m – biorąc pod uwagę, że całkowite przemieszczenie wyniosło około 200 m – z dużym przyspieszeniem i że to przemieszczenie nastąpiło przy umiarkowanych prędkościach. Ponadto, częstość akcji serca była mniejsza w pierwszej rundzie w stosunku do pozostałych dwóch rund.

18

ACE I/D genotype in professional field hockey players

63%

Gronek P. , Holdys J. , Konarski J. , Krysciak J. , Wolc A.

Trends in Sport Sciences

|

2013

|

tom 20

|

nr 1

EN

Introduction. Numerous studies have focused on the association between I/D ACE and physical fi tness; however, this association in professional hockey players has never been recognized. Aim of the Study. The study examined the distribution of Alu insertion (I)/deletion (D) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes in elite male professional fi eld hockey players. Material and Methods. The effect of Alu insertion (I)/deletion (D) angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes on motor skills and maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) in 47 elite male fi eld hockey players was studied. Genotyping for ACE I/D was performed using a polymerase chain reaction on DNA from leucocytes. The studied motor skills such as speed – 20 m run, power – vertical jump, recovery – step-test, speed endurance (15 x 20 m) shuttle run, were established using functional tests. The VO₂max was measured during progressive exercise test till exhaustion. Results. The authors do not confi rm some literature data that D allele favours endurance ability. We did not detect signifi cant genotype effects of ACE on the analyzed traits; how-ever a tendency for decreased performance of individuals with the DD genotype was noted for vertical jump, power peak and power. Conclusions. Analysis of the genetic profi le of ACE I/D may provide supplemetary information on a player’s predispositions to exercise with specifi c energy requirements.

19

Polymorphic variants of the PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor) genes: relevance for athletic performance

63%

Maciejewska-Karlowska A.

Trends in Sport Sciences

|

2013

|

tom 20

|

nr 1

EN

The elite athletic phenotype is a complex combination influenced by both multiple genes (polygenic) and environmental factors such as training and nutrition. Among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with variation in physical traits, which are particularly important for performance in a variety of sports and with the elite athlete status, variants of PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor) genes have emerged as crucial moderators that control the expression of genes encoding enzymes and other proteins involved in energy homeostasis (lipid and carbohydrate metabolism). Accumulated findings from studies showing that combinations of polymorphic markers located in PPAR genes are associated with increased/decreased performance raise the possibility that the PPAR gene variants are true performance enhancing polymorphisms (PEPs) that are believed to have a physiological impact on human body composition and metabolism. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of knowledge on the role of polymorphic variants of PPAR genes in physical performance or health related fitness phenotypes.

20

Frami® software protocol for Taekwondo: development, reliability and reproducibility

63%

Vargas Barrientos C. A. , Alacks Antonietto D. , Rezende Oliveira C. L. , Mota Barreto L. B. , Miarka B. , Aedo-Munoz E. A. , Brito J. C.

Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology

|

2021

|

tom 21

|

nr 4

36-46

EN

Background. The free combat software, called Frami®, has had its panel customized and adapted for Taekwondo analysis. Thus, the software is able to produce essential information from sequential combat actions and the functional demands of the combat. However, its protocol has not been validated for the sport of Taekwondo. Aims. The present study aimed to verify the objectivity and reliability of a technical-tactical and motor actions analysis protocol for elite-level Taekwondo competition using the Frami® software by comparing results from experts and non-expert evaluators.Methods. To determine if the Frami® software is suitable for Taekwondo competition, three evaluators (two experts and one non-expert) created a protocol, using displacement, attack, counterattack, defense, clinch, and pause phases, and selected 10 men’s matches from the 2019 Taekwondo World Championships. A test-retest reliability was used to indicate the repeatability of test scores with the passage of time (test vs. retest after 24 hours). Cohen’s Kappa and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to estimate and reflect the stability of the protocol measured by the Frami® software, p≤.05. Results. After conducting an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analysis, this study indicated that for all combat phases, the evaluators showed “moderate” to “excellent” reliability (ICC=.64 to .99), except the third evaluator (non-expert) that presented “poor” for the clinch counterattack actions (ICC=.33). For objectivity, the obtained ICCs varied from “moderate” to “excellent” (ICC=.5 to .99). For penalties and scores, objectivity was rated “almost perfect” (ICC = .89 to .97). Conclusion. The protocol proved to be reproducible and objective for the analysis of elite-level Taekwondo competition. This protocol was advantageous, since more motor actions were added (clinch, combat base, penalties, and scores) compared to the previously validated protocol, and it was developed under the current competitive rules in which electronic devices (chest, foot, and helmet) are used. However, the evaluation performed by a non-expert may not represent accurately the technical-tactical actions of the combat.

PL

Wprowadzenie. Darmowe oprogramowanie do analizy walki, zwane Frami®, miało swój panel dostosowany i zaadaptowany do analizy Taekwondo. Tak więc, oprogramowanie było w stanie wyprodukować istotne informacje z sekwencyjnych działań bojowych i funkcjonalnych wymagań walki. Jednakże, jego protokół nie został zatwierdzony dla sportu Taekwondo. Cele. Niniejsze badanie weryfikowało obiektywność i wiarygodność protokołu analizy techniczno-taktycznej i działań motorycznych dla zawodów Taekwondo na poziomie elitarnym przy użyciu oprogramowania Frami® poprzez porównanie wyników ustalonych przez ekspertów i osób nie będących ekspertami. Metody. Aby ustalić,czy oprogramowanie Frami® jest odpowiednie do zawodów Taekwondo, trzech oceniających (dwóch ekspertów i jeden nie-ekspert) stworzyło protokół, używając faz przemieszczenia, ataku, kontrataku, obrony, klinczu oraz pauzy i wybrało 10 walk z udziałem mężczyzn z Mistrzostw Świata Taekwondo 2019. Zastosowano rzetelność test-retest, aby wskazać powtarzalność wyników testu z upływem czasu (test i retest po 24 godzinach). Cohen’s Kappa i współczynnik korelacji wewnątrzklasowej zostały użyte do oszacowania i odzwierciedlenia stabilności protokołu mierzonego przez oprogramowanie Frami®, p≤.05. Wyniki. Po przeprowadzeniu analizy współczynnika korelacji wewnątrzklasowej (ICC), niniejsze badanie wykazało, że dla wszystkich faz walki, oceniający wykazali „umiarkowaną” do „doskonałej” wiarygodność (ICC=.64 do .99), z wyjątkiem trzeciego oceniającego (nie-eksperta), który wykazał „słabą” wiarygodność dla działań kontrataku klinczu (ICC=.33). Dla obiektywności, uzyskane ICC wahało się od „umiarkowanego” do „doskonałego” (ICC=.5 do .99). Dla kar i wyników, obiektywność została oceniona jako „prawie doskonała” (ICC = .89 do .97). Wnioski. Protokół okazał się być powtarzalny i obiektywny dla analizy w zawodach Taekwondo na poziomie elitarnym. Protokół ten był korzystny, ponieważ dodano więcej działań motorycznych (klincz, podstawa walki, kary i punktacja) w porównaniu do poprzednio walidowanego protokołu, a także został opracowany zgodnie z aktualnymi przepisami zawodniczymi, w których używane są urządzenia elektroniczne (klatka piersiowa, stopa i kask). Jednakże, ocena dokonana przez nie-eksperta może nie przedstawiać dokładnie techniczno- taktycznych działań w walce.