Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

MAPS OF MINING DISTRICTS IN THE KINGDOM OF POLAND (Mapy Okregów górniczych Królestwa Polskiego)

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Wojcik A. J.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

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2009

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tom 18

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nr 1-2(35-36)

331-348

EN

The establishment of the Kingdom of Poland (in 1815, within the framework of Tsarist Russia) and the development of government-run mining and metallurgy gave a chance of employment to many well-educated specialists in the fields of geology and mining. This also meant that they were involved, for the first time, in a number of novel tasks, such as the drafting of the first economic maps of the mining districts: the Eastern District, covering the region of the Swiętokrzyskie Mountains, and the Western District, located on the south-western peripheries of the Kingdom and bordering on the lands held by Prussia and Austria. One of the specialist must have been Maksymilian Strasz (1804-1885), the author of two maps which appeared in print in 1846: 'Karta polozenia Zakladów Górniczych Rzadowych w Królestwie Polskiem. Okreg Wschodni' (Map of the location of governmental mining plants in the Kingdom of Poland. Eastern District) (scale 1:126000, engraved by J. Dietrich at the Lithography of the Bank of Poland in Warsaw) and 'Karta ogólna polozenia Zakladów Górniczych Rzadowych w Królestwie Polskiem, Okregu Zachodnim, z oznaczeniem utworów powierzchni ziemi w przyblizeniu (General map of the location of governmental mining plants in the Kingdom of Poland, Western District, with an approximate indication of the formations of the earth's surface) (scale 1:126000, engraved by P. Kresse at the Lithography of the Bank of Poland in Warsaw). Unfortunately, no descriptions or other information on how the maps were drafted have been preserved, nor is there any information on how many maps were printed. The map of the Eastern District was drafted in much detail, both with regard to topography, and the mining and metallurgical content. The location of industrial plants was indicated, as was the range of forests. By contrast, in the map of the Western District the content was largely simplified, and the whole map seems not to have been a completed work. In spite of the many technical shortcomings, it must be said that the maps of the mining districts of the Kingdom of Poland by Maksymilian Strasz were the first comprehensive cartographical representation of the industrial regions, which showed both mineral deposits, as well as the location of and interrelations between particular industrial plants.

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JAM MARIAN HEMPEL - AUTHOR OF GEOLOGICAL AND MINING MAPS OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND

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Wojcik A. J.

Analecta. Studia i Materiały z Dziejów Nauki

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2006

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tom 15

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nr 1-2(29-30)

255-278

EN

The study presents the work of Jan Marian Hempel (12.12.1818-19.01.1886). The particular focus of the study is on the archival materials concerning the history of the industrial districts of the Kindgom of Poland, and on a number of geological and mining maps. Jan Hempel started work in the mines of the Western (Industrial) District of the Kngdom of Poland in 1840. He was employed as, among other things, a surveyor's assistant in the offices of the district at Dabrowa (Górnicza), and in the years 1843-47 he pursued studies to supplement his education, while at the same time working in the Technical Section of the Mining Division in Warsaw. From 1847 onwards Hempel organized the surveying service in the Western District, being responsible for the drawing of a number of new mine maps. In 1856 he finished work on a 'Geognostic map of the coal-mining basin of the Kingdom of Poland' (18 sections, with a scale of 1:20000). It was the first detailed geological-mining map to be published in Polish and it carried a compendium of knowledge on the occurrence of mineral resources and the geology of the whole Western District. Beginning from 1857 Hempel worked in the Eastern District (at Suchedniów) on a 'geognostic map' that was eventually published in 1867 in the journal 'Annales des Mines'. In 1861, Hempel was made head of the Western Distict, supervising the functioning of all mines and steel mills owned by the government. Jan Hempel made a very special contribution to the development of geology and mining. He introduced modern surveying methods, as well as took on the difficult task of drawing the first maps that presented the complicated geological structure of the industrial districts.

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Montánno-historický výskum na Slovensku po roku 1989

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Lacko M.

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nr 2

208-241

EN

In the submitted study the author has tried to present the results of mining and historical research in Slovakia for the last 20 years. However, such task is very difficult because the theme of the history of mining and metallurgy has been analysed in lot of text-books, particularly from numerous seminars, conferences or other specialized actions. Professional Slovak historiography could obtain the access to the themes of mining history only after World War II and after its institutionalization as independent science. After 1948 the published results of economic history research were limited by ideological instrumentalization and by the fact that their authors came out of Slovak Marxist national history concept. Some economic history works from these times are still timeless. After 1989 interest in economic history in Slovak historiography expressly decreased, but still has kept its continuity, in which the new generation of researchers can continue.

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THE MINING AND GEOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF JÓZEF CIESZKOWSKI IN THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF THE KINGDOM OF POLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

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Wojcik A. J.

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tom 17

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nr 1-2(33-34)

87-101

EN

Until the 19th century, there was - with a few exceptions - little connection in geology between general concepts and knowledge stemming from the actual practice of mining. Irrespective of the development of various philosophical concepts, observation came to be used on a large scale as a research method. The method was predominantly applied by geologists who worked in mines, and thus were directly concerned with the exploration and identification of mineral deposits. Among such mine geologists who were active in the 19th century in the Kingdom of Poland, the part of partitioned Poland under Russian sovereignty, was Józef Cieszkowski (1789-1867). After graduating from the Mining Academy in Kielce (where he studied in the years 1817-1820), Cieszkowski first got a job as an assistant engineer at the Olkusz-Siewierz Board of Mining, and then, from 1823, he worked in the calamine mine at Slawków. Later he was sent to gain practical knowledge abroad (1826-1827). The reports of his stay abroad, written in 1834 and 1836, contain descriptions of sites where coal deposits are found (coal basins), but their main focus is on description of mining procedures (the draining of mines, exploitation of deposits and underground transportation in mines). As time went by, Cieszkowski advanced in the government-run mining industry, to become successively assistant mine superintendent, chief mine superintendent (1834) and head of the mine division of the Western District of the Kingdom of Poland (1841-1861). Thanks to his practical interests, Cieszkowski played a crucial role in the introduction of new methods of exploiting coal deposits and transporting the output. Identification of the occurrence of particular coal beds made it possible to establish new mines, while the development of a new method of exploiting coal deposits - known, after the region where it originated, as the 'Dabrowa' or 'Zaglebie' method - allowed miners to exploit thick coal beds by layers. The method, of which Cieszkowski himself was a precursor in 1848, made it possible to extract coal almost without any losses (no unextracted parts of the bed were left, with the thickness of the beds reaching up to 25 metres). This led to a reduction in the number of fires, which had occurred in mines very frequently before. In his dictionary of mining (Slownik górniczy), published in 1868, Hieronim Labecki presented a number of terms developed by Józef Cieszkowski, such as 'overlay', 'inclined drift', 'countershaft', as well as the term '(mineral) basin', the definition of which included a description of a geological structure characterized by a synclinal arrangement of sedimentary rock strata. The introduction of the definition into mining terminology proceeded in a gradual way, starting from 1840. The term 'basin' was first used in the title of a published map in the 'Geognostic map of the coal basin of the Kingdom of Poland' drafted by Jan Marian Hempel.