Wyniki wyszukiwania - Biblioteka Nauki

1

Company from the Uncanny Valley: A Psychological Perspective on Social Robots, Anthropomorphism and the Introduction of Robots to Society

100%

Samuel J. L.

Ethics in Progress

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2019

|

tom 10

|

nr 2

8-26

EN

There are many issues surrounding the introduction of social robots into society, including concerns about how they may be used to replace true social interaction in personal life, dehumanise formerly social occupations such as elderly care, and be perceived as more human than they actually are. This paper shall present a psychological perspective on the human reception of social robots and apply the gathered information to address these concerns.

2

Anthropomorphic Social Robots as Meaning-Making Tools and Peer Models at School

100%

Zawieska K. , Rynkiewicz K. , Sprońska A.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica

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2016

|

tom 9

156-175

EN

This paper discusses the use of anthropomorphic social robots in the area of safety education. The goal of the study was to investigate whether the use of anthropomorphic social robots increases learning efficiency, and if so, why. The underlying assumption was that anthropomorphic social robots may foster meaning-making due to their human-likeness, in particular a discrepancy between their human-like characteristics and the human frame of reference for such traits, and hence to improvelearning efficiency. In particular this paper discusses the results of a qualitative study conducted in four primary schools. Thestudy has shown that the key role of the robot in increasing learning efficiency is not so much to convey information and help carrying out specific tasks as to increase interest, and hence, motivation to learn. Also, the key factors that shape a successful use of such robots in safety education concern as much pupils as teachers and go far beyond the robot as such.

PL

Niniejsza praca omawia zastosowanie antropomorficznych robotów społecznych w edukacji w zakresie bezpiecznych zachowań. Celem było zbadanie, czy zastosowanie antropomorficznych robotów społecznych podnosi efektywność nauczania, i jeśli tak, to dlaczego. Podstawowym założeniem było twierdzenie, że antropomorficzne roboty społeczne mają potencjał wspierania procesu tworzenia znaczeń dzięki podobieństwu do człowieka, zwłaszcza poprzez rozbieżność pomiędzy cechami robotów naśladującymi cechy człowieka a ludzkim układem odniesienia dla takich cech. W szczególności niniejsza praca omawia wyniki badania jakościowego przeprowadzonego w czterech szkołach podstawowych. Badanie wykazało, że kluczową rolą robota w procesie podnoszenia efektywności nauczania jest nie tyle przekazywanie informacji i pomoc w wykonywaniu określonych zadań, ile podnoszenie zainteresowania, a przez to motywacji do nauki. Inne czynniki, które wpływają na skuteczne użycie antropomorficznych robotów społecznych do nauczania bezpiecznych zachowań, dotyczą tak samo uczniów, jak i nauczycieli oraz wykraczają daleko poza robota jako takiego.

3

Brand Love and Brand Forgiveness: An Empirical Study in Turkey

100%

Gürce M. Y. , Tosun P. , Pektaş G. Ö. E.

Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets

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2022

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nr 1(14)

22-39

EN

Brand love is an interesting and important concept that required further research in brand management. This study tested the impacts of consumer attitudes, subjective norms, and brand anthropomorphization on brand love and brand forgiveness in the framework provided by the theory of planned behavior. Regression analyses showed that brand anthropomorphization and subjective norms have a signifi cant impact on brand love. Brand love positively infl uences brand forgiveness and acts as a mediator between subjective norms, brand anthropomorphization, and brand forgiveness constructs. Besides mediation, brand anthropomorphization directly influences brand forgiveness. The findings of this study contribute to the existing knowledge on brand love and brand forgiveness concepts by presenting empirical research fi ndings that investigate brand love antecedents. This study has also shown the signifi cant impact of anthropomorphizing a brand on brand forgiveness and brand love.

4

Polish Version of the Negative Attitude Toward Robots Scale (NARS-PL)

88%

Pochwatko G. , Giger J.-C. , Różańska-Walczuk M. , Świdrak J. , Kukiełka K. , Możaryn J. , Piçarra N.

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2015

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tom Vol. 9, No. 3

65--72

EN

This paper presents the Polish adaptation of the Negative Attitude toward Robots Scale (NARS-PL), primarily created by Nomura et al. (2004). 213 individuals participated in the study (49 professionals and 164 non- professionals). The Polish version obtained satisfactory psychometric properties for a two-factor structure. Both subscales, the Negative Attitudes toward Robots that Display Human Traits (NARHT) and the Negative Attitudes toward Interactions with Robots (NATIR) possess good internal consistency. Effects of participant gender and robot’s appearance were found. Theory consistent relationships between attitude toward robots, belief in human nature uniqueness and robots’ human-likeness are discussed.

5

,,Niech zginą nałogi mięsno-wódczano-tytuniowo-modne”. Programy i idee polskich wegetarian XIX i początku XX stulecia

87%

Pasieka P.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2018

|

nr 18

45-63

EN

The vegetarian movement which emerged in Poland in the second half of the 19th century was informal undertaking at first, while its leaders championed original conceptions of their own. Unlike advocates of protecting animals from cruel treatment, who established the Society for the Protection of Animals in the 1860s-1870s, vegetarians functioned without a registered association until 1904. Their ideas were an eclectic mix: the essential idea of a vegetarian diet was combined with many other conceptions and postulations. Konstanty Moes-Oskragiełło connected vegetarianism with the requirement to wear woollen clothes (though he himself also supported naturism) and certain natural treatments. Józef Drzewiecki added homeopathy as well as natural medicine. Rajmund Janicki advocated an ascetic lifestyle, eschewing any substances and German-style attire. Rev. Wincent Pix, as a vegetarian, was a patron of campaigns against vaccinations. The feature which united these diverse elements the most was their explicitly anthropocentric nature: the ultimate goal was the wellness and rejuvenation of people and their return to a life lived in accordance with Nature. From their standpoint, the health of the humankind and its spiritual well-being were the prevailing concern, whereas comparatively little attention was devoted to the welfare of animals.

PL

The article presents an analysis of the ideas and platforms developed by the first Polish vegetarians in the latter half of the 19th and in the early 20th century. The views of the following authors are considered: Konstanty Moes-Oskragiełło, Józef Drzewiecki, Janisław Jastrzębowski and Rajmund Jankowski. I draw attention to three basic features: anthropocentrism, eclecticism and a somewhat informal culture.

6

Jacques Derrida and zoomorphism: an inquiry

76%

Michta K.

Przestrzenie Teorii

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2017

|

nr 28

EN

The article discusses zoomorphism as part of the anthropocentric discourse aimed at establishing human dominance over animals. Basing on Jacques Derrida’s 1997 paper “The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow),” the article approaches anthropomorphism and zoomorphism as culturally sanctioned ways of misrepresenting animality and shaping human attitudes towards real-life animals. A symptom of the misrepresentation is the gap between animals and their linguistic denotations. The specific aim of the article is to demonstrate that zoomorphism as used in everyday language conserves the human-centered vision of the world by ignoring the differences between individual animals. The discussion concludes by arguing that zoomorphism can be remedied by the individualizing aspects of anthropomorphism.

7

Mindreading in the Animal Kingdom: Philosophical Controversies

75%

DUTKOWSKA A. , WRÓBLEWSKI Z.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

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2018

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tom 66

|

nr 3

101-122

EN

The central issue in the debate on animal minds is the issue of mindreading. This complicated cognitive ability belongs to the key elements of social cognition—as a form of adapting to specific circumstances connected with living in groups, it enables the reading of the mental states of other individuals, e.g. intentions, desires, and beliefs as well as the adaptation of one’s own behavior to this information. The primary purpose of the article is to present the main philosophical controversies which arise in the discussion of whether this ability can be attributed to animals; if so, then to what extent. Philosophical discussions concentrate on methodological issues: alternative interpretational models of animal behavior (mindreading vs reading behavior), anthropomorphism, experimental protocols, and gradeability of mindreading as well as the nature of the mind (thinking).

PL

Główną kwestią w debacie na temat umysłu zwierząt jest kwestia czytania umysłu (mindreading). Ta złożona zdolność poznawcza należy do kluczowych elementów poznania społecznego — jako forma dostosowania się do konkretnych okoliczności związanych z życiem w grupach umożliwia odczyt stanów psychicznych innych podmiotów, np. intencji, pragnień i przekonań, a także adaptację własnego zachowania do tych informacji. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie głównych kontrowersji filozoficznych, które pojawiają się w dyskusji na temat tego, czy zdolność tę można przypisać zwierzętom, a jeśli tak, to w jakim stopniu. Dyskusje filozoficzne koncentrują się na zagadnieniach metodologicznych, takich jak: alternatywne modele interpretacyjne zachowań zwierząt, antropomorfizm, protokoły eksperymentalne i zdolność oceny umysłu, a także natura umysłu (myślenia).

8

Oniryczne ekspresje w "Sonatach Mol" Marii Grossek-Koryckiej

75%

Poleszak N.

Jednak Książki. Gdańskie Czasopismo Humanistyczne

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2015

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nr 4/2015 O Młodej Polsce mniej znanej

103-120

EN

The article focuses on the literary aspect of dream in Maria Grossek-Korycka's Sonaty mol. The poetics of dream is realized within selected works in the series through the use of the word 'sen' ('dream') or by introducing a romantic encrustation aura. The term 'senne ekspresje' ('dreamy expressions'), appearing in the title of this article, indicates a specific way of shaping the imaginative projections. The characteristic properties of the oneiric visions: the aesthetics of contrast, anthropomorphism, handling a wide range of colours, synesthesia as the main means of expression, deformation in the cause-and-effect relationship lead to a dreamy expressionist technique in the context of the individual sonatas. 'The texts' of verbalised phantasma activate an array of symbolic references and analogies. The poet goes back to the tradition of Kabbalah - a dream often manifests itself to the dreaming entity and becomes its peculiar emanation or attribute. This interpretation makes an attempt to read the contents of literary visions and includes the description of the general rules governing the oneirology of The Young Poland poet.

9

Zvíře jako člověk, zvíře jako stroj

75%

Jaroš F.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2015

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tom 63

|

nr 4

519-537

EN

Charles Darwin is celebrated for his claim that man and primates developed from a common ancestor. Man has been, since Darwin, treated by science as a biological species and scientists often compare his faculties to the instincts of animals. At the same time, the other side of Darwin’s discovery is forgotten – animals are similar to man in their behaviour and emotions. While for Darwin himself an anthropomorphic view of animals was self-evident, many contemporary Darwinists prefer a mechanical model. These two contradictory tendencies are established here by reference to the work of the biologists Richard Dawkins and Frans de Waal. The difference of perspective from which animals are viewed can be best seen in connection with the problem-area of morality and its evolutionary origin. It is shown that the empirical orientation of de Waal is fundamentally closer to the Darwinian tradition of research than Dawkins’ theoretical approach.

10

Postrzeganie samochodów o różnych cechach antropomorficznych w zależności od płci i nastroju

63%

Wanat T. , Bar-Tal D.

Handel Wewnętrzny

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2017

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nr 2 (367)

382-391

PL

Niektóre produkty mogą przypominać ludzi lub ludzkie zachowania. Powodować to może u konsumentów uaktywnienie się procesów antropomorfizacji. Celem artykułu jest określenie, jak płeć i nastrój ludzi wpływają na postrzeganie atrakcyjności samochodów o różnych typach cech antropomorficznych. Do realizacji tego celu przeprowadzono badanie na planie eksperymentu. Wyniki badania wskazują, że nastrój osób badanych różnicuje postrzeganie antropomorficznego samochodu w ramach płci. Kobiety w dobrym humorze oceniały antropomorficzny samochód wyrażający negatywne emocje dużo mniej pozytywnie niż mężczyźni. Nie wykazano natomiast wpływu pozostałych interakcji między zmiennymi na postrzeganie antropomorficznych samochodów.

EN

Some products may resemble people or human behaviour. This may cause in case of consumers activating of the processes of anthropomorphization. An aim of the article is to define how the gender and mood of people affect the repception of attractiveness of cars with different types of anthropomorphic features. In order to achieve this goal the authors carried out a survey based on an experiment. The survey findings show that the respondents’ mood differentiate perception of the anthropomorphic car within the gender. Women in good humour were evaluating the anthropomorphic car expressing negative emotions much less positively than men. However, there was not revealed any impact of other interactions between variables on perception of anthropomorphic cars.

RU

Некоторые продукты могут напоминать людей или поведение человека. Это может вызывать у потребителя бóльшую активность процессов антропоморфизации. Цель статьи – определить, как пол и настроение людей влияют на восприятие привлекательности автомашин с разными типами антро- поморфических черт. Для осуществления этой цели провели обследование на плане эксперимента. Результаты обследования указывают, что настроение обследуемых лиц дифференцирует восприятие антропоморфической машины в рамках пола. Женщины с хорошим настроением оценивали антропоморфическую автомашину, отражающую отрицательные эмоции, намного меньше положительным образом, чем мужчины. Не выявили же влияния остальных интеракций между переменными на восприятие антропоморфических машин.

11

The Ethical Significance of Human Likeness in Robotics and AI

63%

Remmers P.

Ethics in Progress

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2019

|

tom 10

|

nr 2

52-67

EN

A defining goal of research in AI and robotics is to build technical artefacts as substitutes, assistants or enhancements of human action and decision-making. But both in reflection on these technologies and in interaction with the respective technical artefacts, we sometimes encounter certain kinds of human likenesses. To clarify their significance, three aspects are highlighted. First, I will broadly investigate some relations between humans and artificial agents by recalling certain points from the debates on Strong AI, on Turing’s Test, on the concept of autonomy and on anthropomorphism in human-machine interaction. Second, I will argue for the claim that there are no serious ethical issues involved in the theoretical aspects of technological human likeness. Third, I will suggest that although human likeness may not be ethically significant on the philosophical and conceptual levels, strategies to use anthropomorphism in the technological design of human-machine collaborations are ethically significant, because artificial agents are specifically designed to be treated in ways we usually treat humans.

12

O PEWNEJ PRÓBIE OBRONY WYJAŚNIANIA TELEOLOGICZNEGO

63%

Wróblewski Z.

Roczniki Filozoficzne

|

2012

|

tom 60

|

nr 4

339-359

EN

The aim of the article is to present the strategy of rehabilitation of the teleology in the conception of Robert Spaemann, Reinchard Löw and Hans Jonas. That strategy takes into account a few aspects: (1) the analysis of general conception of explanation in which the character of questions activating the process of explanation is taking into consideration, (2) the analysis of the conception of the teleological and causal explanations (according to the Hempel-Oppenheim model), (3) determination of the pragmatic background of the controversies concerning teleology, (4) determination of the domain and aims of teleological and causal interpretations.

XX

Celem artykułu jest prezentacja strategii rehabilitacji teleologii w ujęciu: Roberta Spaemanna, Reincharda Löwa oraz Hansa Jonasa. Strategia ta uwzględnia kilka aspektów: (1) analizę ogólnej koncepcji wyjaśniania, w której jest uwzględniony charakter pytań uruchamiających proces wyjaśniania, (2) analizę koncepcji wyjaśniania teleologicznego i przyczynowego (według modelu Hempla- Oppenheima) (3) określenie pragmatycznego tła sporu o teleologię, (4) określenie domeny i celów interpretacji teleologicznych i przyczynowych.

13

„Nie z nienawiścią, lecz z pogardą patrzy kot na psa”. Čapkowskie uwagi na temat psychiki zwierzęcej

63%

Gawarecka A.

PORÓWNANIA. Czasopismo poswiecone zagadnieniom komparatystyki literackiej...

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2022

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tom 31

|

nr 1

159-180

EN

The book by Karl Čapek Měl jsem psa a kočku (I had a dog and a cat) appeared (posthumously) in 1939 in the Czech publishing market. This publication, which consisted of several essays, a story about the fox terrier Dašenka and a humorous guide to dog breeds, was mostly treated by literary scholars as some kind of hybrid bricolage of a miscellaneous texts. The animal stories published in this book draw their thematic material from everyday and empirical observation and do not need to use systems of cultural references and imagination. Their reception, however, requires common knowledge, available to those (i.e., in fact, to everyone) who have ever dealt with domestic animals and thus are able to confirm these observations, confront them with their own experience and, as a result, appreciate the accuracy and insight of the diagnoses offered by the author. The paradoxical conclusions of Čapek’s remarks throw readers out of their cognitive routine and show that the problem of animal emotional and intellectual life is more complicated than is usually considered. The narrative portraits of dog and feline heroes are primarily used to build anthropological models for which the patterns of animal behaviour constitute a convincing (because reduced to simplified “basic” behavioural matrices) exemplification.

PL

Książka Karla Čapka Měl jsem psa a kočku (Miałem psa i kota) ukazała się (pośmiertnie) w 1939 roku na czeskim rynku wydawniczym. Publikacja ta, składająca się z kilku esejów, opowieści o foksterierze Dášeńce i humorystycznego przewodnika po rasach psów, była traktowana przez badaczy literatury głównie jako swego rodzaju hybrydyczny bricolage różnych gatunków literackich i publicystycznych. Zamieszczone w niej opowieści o zwierzętach czerpią materiał tematyczny z codziennej i empirycznej obserwacji i nie wymagają korzystania z systemów kulturowych odniesień i wyobrażeń. Ich odbiór wymaga jednak wiedzy powszechnej, dostępnej dla tych (czyli właściwie dla wszystkich), którzy mieli do czynienia ze zwierzętami domowymi i dzięki temu są w stanie potwierdzić te spostrzeżenia, skonfrontować je z własnym doświadczeniem i w efekcie docenić trafność i wnikliwość diagnoz przedstawionych przez autora. Paradoksalne konkluzje, które Čapek wywodzi ze swych spostrzeżeń, wytrącają czytelnika z rutyny poznawczej i pokazują, że problem życia emocjonalnego i intelektualnego zwierząt jest bardziej skomplikowany, niż to się zwykło uważać. Narracyjne portrety psich i kocich bohaterów służą przede wszystkim budowaniu modeli antropologicznych, dla których wzorce zachowań zwierząt stanowią przekonującą (bo sprowadzoną do uproszczonych „podstawowych” matryc behawioralnych) egzemplifikację.

14

God in Jewish Thinking: Between Incompleteness and Perfection

63%

Ronen S.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2016

|

nr 2

231-251

EN

The article deals with the concept or the image of God in the Hebrew Bible and the various understandings and interpretations of it by Jewish thinkers through generations. The biblical text, full of contradictions and anthropomorphic assertions about God, was a source of discomfort for Jewish philosophers and theologians. Therefore, the sublima-tion and distillation of the text was necessary, and it was done by use of different her-meneutical methods. The article deals with various attributes of the biblical God, and presents different theological and philosophical interpretations of that issue by major Jewish thinkers.

15

Understanding anthropomorphisation in social robotics

63%

Zawieska K. , Duffy B. R. , Strońska A.

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

|

2012

|

tom R. 16, nr 11

78-82

EN

This paper discusses different approaches to anthropomorphism in social robotics. While anthropomorphisation in robotics is often understood as the human tendency to perceive robots as humanlike in response to stimuli provided by machines, the authors argue that it is also an interpretative process which is highly subjective and limited in duration. To project human characteristics onto robots means to attribute qualities that robots do not have. Thus, in order to understand the nature of user engagement in human-robot interaction, it is of crucial importance to have a clear understanding of anthropomorphism in the field of social robotics.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia różne ujęcia antropomorfizmu w robotyce społecznej. Podczas gdy antropomorfizacja jest często rozumiana jako tendencja człowieka do przypisywania robotom cech ludzkich w odpowiedzi na bodźce dostarczone przez maszyny, autorzy niniejszej pracy twierdzą, że jest to także wysoce subiektywny proces interpretacyjny, którego trwanie jest ograniczone w czasie. Przypisywanie robotom właściwości ludzkich oznacza przypisywanie cech, których roboty nie posiadają. Z tego względu, dokładne zrozumienie antropomorfizacji w dziedzinie robotyki społecznej jest kluczowe dla zrozumienia sposobu, w jaki użytkownik angażuje się w interakcję z robotem.

16

« Je me sers d’animaux pour instruire les hommes » : le personnage-animal dans la littérature d’enfance et de jeunesse contemporaine

63%

Atzenhoffer R.

e-Scripta Romanica

|

2017

|

tom 4

1-15

FR

Les animaux anthropomorphes peuplent la littérature de jeunesse. L’enjeu de ce travail est de mettre en évidence des apports et impacts de ces héros à poils, plumes et écailles auprès d’un jeune lectorat. Selon son âge, celui-ci sera plus ou moins attiré par un certain type d’animal : l’animal compagnon du héros humain, l’animal-héros identificatoire ou l’animal-guide et médiateur susceptible d’aider et d’accompagner l’enfant-lecteur dans sa découverte du monde.

EN

Animals inhabit children’s literature. What is at stake is to explain the reasons for this study by emphasizing what contributions and impacts these furred, feathered or shelled heroes make to a young readership. According to their age, young readers will be more or less attracted by a specific type of animal, the human hero’s animal companion, the identifiable anthropomorphic animal hero or the leading and facilitating one likely to help and accompany them in their discovery of the world.

17

Świat człowieka i jego granice w świetle danych językowych

63%

M. Tołstojowa S.

Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury

|

2018

|

tom 30

EN

In this article the author synthetically surveys the most important problems of linguistic “humanisation of reality”. Various aspects and forms of anthropocentrism are analysed on the basis of linguistic data, texts of folklore, belief tales, and ritualised practices. Anthropocentrism is viewed from the inside (from humans to the world) but also from the outside (from the world to humans). This is because humans not only make the world familiar to themselves by imprinting their mark on it: they also measure themselves to the world of animals, plants, or artefacts. Two aspects are thus discussed of the reciprocal relations between humans and animals, plants, wildlife, and matter, with a focus on linguistic and cultural markers of humanising the latter, contrasted with humans being assimilated to those aspects of reality. Two aspects are also discussed of the relation between humans and the world of the divine and the demonic, with a focus on the linguistic and cultural exponents of the humanisation of demons, God, and saints vs. the demonisation and deification of humans.Finally, referring to the contrasting views of Vyacheslav Ivanov (who accepts the anthropic world order and the idea of anthropocentrism in its theological aspect) and Miriana Detelić (for whom the maxim of man being “the measure of all things” is harmful, for it justifies the destruction of biosphere on the cosmic scale), the author claims that the problems of locating humans in the world and establishing the boundaries between humans and other inhabitants of the Universe are topical also in this day and age.

PL

Autorka przedstawia w syntetycznej formie najważniejsze problemy związane z językowym „uczłowieczaniem rzeczywistości”. Różne aspekty i różne formy antropocentryzmu analizuje na podstawie danych językowych, tekstów folkloru, podań wierzeniowych i rytualnych praktyk. Ujmuje antropocentryzm zarówno od wewnątrz, jak też od zewnątrz, tzn. nie tylko od człowieka do świata, ale i od świata do człowieka. Bowiem człowiek nie tylko „przyswaja” sobie świat, nakłada na niego swoje piętno, ale też „przymierza” samego siebie do świata zwierząt, roślin, czy rzeczy materialnych. Kolejno omawiane są więc dwa aspekty wzajemnych relacji człowiek a zwierzę, roślina, przyroda, świat materii z pokazaniem językowych i kulturowych wykładników uczłowieczania zwierząt, roślin, przyrody i rzeczy w kontraście do upodobniania człowieka do zwierząt, roślin, przyrody, przedmiotów; oraz dwa aspekty relacji człowiek a świat demoniczny i boski z pokazaniem językowych i kulturowych wykładników uczłowieczania demonów, Boga i świętych w kontraście do demonologizacji i ubóstwiania człowieka.W zakończeniu, nawiązując do kontrastowych opinii Wiaczesława Iwanowa (który akceptuje antropiczną zasadę układu świata i ideę antropocentryzmu w jego aspekcie teleologicznym) i Miriany Detelić (która maksymę «człowiek jest miarą wszystkich rzeczy» uznaje za szkodliwą, bo usprawiedliwia niszczenie biosfery w skali kosmicznej), autorka artykułu podkreśla, że problemy miejsca człowieka w świecie i granic, oddzielających człowieka od innych mieszkańców Wszechświata, są aktualne także dla naszego czasu.

18

Uwarunkowania i psychologiczne konsekwencje antropomorfizacji

63%

La Torre A. , Mudyń K.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica

|

2014

|

tom 7

57-68

PL

Artykuł jest syntezą dotychczasowych badań psychologicznych nad zjawiskiem antropomorfizacji, ukazującą różne perspektywy spojrzenia na to zagadnienie, przyczyny antropomorfizacji oraz jej konsekwencje dla indywidualnego i społecznego funkcjonowania. Antropomorfizacja traktowana tu jest przede wszystkim jako wyraz nadania obiektowi znaczenia, prowadzący do wiary w posiadanie przez obiekt ludzkich atrybutów, co sprawia, że zabieg ten ma głęboki wydźwięk w poglądach i działaniach stosujących go osób.

EN

The following review is a synthesis of current studies concerning antrophomorphism, its antescendants and consequences for the individual and the society. Different perspectives and definitions of anthropomorphism are shown here, although the article emphasises anthropomorphism as anact of giving meaning to an object, connected with the belief that the object has human attributes This belief has a deeper effect on people’s opinions and acts concerning the objects, society and environment.

19

Obraz Boga w apoftegmatach ojców pustyni

63%

Nocoń A.

Vox Patrum

|

2018

|

tom 70

93-105

EN

It is often said today that the current religious crisis is caused by a false image of God. The question therefore is how is He to be presented, so that with all the limitations of the human intellect and language in the face of the apophatic character of the Divine Majesty, God will be expressed in a way that will be the least “detrimental” to Him (and also to man)? It seems that the Egyptian Desert Fathers may be qualified teachers, even masters in this matter, not only, because the “semblance of God” was an issue that greatly engaged their community which had to deal with the heresy of anthropomorphism, but even more so, because as men of deep faith and prayer, often great mystics, they had an experience of God and so they continue to be for us unrivalled “experts” in this field. Analysing therefore their teaching on the image of God contained in the Apophthegmata of the Desert Fathers, we have arrived at the following conclusions. The Desert Fathers were fully aware how important the image of God is in the process of faith, knowing that a false image may lead not only to personal tragedies, but even to social unrest, and that it always leads to an atrophy of prayer and is an obstacle on the way to perfection. In spite of this, even though the word “God” appears in the Apophthegmata very often, the search for some uniform image of God and even clauses of the type: “God is…” that are extremely rare, would be in vain. What could be the reasons for the “silence” of the Desert Fathers in this matter? In our view, first of all the fundamental reason was their humility and the fact that they did not see themselves as teachers of others, and second, their suspicion as to their own visions that could in fact hide the ruses of Satan. However, the most important reason for the “omission” of the image of God in the Apopthegmata is, in our view, Eastern spirituality which treated every endeavour to define God and to demonstrate His image as an attempt to limit His divine nature. The ineffable and infinite God in the understanding of the Desert Fathers was also a God who is unique and unspeakable, to such an extent that each individual has to arrive alone, in his own heart, as far as this is possible, at His true image. Thus, in the Apophthegmata we do not find univocal statements declaring what is the true image of God, and the only thing that the Desert Fathers have conveyed to us is that approaching God is something of a process, at the beginning of which, yes certainly, some even infantile imagination of God may be admissible (hence a “leniency” towards anthropomorphism), but then it has to be subjected to a progressive purification, in the knowledge that “that which is perfect will come later”. This will come, not so much as a result of hearing about God or the acquisition of knowledge about Him, but through the practice of prayer, pe-nance and almsgiving.

20

Mind and Machine. The New Spaces of Robots and Digitization

51%

Janz B. , Schmiljun A.

Ethics in Progress

|

2019

|

tom 10

|

nr 2

4-7

EN

Machines have always been a tool or technical instrument for human beings to facilitate and to accelerate processes through mechanical power. The same applies to robots nowadays – the next step in the evolution of machines. Over the course of the last few years, robot usage in society has expanded enormously, and they now carry out a remarkable number of tasks for us. It seems we are on the eve of a historic revolution that will change everything we know right now. But not only robots have an impact on our life. It is digitization in its entirety, including smart applications and games, that confronts us with new spaces. This special volume of Ethics in Progress tries to broaden our understanding of a philosophical field – robots and digitization – that is still in its infancy in terms of it research and literature.