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PL
W artykule zaproponowano metodę, zwaną uczeniem on-line w sektorze, która gwarantuje stabilność układu z uczącym się regulatorem rozmytym z modelem odniesienia FMRLC. Układ składa się z liniowego obiektu z opóźnieniem, regulatora rozmytego, modelu odniesienia i mechanizmu uczenia. Mechanizm uczenia modyfikuje reguły regulatora w taki sposób, aby odpowiedź układu zamkniętego była zbliżona do odpowiedzi modelu odniesienia. W artykule opracowano procedurę bezpiecznego projektowania układu wykorzystując częstotliwościowe kryteria stabilności. Dokonano ponadto uproszczenia regulatora FMRLC w celu zredukowania liczby jego parametrów. Zaproponowaną metodę zilustrowano przykładem projektowania układu z niestabilnym członem liniowym.
EN
The paper presents a method, called on-line learning in sector, that guaranties stability of a control system with fuzzy model reference learning controller (FMRLC) [5]. The system (Fig. 1) consists of a plant with delay time (Eq. (1), the fuzzy logic controller (Eq. (8)), a reference model and a learning mechanism. The learning mechanism, described in Section 6, changes rules of the fuzzy controller so that the closed loop system behaves like the reference model. In the paper a design procedure that utilises frequency domain methods i.e. the Nyquist criterion and the so-called circle criterion is proposed. It is assumed that the function of the fuzzy controller is a nonlinearity described by a sector condition (Eqs. (2) and (3)). The condition means that the function lies between two lines passing the origin [10]. In the proposed method the function of the fuzzy controller is verified during on-line learning so it always stays within the allowed sector. Furthermore, the more effective Takagi-Sugeno controller instead of a Mamdani controller is used and a simplified way to calculate learning signal is proposed (Eq. (11)). The presented method is illustrated by an example of the design of a control system containing a non-stable plant with time delay.
PL
Opisano miniaturowy robot mobilny Khepera i jego oprogramowanie. Przedstawiono sposoby sterowania robotem: z komputera nadrzędnego oraz z procesora pokładowego. Jako przykład algorytmu sterowania opisano zadanie podążania przy ścianie. Program sterujący przygotowywany jest na komputerze, a następnie ładowany do pamięci RAM robota. Po zakończeniu transmisji robot pracuje w sposób autonomiczny. Do rozpoznawania otoczenia wykorzystywane są czujniki pracujące w zakresie fal podczerwonych. Zachowanie robota opisywane jest za pomocą łatwych do interpretacji rozmytych reguł sterowania.
EN
The Khepera miniature robot and its software are described. The robot can be controlled from a host computer or from a local processor. As an example of the algorithm wall following is presented. The program is developed on a computer and then downloaded to the robot. After the transmission the robot works autonomously. The robot recognizes its environment using infra red (IR) proximity sensors. The behaviour of the robot is described by easy interpretative rules.
3
Content available Uczący się regulator rozmyty z modelem odniesienia
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PL
W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie uczącego się regulatora rozmytego z modelem odniesienia FMRLC do sterowania obiektem liniowym drugiego rzędu. Regulator FMRLC składa się z trzech głównych elementów: właściwego regulatora rozmytego, który podlega uczeniu, modelu odniesienia i mechanizmu uczenia (adaptacji). Mechanizm uczenia modyfikuje bazę reguł regulatora w taki sposób, aby układ zamknięty odpowiadał jak model odniesienia. W pracy zaprezentowano procedurę projektowania omawianego układu sterowania. Jakość pracy układu oceniono na podstawie symulacji.
EN
The paper presents the application of the Fuzzy Model Reference Learning Controller (FMRLC) to control of a second order linear object. The FMRLC consists of three main parts: a fuzzy controller that is tuned, a reference model and a learning (adaptation) mechanism. The learning mechanism changes the rule base of the fuzzy controller so that the closed loop system behaves like the reference model. In the paper the design procedure of the control system is presented. The performance of the proposed control was evaluated by simulations.
4
Content available Regulator rozmyty jako korektor nieliniowy
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PL
W artykule pokazano metodę projektowania regulatora rozmytego pracującego jako korektor nieliniowy w układzie sterowania. Rozpatrzono regulator Takagi-Sugeno z rzeczywistymi następnikami reguł. Pokazano, że jego funkcja ma pewne własności, które można wykorzystać w syntezie układu sterowania. Wskazano, że może być ona nieliniowością sektorową, dzięki czemu do badania stabilności można użyć częstotliwościowe kryterium Popova. Na przykładzie pokazano, że zastosowanie korektora rozmytego może poprawić jakość pracy układu poprzez skrócenie czasu regulacji. Zaprojektowany układ zrealizowano w środowisku Matlab/Simulink.
EN
The paper presents a design method of the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy controller [5] that works as a nonlinear element in a control system. The controller has one input and one output (Fig. 1) and real numbers in consequences of fuzzy rules (Eq. (1)). In Section 2 it is shown that the function of the controller has certain properties that can be used in a design procedure. The system stability is considered in Section 3 and is based on the Popov criterion [13] which has useful graphical interpretation (Fig. 5). It is assumed that the controller function is a nonlinearity described by a sector condition (Eqs. (12) and (13)). The condition means that the graph of the function lies between two lines passing the origin [11, 12]. The presented method is illustrated in Section 4 by an example of a system containing a linear plant described by the transfer function (Eq. (19)) and a fuzzy controller in the feedback loop (Fig. 6). The goal is to design a fuzzy controller so that its settling time is shorter than the linear controller settling time. It is assumed that the system response is to be critically damped, which means stabilisation of the system without overshooting. The control quality with a fuzzy controller is compared to that with a linear controller (Tab. 1). The control system was realised in Matlab/Simulink environment (Fig. 10).
PL
Od ponad 10 lat Solartron Mobrey oferuje w Polsce sprawdzone i niezawodne urządzenia pomiarowe dla gospodarki wodno-ściekowej, przyczyniające się do optymalizacji procesów oczyszczania ścieków. Specjalizujemy się w pomiarach mętności, koncentracji osadu, poziomu oraz przepływu. Oferowane przez nas urządzenia są niezastąpione podczas pomiarów w trudnych warunkach.
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Content available O doborze reguł sterowania dla regulatora rozmytego
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PL
W pracy scharakteryzowano problem doboru reguł sterowania dla regulatora rozmytego. Omówiono metody pozyskiwania reguł za pomocą sieci neuronowej uczonej metodą z nauczycielem i ze wzmocnieniem. Przedstawiono zagadnienie badania stabilności i jakości zaprojektowanego układu. Omawiane problemy zilustrowano przykładowymi wynikami badań.
EN
In the paper the problem of collecting of control rules a fuzzy logic controller is characterised. Two methods of generating of rules using neural network are described: supervised learning and reinforcement learning. the problem of stability and quality analysis is presented. The considerations are illustrated by examples.
EN
In this paper a system constructed on the basis of data obtained from workout of race walking athletes has been presented. The system’s main objective is to define the optimal level of workout load so that the athlete achieves the determined result over the distance of 5 km. The system has been built using artificial neural networks implemented in the Statistica 10 software. The networks perform two tasks, i.e. they generate workout scheme and predict the result. The system has an advisory nature and plays the role of a tool supporting coach’s decision making.
EN
The following paper presents the use of regularized linear models as tools to optimize training process. The models were calculated by using data collected from race-walkers’ training events. The models used predict the outcomes over a 3 km race and following a prescribed training plan. The material included a total of 122 training patterns made by 21 players. The methods of analysis include: classical model of OLS regression, ridge regression, LASSO regression and elastic net regression. In order to compare and choose the best method a cross-validation of the leave-one-out was used. All models were calculated using R language with additional packages. The best model was determined by the LASSO method which generates an error of about 26 seconds. The methodhas simplified the structure of the model by eliminating 5 out of 18 predictors.
EN
The incorporation of the five following porphyrins: meso-tetra(4-phenyl)porphyrin (TPP); meso-tetra(4-sulfonato-phenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4); meso-tetra(4-naphthyl)porphyrin (TNP); tri-sulfo-tetra-phenyl porphyrin (TPPS3) and tetra-sulfonato-naphthyl porphyrin (TNPS4) into human blood cells was investigated using flow cytometry, and absorption and emission spectroscopy. The percentage of stained cells, measured in a fluorescence cytometer, provided information on the efficiency of incorporation of fluorescent dye molecules into different types of cells. The yield of the incorporation of a dye was dependent on the type of dye and the solvent used for cell incubation. The degree of dye aggregation and ionization varied with the incubation medium, but dye molecules incorporated into cells seemed to be restricted to those in the monomeric state, exhibiting similar fluorescence yield. Of the three sulfonated porphyrins investigated only TPPS4 was efficiently incorporated into leukocytes. In the incubation solvent, this dye was in monomeric and neutral form. TPPS3 which was also in monomeric form, practically was not incorporated into cells. TPP and TNP dissolved in 5% aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide were present mostly in aggregated forms but they penetrated the cells with high efficiency. The results obtained seem to indicate that porphyrins are promising candidates for application in phytodynamic therapy.
EN
Human peripheral blood cells stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (which serve as a model of cancerous cells) and resting cells were incubated in dimethyl sulfoxide solu­tions of various phthalocyanines. In order to diminish the influence of atmospheric ox­ygen the cells were embedded in a polymer (polyvinyl alcohol) film. Fluorescence spectra of the samples were measured over two regions of excitation wavelengths: at 405 nm (predominant absorption of the cell material) and in the regions of strong ab­sorption of phthalocyanines (at about 605 nm and 337 nm). The intrinsic emission of cell material became changed as a result both of cells' stimulation and of incubation of cells in dye solution. In most cases the stimulated cells when stained by dye exhibited higher long wavelength fluorescence intensity than resting cells. This suggests higher efficiency of dye incorporation into cancerous cells than into healthy cells. The ab­sorption spectra of samples were also measured. The spectra of various phthalo- cyanines in incubation solvent, in polymer and in the cells embedded in polymer, were compared. The comparison of properties of the cells stimulated for different time peri­ods enabled to establish the conditions of stimulation creating a population of cells in­corporating a large number of sensitizing molecules.
EN
Human peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated with thirteen various mero­cyanines of the stilbazolium betaine type and the fluorescence intensities of the cells were measured by flow cytometry. The fluorescence intensity of lymphocytes, mono­cytes and granulocytes depended on the time and temperature of incubation with the dyes. An increase in the incubation temperature enhanced the fluorescence intensity whereas washing of the cells after incubation had little influence on the observed emission. This points to incorporation of the dye molecules into the cell membrane. From the measured fluorescence intensities corrected for relative fluorescence yields, the relative efficiencies of incorporation into the cells of the various merocyanines tested were evaluated. The efficiency was dependent on the type of the cells and the length and side groups of the merocyanine molecules studied.
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