Czasopismo
Tytuł artykułu
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers among women in the western world. Due to the aggressive behaviour of some specific types and the possibility of an early diagnosis, breast cancer has been constantly studied. Tumour size, histological type, cellular and nuclear characteristics, mitotic index, vascular invasion, hormonal receptors and axillary lymph node status are biomarkers routinely used. However, these parameters are not enough to predict the course of this disease. Molecular biology advances have made it possible to find new markers, which have already been incorporated to the clinical practice. Their ultimate goal is to reduce mortality by identifying women at risk for the development of this disease, help diagnosis, determine prognosis, detect recurrences, monitor and guide treatment, and in particular cancers they are suited for general screening. Tumour markers in breast cancer were ranked in categories reflecting their clinical utility, according to the American College of Pathologists. This article focuses on traditional and new molecular markers stratifying them into categories and emphasizing their relevance in the routine evaluation of patients with breast cancer.
Słowa kluczowe
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Numer
Strony
330-347
Opis fizyczny
Daty
wydano
2006-12-01
online
2006-09-26
Twórcy
autor
- Cátedra de Patología B, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad nacional de La Plata, Argentina, glaguens@atlas.med.unlp.edu.ar
autor
- Cátedra de Patología B, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad nacional de La Plata, Argentina
autor
- Cátedra de Patología B, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad nacional de La Plata, Argentina
Bibliografia
- [1] K. Dhingra and G.N. Hortobagyi: “Critical evaluation of prognostic factors”, Sem. Oncol., Vol. 23, (1996), pp. 436–445.
- [2] J. Sjostrom, C. Blomqvist, P. Heikkila, K.V. Bogulawski, A. Raiseanen-Sokolowski, N.O. Bengtsson, I. Mjaaland, P. Malmstron, B. Ostenstadt, J. Berg, E. Wist, V. Valvere and E. Saksela: “Predictive value of p53, mdm-2, p21, and mib-1 for chemotherapy response in advanced breast cancer”, Clin. Cancer Res., Vol. 6(8), (2000), pp. 3103–3110.
- [3] K.L. Cheung, C.R. Graves and J.F. Robertson: “Tumour marker measurements in the diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer”, Cancer Treat. Res., Vol. 26, (2000), pp. 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ctrv.1999.0151[Crossref]
- [4] V. Stearns, H. Yamauchi and D.F. Hayes: “Circulating tumour markers in breast cancer: accepted utilities a novel prospect”, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., Vol. 52, (1998), pp. 239–259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006137619153[Crossref]
- [5] J. Martinez-Trufero, A.R. de Lobera, J. Lao, T. Puertolas, A. Artal-Cortes, M. Zorrilla, V. Alonso, R. Pazo, M.I. Valero, M.J. Rios-Mitchell, V. Calderero, A. Herrero and A. Anton: “Serum markers and prognosis in locally advanced breast cancer”, Tumori, Vol. 91, (2005), pp. 522–530.
- [6] D. Haidopoulos, M.M. Konstadoulakis, P.T. Antonakis, D.G. Alexiou, A.M. Manouras, S.M. Katsaragakis and G.F. Androulakis: “Circulating anti-CEA antibodies in the sera of patients with breast cancer”, Eur. J. Surg. Oncol., Vol. 26, (2000), pp. 742–746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/ejso.2000.0996[Crossref]
- [7] D. Allred, J. Harvey, M. Berardo and G. Clark: “Prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis”, Mod. Pathol., Vol. 11, (1998), pp. 155–168.
- [8] P.L. Fitzgibbons, D.L. Page, D. Weaver, A.D. Thor, D.C. Allred, G.M. Clark, S.G. Ruby, F. O’Malley, J.F. Simpson, J.L. Conolly, D.F. Hayes, S.B. Edge, A. Lichter and S.J. Schnitt: “Prognostic factors in breast cancer”, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med., Vol. 124, (2000), pp. 966–978.
- [9] R. Heimann and S. Hellman: “Individual characterisation of the metastatic capacity of human breast carcinoma”, Eur. J. Cancer, Vol. 36, (2000), pp. 1631–1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00151-9[Crossref]
- [10] E.L. Dupont, M.A. Kuhn, C. McCann, C. Salud, J.L. Spanton and C.E. Cox: “The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in women undergoing prophylactic mastectomy”, Am. J. Surg., Vol. 180, (2000), pp. 274–277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(00)00458-X[Crossref]
- [11] P.J. Borgstein, S. Meijer, R.J. Pijpers and P.J. van Diest: “Functional lymphatic anatomy for sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer: echoes from the past and the periareolar blue method”, Ann. Surg., Vol. 232, (2000), pp. 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200007000-00012[Crossref]
- [12] H.J.G. Bloom and W.W. Richardson: “Histological grading and prognosis in breast cancer: A study of 1709 cases of which 359 have been followed for 15 years”, Br. J. Cancer, Vol. 2, (1957), pp. 353–377.
- [13] B. Helpap: “Nucleolar grading of breast cancer”, Virchows Archiv. A Pathol. Anat. Vol. 415 (1989), pp. 501–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00718643[Crossref]
- [14] I.O. Elis, C.W. Elston and R.W. Blamey: “The Nottingham prognosis index (NPI) a combination of multiple prognostic factors derived from the Nottingham Tenovus primary cancer study”, Mod. Pathol., Vol. 4, (1991), p. 11.
- [15] E.R. Fisher and B. Fisher: “Lobular carcinoma of the breast: an overview”, Ann. Surg., Vol. 185, (1977), pp. 377–385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-197704000-00001[Crossref]
- [16] X. Cui, R. Schiff, G. Arpino, C.K. Osborne and A.V. Lee: “Biology of progesterone receptor loss in breast cancer and its implications for endocrine therapy”, J. Clin. Oncol., Vol. 23, (2005), pp. 7721–7735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.09.004[Crossref]
- [17] B. Jasani, A Douglas-Jones, A. Rhodes, S. Wozniak, P.J. Barrett-Lee, J. Gee and R. Nicholson: “Measurement of estrogen receptor status by immunocytochemistry in paraffin wax sections”, Methods Mol. Med., Vol. 120, (2006), pp. 127–146.
- [18] J.D. Yager and N.E. Davidson: “Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer”, N. Engl. J. Med., Vol. 354, (2006), pp. 270–282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050776[Crossref]
- [19] X. Chen, C. Danes, M. Lowe, T.W. Herliczek and K. Keyomarsi: “Activation of the Estrogen-Signaling Pathway by p21 (WAF1/CIP1) in Estrogen Receptor-negative breast cancer cells”, J. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 92, (2000), pp. 1403–1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/92.17.1403[Crossref]
- [20] R. Schiff, S.A. Massarweh, J. Shou, L. Bharwani, G. Arpino, M. Rimawi and C.K. Osborne: “Advanced concepts in estrogen receptor biology and breast cancer endocrine resistance: implicated role of growth factor signaling and estrogen receptor coregulators”, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., Vol. 56, (2005), pp. 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00280-005-0108-2[Crossref]
- [21] N. Normanno, M. Di Maio, E. Di Maio, A. De Luca, A. de Matteis, A. Giordano and F. Perrone: “Mechanisms of endocrine resistance and novel therapeutic strategies in breast cancer”, Endocr. Relat. Cancer, Vol. 12, (2005), pp. 721–747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/erc.1.00857[Crossref]
- [22] A. Starr, K. Bloom, D. Oleske and M. Cobleigh: “Comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in determining HER-2/neu status in breast cancer patients”, Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 2000 ASCO Annual Meeting, abstract No. 2610.
- [23] A.A. Sahin: “Biologic and clinical significance of HER-2/neu (c-erbB-2) in breast cancer”, Adv. Anat. Pathol., Vol. 7, (2000), pp. 158–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00125480-200007030-00005[Crossref]
- [24] F.J. Esteva, C.D. Cheli, H. Fritsche, M.D. Slamon, R.P. Thiel, D. Luftner and G. Farooq: “Clinical utility of serum HER2/neu in monitoring and prediction of progression-free survival in metastatic breast cancer patients treated with trastuzumab-based therapies”, Breast Cancer Res., Vol. 7, (2005), pp. 436–443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr1020[Crossref]
- [25] L.D. Miller, J. Smeds, J. George, V.B. Vega, L. Vergara, A. Ploner, Y. Pawitan, P. Hall, S. Klaar, E.T. Liu and J. Bergh: “An expression signature for p53 status in human breast cancer predicts mutation status, transcriptional effects, and patient survival”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., Vol. 102, (2005), pp. 13550–13555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0506230102[Crossref]
- [26] S.J. Schnitt: “Traditional and Newer Pathologic Factors”, J. Nat. Cancer Ins. Mon., Vol. 30, (2001), pp. 22–26. [Crossref]
- [27] H. Takei, Y. Iino, J. Horiguchi, M. Maemura, H. Nagaoka, Y. Koibuchi, T. Yokoe, T. Oyama and Y. Moreshita: “Highest microvessel count as a long-term prognostic factor in Japanase breast cancer patients”, Cancer Lett., Vol. 156, (2000), pp. 109–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00449-3[Crossref]
- [28] G. Gasparini: “Clinical significance of determination of surrogate markers of angiogenesis in breast cancer”, Crit. Rev.Oncol. Hematol., Vol. 37, (2001), pp. 97–114 [Crossref]
- [29] J. Boyle: “Histological measurement of tumour angiogenesis”, Eur. J. Cancer, Vol. 39, (2003), pp. 859–860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(03)00121-7[Crossref]
- [30] D. Cruz, C. Valenti, A. Dias, M. Seixas and F. Schmitt: “Microvessel density counting in breast cancer. Slides vs. digital images”, Anal. Quant. Cytol. Histo., Vol. 23, (2001), pp. 15–20.
- [31] G. Gasparini: “Prognostic value of vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer”, Oncologist, Vol. 5, (2000), pp. 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1634/theoncologist.5-suppl_1-37[Crossref]
- [32] G. Callagy, E. Dimitriadis, J. Harmey, D. Bouchier-Hayes, M. Leader and E. Kay: “Immunohistochemical measurement of tumor vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer. A more reliable predictor of tumor stage than microvessel density or serum vascular endothelial growth factor”. Appl. Immunohistochem. Molecul. Morphol., Vol. 8, (2000), pp. 104–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00022744-200006000-00004[Crossref]
- [33] N. Boudreau and C. Myers: “Breast cancer-induced angiogenesis: multiple mechanisms and the role of the microenvironment”, Breast Cancer Res., Vol. 5, (2003), pp. 140–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr589[Crossref]
- [34] P.H. Tan, B.H. Bay, G. Yip, S. Selvarrajan, P. Tan, J. Wu, C.H. Lee and K. B. Lee: “Immunohistochemical detection of Ki 67 in breast cancer correlates with transcriptional regulation of genes related to apoptosis and cell death”, Mod. Pathol., Vol. 18, (2005), pp. 374–381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800254[Crossref]
- [35] S.A. Aziz, S. Pervez, S.M. Khan, N. Kayani and M. I. Nasir: “Prognostic value of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in infiltrating ductal carcinoma breast”, J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak., Vol. 15, (2005), pp. 225–229.
- [36] A. Sidoni, G.A. Cavalieri, G. D’Amico, G. Brachelente and E. Bucchiarelli: “Biopathological significance of single cell DNA aneuploidy measured by static cytometry in breast cancer”, The Breast, Vol. 10, (2001), pp. 325–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/brst.2000.0249[Crossref]
- [37] J. Adams, P.J. Carder, S. Downey, M.A. Forbes, K. MacLennan, V. Allgar, S. Kaufman, S. Hallam, R. Bicknell, J.J. Walker, F. Cairnduff, P.J. Selby, T.J. Perren, M. Lansdown and R.E. Banks: “Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in breast cancer: comparison of plasma, serum and tissue VEGF and microvessel density and effects of tamoxifen”, Cancer Res., Vol. 60, (2000), pp. 2898–2905.
- [38] R.S. Rampaul, S.E. Pinder, R.I. Nicholson, W.J. Gullick, J.F. Robertson and I.O. Ellis: “Clinical value of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in primary breast cancer”, Adv. Anat. Pathol., Vol. 12, (2005), pp. 271–273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.pap.0000184178.43048.80[Crossref]
- [39] H.W. Lo, S.C. Hsu and M.C. Hung: “EGFR signaling pathway in breast cancers: from tradicional signal transduction to direct nuclear translocalization”, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., Vol. 28 (2005), pp. 1–8.
- [40] H. Rochefort, M. Garcia, M. Glondu, V. Laurent, E. Liaudet, J. Rey and P. Roger: “Cathepsin D in breast cancer: mechanisms and clinical applications, a 1999 overview”, Clin. Chim. Acta, Vol. 291, (2000), pp. 157–170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-8981(99)00226-0[Crossref]
- [41] A.M. Billgren, L.E. Rutqvist, H. Johansson, T. Hagerstrom and L. Skoog: “The role of cathepsin D and PAI-1 in primary invasive breast cancer as prognosticators and predictors of treatment benefit with adjuvant tamoxifen”, Eur. J. Cancer, Vol. 36, (2000), pp. 1374–1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00114-3[Crossref]
- [42] R. González Cámpora, M. Galera Ruiz, F. Vázquez Ramírez, J.J. Rios Martín, J.M. Fernández Santos, M.M. Martos and A. Gómez Pascual: “Apoptosis in breast carcinoma”, Pathol. Res. Pract., Vol. 196, (2000), pp. 167–174. [Crossref]
- [43] B. Agrawal, M. Krantz, M. Reddish and B. Longenecker: “Cancer-associated MUC1 mucin inhibits human T-cell proliferation, which is reversible by IL-2”. Nat. Med., Vol. 4, (1998), pp. 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0198-043
- [44] E.A. Rakha, R.W. Boyce, D. Abd El-Rehim, T. Kurien, A.R. Green, E.C. Paish, J.F. Robertson and I.O. Ellis: “Expression of mucins (MUC1, MUC5AC and MUC6) and their prognostic significance in human breast cancer”, Mod. Pathol., Vol. 8, (2005), pp. 1295–1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800445[Crossref]
- [45] N. Berois N, M. Varangot and C. Sonora: “Detection of bone marrow-disseminated breast cancer cells using an RT-PCR assay of MUC5b mRNA”, Int. J.Cancer, Vol. 103, (2003), pp. 550–555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10853[Crossref]
- [46] K. Yoshikawa, T. Ogawa, R. Baer, H. Hemmi, K. Honda, A. Yamauchi, T. Inamoto, K. Ko, S. Yazumi, H. Motoda, H. Kodama, S. Noguchi, A.F. Gazdar, Y. Yamaoka and R. Takahashi: “Abnormal expression of BCRA1 and BCRA2-interactive DNArepair proteins in breast carcinomas”, Int. J. Cancer, Vol. 88, (2000), pp. 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(20001001)88:1<28::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-4[Crossref]
- [47] J. Rogozinska-Szczepka, B. Utracka-Hutka, E. Grzybowska, B. Maka, E. Nowicka, A. Smok-Ragankiewicz, H. Zientek, J. Steffen and A. Wojciechowska-Lacka: “BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations as prognostic factors in bilateral breast cancer patients”, Ann. Oncol., Vol. 15, (2004), pp. 1373–1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdh352[Crossref]
- [48] P.K. Auvinen, P.K. Lipponen, V.V. Kataja, R.T Johansson and K. J. Syrjanen: “Prognostic significance of TGFa expression in breast cancer”, Acta Oncologica, Vol. 35, (1996), pp. 995–998. [Crossref]
- [49] M.J. Duffy: “Urokinase plasminogen activator and its inhibitor, PAI-1, as prognostic markers in breast cancer: from pilot to level 1 evidence studies”, Clin. Chem., Vol. 48, (2002), pp. 1194–1197.
- [50] P. Chrzan, J. Skolowski, A. Karmolinski and T. Pawelczyk: “Amplification of cmyc gene and overexpression of c-Myc protein in breast cancer and adjacent nonneoplastic tissue”, Clin. Biochem., Vol. 34, (2001), pp. 557–562. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9120(01)00260-0[Crossref]
- [51] V. Masciullo, K. Khalili and A. Giordano: “The Rb family of cell cycle regulatory factors: clinical implications” (Review), Int. J. Oncol., Vol. 17, (2000), pp. 897–902.
- [52] S. Zhang, S.C. Liu, L.F. Al-Saleem, D. Holloran, J. Babb, X. Guo and A.J. Klein-Szanto: “E2F-1: a proliferative marker of breast neoplasia”, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., Vol. 9, (2000), pp. 395–401.
- [53] S. Coronato, V. Di Girolamo, M. Salas, O. Spinelli and G. Laguens: “Biología de las proteínas del shock térmico”, Medicina, Buenos Aires, Vol 59, (1999), pp. 477–486.
- [54] D.R. Ciocca and S.K. Calderwood: “Heat shock proteins in cancer: diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and treatment implications”, Cell Stress Chaperons, Vol. 10, (2005), pp. 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1379/CSC-99r.1[Crossref]
- [55] S.K. Calderwood, M.A. Khaleque, D.B. Sawyer and D.R. Ciocca: “Heat shock proteins in cancer: chaperones of tumorigenesis”, Trends Biochem. Sci., Vol. 31, (2006), pp. 164–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2006.01.006[Crossref]
- [56] G.E. Laguens, S. Coronato, O. Spinelli, R.P. Laguens and V. Di Girolamo: “Can breast cancer Hsp27 (Heat Shock Protein 27000) expression influence axillary lymph node status?”, The Breast, Vol. 10, (2001), pp. 179–181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/brst.2000.0221
- [57] A. Stathopoulou, I. Vlachonikolis, D. Mavroudis, M. Perraki, Ch. Kouroussis, S. Apostolaki, N. Malamos, S. Kakolyris, A. Kotsakis, N. Xenidis, D. Reppa and V. Georgoulias: “Molecular detection of cytokeratin-19-positive cells in the peripheral blood of patients with operable breast cancer: evaluation of their prognostic significance”, J. Clin. Oncol., Vol. 20, (2002), pp. 3404–3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2002.08.135[Crossref]
- [58] N. Xenidis, I. Vlachonikolis, D. Mavroudis, M. Perraki, A. Stathopoulou, N. Malamos, Ch. Kouroussis, S. Kakolyris, S. Apostolaki, N. Vardakis, E. Lianidou and V. Georgoulias: “Peripheral blood circulating cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive cells after the completion of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with operable breast cancer”, Ann. Oncol., Vol. 14, (2003), pp. 849–855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg259[Crossref]
- [59] G. Spizzo, G. Gastl, D. Wolf, E. Gunsilius, M. Steurer, D. Fong, A. Amberger, R. Margreiter and P. Obrist: “Correlation of Cox-2 and Ep-CAM overexpression in human invasive breast cancer and its impact on survival”, Br. J. Cancer, Vol. 88, (2003), pp. 574–578. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6600741[Crossref]
- [60] G. Spizzo, P. Obrist, C. Ensinger, I. Theurl, M. Dunser, A. Ramoni, E. Gunsilius, G. Eibl, G. Mikuz and G. Gastl: “Prognostic significance of EP-CAM and Her-2/neu overexpression in invasive breast cancer” Int.J.Cancer, Vol. 98, (2002), pp. 883–888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.10270[Crossref]
- [61] J.A. King, S. Ofori-Acquah and T. Stevens: “Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule in breast cancer: prognostic indicator”, Breast Cancer Res., Vol. 6, (2004), pp. 478–487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr815[Crossref]
- [62] M.J. Duffy: “Predictive markers in breast and other cancers: a review”, Clin. Chem., Vol. 51, (2005), pp. 494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.046227[Crossref]
- [63] I. Benoy, R. Salgado, H. Elst, P. Van Dam, J. Weyler, E. Van Marck, S. Scharpe, P.B. Vermeulen and L.Y. Dirix: “Relative microvessel area of the primary tumour, and not lymph node status, predicts the presence of bone marrow micrometastases in patients with clinically non-metastatic breast cancer”, Breast Cancer Res., Vol. 7, (2005), pp. 210–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bcr980[Crossref]
- [64] A. Lindblom and A. Liljegren: “Tumour markers in malignancies” B.M.J., Vol. 320, (2000), pp. 424–427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7232.424[Crossref]
- [65] R. Molina, V. Barak, A. van Dalen, M.J. Duffy, R. Einarsson, M. Gion, H. Goike, R. Lamertz, M. Nap, G. Soletormos and P. Stieber: “Tumor markers in breast cancer-European Group on tumor markers recommendations”, Tumour Biol., Vol. 26, (2005), pp. 281–293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000089260[Crossref]
- [66] A. Urruticoechea, I.E. Smith and M. Dowsett: “Proliferation marker Ki-67 in early breast cancer”, J. Clin. Oncol., Vol. 23, (2005), pp. 7212–7220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.07.501
- [67] G. Gasparini, R. Longo, M. Toi and N. Ferrara: “Angiogenic inhibitors: a new therapeutic strategy in oncology”, Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol., Vol. 2, (2005), pp. 562–577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncponc0342[Crossref]
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.-psjd-doi-10_2478_s11536-006-0032-9