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1

Integrated Hydrogeophysical Model for Identifying and Preventing Hydrocarbon Pollution in the Oil Terminal Constanța Area in the Context of Neptun Deep development

Anghel Sorin, Iordache Gabriel, Dragos Andrei Gabriel

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 3, no. 2

art. no. 35

EN

OIL Terminal Constanța is one of the largest petroleum terminals in Eastern Europe, playing a strategic role in the transportation and storage of petroleum products for the European market. Its economic and operational importance is increasing, particularly in the context of the upcoming exploitation of the Neptun Deep gas field in the Black Sea, which will transform the terminal into a key logistics hub for exports and the distribution of natural gas and its derivatives. This development underscores the need for enhanced pollution prevention measures to protect the region's soil and water resources. This study develops an integrated hydrogeophysical model for characterizing the subsurface extent of pollution by correlating advanced geophysical methods with pre-existing hydrogeological and geological data. Based on the geomorphological analysis of the area, magnetometry, electrometry, groundpenetrating radar (GPR), and photogrammetry are applied, alongside seismic refraction, which is used for the first time in this region. The studied area features a coastal landscape dominated by recent sedimentary deposits and complex aquifer structures that influence the dynamics of subsurface pollution. Natural coastal erosion and fluctuations in the water table contribute to increased vulnerability to contamination, necessitating close monitoring of interactions between industrial activities and the geological environment. Magnetometry is employed to detect buried metallic structures, such as historical pipelines that may be fractured and serve as potential pollution sources. Electrometry assesses variations in soil resistivity, enabling the identification of the water table level and sedimentary succession, both critical factors in evaluating pollutant migration potential. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) provides high-resolution imaging of contaminated areas, while seismic refraction helps identify geological discontinuities that may influence contaminant spread. Aerial photogrammetry supports detailed terrain mapping and long-term pollution monitoring. The correlation of geophysical data with historical borehole records in the area allows for the reconstruction of geological structures and stratigraphic sequences. These data are integrated into the hydrogeophysical model, which estimates the migration pathways of the pollution plume and identifies essential measures for protecting soil and groundwater resources. The study results offer a comprehensive understanding of hydrocarbon dispersion mechanisms in the subsurface and support authorities and industrial operators in making informed decisions regarding pollution risk management. This research demonstrates the applicability of modern geophysical methods in environmental protection and proposes a replicable methodological framework for other industrial areas exposed to contamination risks.

2

Integrating Photogrammetry and Magnetometry for Archaeological Research at Argamum, Dobruja

Anghel Sorin, Dragos Andrei Gabriel, Iordache Gabriel, Baraitareanu Bogdan

Inżynieria Mineralna

|

2024

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Vol. 2, no. 2

art. no. 81

EN

This paper presents the results of an integrated photogrammetric and magnetometric survey conducted at the Argamum archaeological site, located in Dobrogea, Romania. Argamum, a significant roman ancient settlement, provides a rich tapestry of historical and cultural data. The primary objective of this study was to create a detailed digital terrain model (DTM) of two specific perimeters within the site, using advanced photogrammetric techniques, and to complement this with magnetometric data to uncover subsurface features. The photogrammetric survey involved capturing high-resolution aerial imagery using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs-PHANTOM IV PRO). The images were processed using specialized software to generate a high-precision 3D model of the terrain. This model provided a detailed and accurate representation of the surface topography, which is crucial for understanding the spatial relationships and structural layout of the archaeological features. In parallel, a magnetometric survey was conducted to detect and map subsurface archaeological remains. This non-invasive method measures variations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by buried structures and artifacts. The magnetometric data revealed several anomalies, indicative of potential archaeological features such as walls, foundations, and other buried structures. The integration of photogrammetric and magnetometric data offered a comprehensive view of the Argamum site, combining surface and subsurface information. This multi-method approach enabled a more detailed analysis of the site's layout and provided insights into the distribution and orientation of archaeological remains. The results of the survey highlighted the effectiveness of using photogrammetry and magnetometry in tandem. The highresolution DTM facilitated precise mapping and documentation of visible features, while the magnetometric survey added depth by identifying hidden structures. This combined methodology enhances the overall understanding of the site and aids in the planning of future archaeological excavations. Moreover, the study demonstrated the potential of these technologies to significantly reduce the time and cost associated with traditional excavation methods. By providing a non-invasive means of site investigation, photogrammetry and magnetometry allow for the preservation of the site's integrity while still yielding valuable data. In conclusion, the photogrammetric and magnetometric survey at Argamum has provided a detailed and multifaceted understanding of the site. This research underscores the importance of integrating modern geospatial technologies in archaeological investigations. The findings contribute to the broader field of archaeological research by showcasing the benefits of combining different survey techniques to achieve a comprehensive analysis of historical sites.

PL

Celem pracy jest publikacja dziedzictwa kamienia suchego regionu Barrocal, Algarve, w południowej Portugalii. W trakcie badań odkryto, że te budynki w większości są w ruinie. Ich rehabilitacja i upowszechnienie byłyby możliwe z uwagi na dużą wartość kulturową i poczucie przynależności mieszkańców tego regionu. Metodologia badań opierała się na czterech fazach: 1) kontekstualizacja badań przeprowadzonych w Portugalii; 2) identyfikacja i klasyfikacja konstrukcji z kamienia suchego; 3) rejestracja i analiza tych konstrukcji; 4) propozycje konserwacji i promocji. Badanie to jest oryginalne, gdyż nie zostało dotychczas przeprowadzone z tego punktu widzenia, a konieczność lub nowa definicja funkcji tego dziedzictwa może stanowić wartość dodaną dla działalności turystycznej.

3

Testing and modeling of constant magnetic field cylindrical magnetoelectric sensors output characteristics

Kuczynski Karol, Bilski Piotr, Bilski Adrian, Szymanski Jerzy

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 1

art. no. e144583

EN

The paper presents the novel concept of the magnetoelectric sensor constructed using the amorphous glass ribbon. Its output characteristics (voltage pattern), conditions of work and experimental results are presented. The novel construction allows for minimizing the demagnetizing field in the core of the sensor and linearization of the characteristics between the magnetic field and obtained voltage. Conducted experiments were aimed at determining the sensor operation in the presence of the constant magnetic field (HDC). The main concern of the tests was to verify the linear dependency between the HDC value and the amplitude of the output voltage. Next, the computer model representing the sensor behavior in the constant magnetic field is described. The model implements the parameter identification task based on the regression algorithms. The presented work shows that the proposed device can be used to measure the weak magnetic field and the dependency between the output signal amplitudes and the constant component in the measured magnetic field is approximately linear. This enables measurements of even weak fields.

4

An application of the NSGA-II algorithm in Pareto joint inversion of 2D magnetic and gravity data

Miernik Katarzyna, Węglińska Elżbieta, Danek Tomasz, Leśniak Andrzej

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2021

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Vol. 47, no. 2

59--70

EN

Joint inversion is a widely used geophysical method that allows model parameters to be obtained from the observed data. Pareto inversion results are a set of solutions that include the Pareto front, which consists of non-dominated solutions. All solutions from the Pareto front are considered the most feasible models from which a particular one can be chosen as the final solution. In this paper, it is shown that models represented by points on the Pareto front do not reflect the shape of the real model. In this contribution, a collective approach is proposed to interpret the geometry of models retrieved in inversion. Instead of choosing single solutions from the Pareto front, all obtained solutions were combined in one “heat map”, which is a plot representing the frequency of points belonging to all returned objects from the solution set. The conducted experiment showed that this approach limits the problem of equivalence and is a promising way of representing the geometry of the model that was retrieved in the inversion process.

5

Results of geophysical scanning of a Roman senatorial villa in the Santa Marina Bay (Croatia, Istria) using the amplitude data comparison method (ADCM)

Welc Fabian, Rousse Corinne, Bencic Gaetano

Studia Quaternaria

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2020

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Vol. 37, Nr 2

79--90

EN

The article presents application of the new geophysical amplitude data comparison method (ADCM), resulting from integrated geophysical survey using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetometry. The ADCM was applied to recognize the horizontal and vertical stratigraphy of a Roman senatorial villa located in Santa Marina (western part of Croatian Istria). The measurements were carried out in 2017−2019 at this site, accompanied by a use of GPR and gradientometer. These two methods significantly differ from each other, but on the other hand, they are complementary to some extent. This is due to the fact that the methods register different types of underground materials. The GPR records electromagnetic waves reflected from real buried remains or boundaries between geological or archaeological layers that differ significantly in electrical properties. The magnetic method, in turn, records the anomalies of the magnetic field intensity resulting from the underground concentration of ferromagnetic minerals, hence it is ideal for searching structures filled with organic matter or burning material. However, a separate usage of these methods does not guarantee a full picture of archaeological structures that are preserved underground. Only the application of the ADCM allowed for a comparison of GPR and magnetic amplitude data reading, following which a spatial image (2D and 3D) of the preserved archaeological structures and the geological stratigraphy of the Santa Maria site were obtained.

6

A method of magnetic field measurement in a scanning electron microscope using a microcantilever magnetometer

Orłowska Karolina, Mognaschi Maria E., Kwoka Krzysztof, Piasecki Tomasz, Kunicki Piotr, Sierakowski Andrzej, Majstrzyk Wojciech, Podgórni Arkadiusz, Pruchnik Bartosz, di Barba Paolo, Gotszalk Teodor

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2020

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Vol. 27, nr 1

141--149

EN

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a perfect technique for micro-/nano-object imaging [1] and movement measurement [2, 3] both in high and environmental vacuum conditions and at various temperatures ranging from elevated to low temperatures. In our view, the magnetic field expanding from the pole-piece makes it possible to characterize the behaviour of electromagnetic micro- and nano-electromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) in which the deflection of the movable part is controlled by the electromagnetic force. What must be determined, however, is the magnetic field expanding from the e-beam column, which is a function of many factors, like working distance (WD), magnification and position of the device in relation to the e-beam column. There are only a few experimental methods for determination of the magnetic field in a scanning electron microscope. In this paper we present a method of the magnetic field determination under the scanning electron column by application of a silicon cantilever magnetometer. The micro-cantilever magnetometer is a silicon micro-fabricated MEMS electromagnetic device integrating a current loop of lithographically defined dimensions. Its stiffness can be calibrated with a precision of 5% by the method described by Majstrzyk et al. [4]. The deflection of the magnetometer cantilever is measured with a scanning electron microscope and thus, through knowing the bias current, it is possible to determine the magnetic field generated by the e-beam column in a defined position and at a defined magnification.

7

Comparative analysis of soil magnetic susceptibility and concentration of rare earth elements in soil of problematic areas

Zawadzki Jarosław, Fabijańczyk Piotr

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 2, Iss. 1

81--90

EN

Soil contamination with rare earth metals (REE) can have both direct and indirect connection with industrial activity and ore-exploration. In the studies conducted so far, the presence of rare earth elements in coal seams, coal combustion waste as well as fly ash was found. It is important that detailed studies of the REE content in soil were not carried out in Poland. Until now, in a few studies, a high content of cerium and lanthanum was found in relation to the average content of the torn ones in the world. This work focuses on the areas under the influence of the industry associated with the extraction and combustion of hard coal, but also with other types of industry. Analyzes of REE content in soil were conducted in selected areas of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region and Norway, located near the Bjornevatn mine. In study areas, soil samples were collected and used for chemical and magnetometric measurements. Firstly, concentrations of REE were determined, and after that soil samples were used to measure soil magnetic susceptibility. Finally, statistical analyses were performed in order to check the correlation between REE concentrations in soil and soil magnetic susceptibility.

8

Multipurpose usage of magnetic proppants during shale gas exploitation

Bogacki Jan, Zawadzki Jarosław

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2019

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Vol. 26, nr 1

37--44

EN

Magnetic material may be added to proppant, as the magnetic marker allows to determine the range and efficiency of hydraulic fracturing. However, magnetic proppant may be also used in flowback fluid treatment and monitoring of environmental pollution. As a result of shale gas hydraulic fracturing, large volume of flowback fluid is created. Flow back fluid have similar properties to fracturing fluid, but it is potentially enriched with large amount of salts and organic compounds leached from shale. Magnetic proppant may serve as a heterogeneous catalyst during organic pollutants decomposition. Additionally, in case of leakage and consequently the fracturing fluid pollution, magnetic proppant is placed into the soil environment. It can be detected using magnetometric methods. This article discusses the above-mentioned issues based on the knowledge and experience of the authors and the literature review.

9

A new magnetic anomaly map of Poland and its contribution to the recognition of crystalline basement rocks

Petecki Z., Rosowiecka O.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 4

934--945

EN

Magnetic total field measurements acquired in Poland between 1974 and 2011 have been compiled in a new digital database that provides a complete picture of magnetic anomalies of the country. The data compilation and further processing procedures used to create the magnetic anomaly database and maps that accompany this article are briefly summarized. The reduced-to-the-pole and pseudogravity anomaly maps were computed to accurately locate anomalies above their causative bodies as well as to simplify anomaly patterns and emphasize principal magnetic domains within the basement. An interpretation of the magnetic maps reveals a lot of magnetic basement provinces and domains indicating basement division into blocks and structural elements, which are important for understanding the regional tectonic setting of Poland.

10

Recent Efforts Toward the Establishment of the Lonjsko Polje Geomagnetic Observatory

Mandić I., Vujić E., Heilig B., Pelajić I., Herak D.

Acta Geophysica

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2016

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Vol. 64, no. 5

1311--1339

EN

More than ten years ago, the Geophysical Institute initiated the installation of a geomagnetic observatory in Croatia. Over the past decade, extensive surveys and studies have been conducted in order to determine the proper location for the observatory. Finally, in 2012, the observatory was established in Lonjsko Polje. This paper presents the first data recorded in the period 2012.5-2015.0. Also presented are the technical aspects and data processing techniques of this remotely operated observatory. Analysis of data quality and comparison with data from the surrounding INTERMAGNET observatories is discussed in detail. Although remote observatories cannot provide the ideal environment for magnetometers, the obtained results accentuate the potential of the new observatory to provide high-quality data. The establishment of this observatory paves the way for scientific and professional development of geomagnetism in Croatia.

11

Application of magnetometry for objects identification

Zabenski J., Scurek R

Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Technika, Informatyka, Inżynieria Bezpieczeństwa

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2014

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T. 2

475-480

EN

The paper concerns the possibility of application of magnetometry for object identification. One of the basic conditions for successful use of magnetometric methods is the magnetic contrast t of solids towards surroundings. Another possible use e of magnetometry is for local identification of solids in selected areas, which are situated in the local magnetic field. The magnetometer, which enables to measure up to three vector components of magnetic induction and specialized software were used in order to perform the research. Two experiments were carried out within the research.

PL

W pracy zaprezentowano analizy dotyczące możliwości zastosowania magnetometrii do identyfikacji obiektów. Jednym z podstawowych warunków efektywnego wykorzystania metod magnetometrycznych jest pomiar tła magnetycznego obiektów w odniesieniu do otoczenia. Kolejnym możliwym zastosowaniem magnetometrii jest identyfikacja obiektów w lokalnym polu magnetycznym w wybranym obszarze. W przeprowadzonych badaniach wykorzystano magnetometr umożliwiający pomiar trzech składowych wektora indukcji magnetycznej oraz wyspecjalizowane o oprogramowanie. W ramach pracy zrealizowano dwa eksperymenty naukowe.

12

Model strefy uskokowej Kraków–Lubliniec w świetle wyników analizy pól potencjalnych

Rosowiecka O.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2014

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nr 459

157--165

PL

W celu uzupełnienia badań geologicznych przeprowadzonych na rdzeniach otworów wiertniczych Cianowice 2 i Trojanowice 2 o informację geofizyczną w rejonie badań wykonano analizę wyników powierzchniowych pomiarów geofizycznych pól potencjalnych. Usunięcie tła regionalnego z obrazu anomalii Bouguera poprzez odpowiednie transformacje pozwoliło uwypuklić lokalne struktury. Na grupie próbek reprezentatywnych dla poszczególnych jednostek litologicznych i stratygraficznych wykonano pomiary gęstości rzeczywistej i objętościowej oraz porowatości całkowitej, a także podatności magnetycznej i natężenia naturalnej pozostałości magnetycznej (IRNM). Parametry te zestawiono z wynikami wcześniejszych badań petrofizycznych w rejonie bloków małopolskiego i górnośląskiego. Informacje te wykorzystano w następnym etapie prac, jakim było przeprowadzenie dwuwymiarowego modelowania gęstościowego wzdłuż profilu łączącego otwory Cianowice 1 i 2 oraz Trojanowice 1 i 2. Na podstawie modelowania stwierdzono konieczność wprowadzenia drobnych zmian w strukturze geologicznej zaproponowanej przez Habryna (Habryn i in., 2007a, b) bez naruszania ogólnych założeń interpretacyjnych. Modelu magnetycznego nie wykonano ze względu na brak danych w południowej części profilu (obszar aglomeracji Krakowa).

EN

Analysis of the results of potential field surveys were carried out in order to supplement geological research focused on cores from the Cianowice 2 and Trojanowice 2 boreholes. Regional background of Bouguer anomaly was removed with the use of adequate transformations to underline local structures. Total and bulk density, total porosity and magnetic susceptibility as well as intensity of natural remnant magnetization (INRM) were measured on a representative set of samples taken from distinct lithological and stratigraphic units. Those parameters are related to previous results of petrophysical studies of the Malopolska and Upper Silesian blocks. The next stage of research was two-dimensional gravity modeling along the profile crossing four wells: Cianowice 1 and 2, and Trojanowice 1 and 2. The model suggests that some small changes in the interpretation of the geological structure (Habryn et al., 2007a, b) should be made, but the general interpretation guidelines remain stay the same. It has been impossible to develop a magnetic model since there is lack of data in the south part of the profile (Kraków agglomeration area).

13

Układ inercyjny do pomiaru orientacji obiektów

Jaskot K., Babiarz A.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2010

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R. 86, nr 11a

323-333

PL

Praca przedstawia założenia i konstrukcję układu do pomiaru orientacji obiektów. Układy tego typu składają się z akcelerometrów, żyroskopów oraz magnetometrów. Informacje pomiarową stanowią kąty obrotu wokół poszczególnych osi układu trójwymiarowego XYZ. Wyniki pomiarów są obarczone błędami wynikającymi ze sposobu pomiaru oraz wpływu różnego rodzaju zakłóceń, głównie pola magnetycznego Ziemi. W celu otrzymania wiarygodnych pomiarów i informacji o orientacji obiektu zastosowano filtry cyfrowe.

EN

The assumptions and design of inertial measurement unit is presented. The IMU measures angles of rotation. The information is imprecise due to drift and geomagnetic field. For this reason the digital filter concept is presented and implemented. Complete calibration and alignment methods are described.

14

Możliwości zastosowania hybrydowego złącza magnetyk-piezoelektryk jako sensora pola magnetycznego

Kuczyński K.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2010

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R. 86, nr 4

69-71

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki eksperymentalne zastosowania efektu magnetoelektrycznego w hybrydowym złączu magnetykpiezoelektryk jako sensorze pola magnetycznego. Przedstawiono charakterystyki przetwarzania mierzonego pola magnetycznego na sygnał wyjściowy otrzymany ze złącza.

EN

The paper presents the results of experimental investigation of the magnetoelectric effect in the application hybrid magneto-piezoelectric junction as magnetic field sensor. The possibility of output voltage measurement of the sensor in the function of DC magnetic field HDC is also considered.

15

Wyczarowane spod ziemi

Jakubicka-Wilczyńska P.

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2008

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nr 8

52-53

16

Domain structures and magnetization processes in thin Co films with in-plane anisotropy

Jaworowicz J., Kurant Z., Postava K., Maziewski A., Baczewski L.T., Wawro A.

Materials Science Poland

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2006

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Vol. 24, No. 3

639--642

EN

The magnetization reversal and domain structures in thin Co films in the thickness range 2 nm

17

Rura zamiast różdżki

Pudło M

Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny

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2005

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nr 7

44--45

18

Magnetometry of monoatomic layers and spin electronics elements

Wrona J., Stobiecki T., Czapkiewicz M., Rak R.

Materials Science

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2003

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Vol. 21, No. 1

55-63

EN

In this paper, two magnetometers: resonance vibrating sample magnetometer (R-VSM) and magnetooptical Kerr effect magnetometer (MOKE) designed for hysteresis loop measurements of ultra-thin films and spintronics elements are described. Both instruments have been built by the first author of this paper in the Department of Electronics. The measuring head of R-VSM is universal and could work in the Helmholtz coils as well as in an electromagnet. The frequency of R-VSM is about 75 Hz. Test measurements on MgO(001)/Fe(4, 3, and 2ML)/50ACr samples were performed and the sensitivity was estimated as 10-5 emu. The MOKE system with differential amplifier (in contrast to lock-in detection technique) is especially recommended for rapid measurements up to 1.5 kHz. The calibration of the Kerr rotation angle was performed on the standard Fe sputtered films (with thickness from 2 nm to 50 nm) and Fe-wedge sample, prepared by MBE-technique, with the range of thickness from 1ML to 50 ML of Fe. On the base of measurement of 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 ML of Fe, the angle resolution of Kerr rotation was estimated as 0.001 min.

19

Tektonika skraju platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej w świetle kompleksowych badań geofizycznych między Chełmem Lubelskim a Krasnymstawem

Haber M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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1999

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Vol. 47, nr 1

69--78

PL

Kompleksowa interpretacja wyników badań geofizycznych pomiędzy Chełmem Lubelskim a Krasnymstawem ma być kolejnym krokiem na drodze rozpoznawania budowy geologicznej na skraju platformy wschodnioeuropejskiej. Ukazuje model nieznanego tu wcześniej elementu tektonicznego jakim jest nasunięcie Rejowca. Proponuje także przypuszczalną chronologię zdarzeń które doprowadziły do ostatecznego uformowania takich form strukturalnych tego rejonu jak strefa dyslokacyjna Wieprza, czy zrąb Trawniki Małochwiej. Regionalne znaczenie tektoniczne proponuje się przypisać aktywności plamy gorąca od syluru do dewonu i wywołanym przez nią procesom ryftogenezy, które tworzyły rów lubelski. Po karbońskim zaniku tej plutonicznej działalności zakrzepnięty w tym czasie diapir magmowy Lublin-Turobin wydźwignęły permsko mezozoiczne niepokoje górotwórcze wraz ze zgromadzonymi ponad nim osadami. Po jego wschodniej stronie została wtedy uformowana antytklinalno-zrębowa struktura Kocka i jej przedłużenie na SE w postaci nasunięcia Rejowca. Koncepcja ta ośmieliła do wysunięcia hipotezy, że podobne deformacje górotworu mogą się też znajdować po zachodniej stronie rowu lubelskiego, na przedpolu Gór Świętokrzyskich. Odnalezione szczegóły budowy geologicznej pomiędzy Chełmem i Krasnymstawem, odniesiono do regionalnego lineamentu tektonicznego Kock-Łęczna-Rejowiec-rabowie który jako pierwotne osłabienie spoistości granitoidów podłoża krystalicznego spełnił rolę inicjującą dla niektórych późniejszych deformacji nadkładu osadowego.

EN

The multitask interpretation ofthe results of geophysical surveying in the area between Chełm Lubelski and Krasnystaw is the further step in studies on the marginal part of the East European Platform. The interpretation revealed the presence of undiscovered tectonic structure -the Rejowiec overthrust, and allowed to propose the possible chronology of events leading to the final development of some structures in the area, e.g. the Wieprz dislocation zon e and the Trawniki-Małochwiej horst. It is proposed that the regional-scale hot-spot activity which had lasted from Silurian to Devonian resulted in rifting which gave rise to the formation of the Lublin graben. This magmatism has ceased in the Carboniferous and the cooled Lublin-Turobin igneous diapir has been uplifted together with overlying deposits during Permo-Mesozoic orogenic episodes. East ofthe diapir, the Kock anticlinal-horst structure has beenformed along with its southeastern extension -the Rejowiec overthrust. This concept encouraged the authors to hypothesize the existence of similar deformations on the western side of the Lublin graben, i.e. in the foreland of the Holy Cross Mts. The identified details of geological structure of the area between Chełm Lubelski and Krasnystaw were related to the regional Kock-Łęczna-Rejowiec-Grabowiec lineament which, as a primary weakening zone in the crystalline (granitoidic) basement, played a decisive role in the initiation of som e later deformations in the sedimentary cover.