The article presents an analysis of current research focused on the use of geoinformation technologies for environmental monitoring. A methodology for geoinformation modeling of microelement distribution in surface waters was developed and tested using the example of the Poltava region. The methodology includes stages of preliminary data processing, interpolation using the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) method, and spatial analysis of the obtained results. Based on the modeling outcomes, a cartographic model was created that enabled the identification of areas with elevated barium content. It was established that the area of such zones increased from 4.24% to 37.55% in the period 1991-1993 compared to 1985-1988. A generalized scheme for the environmental assessment of impact on natural components was proposed, which can be adapted to monitoring the condition of water bodies in various regions. The proposed approach can be used to assess anthropogenic pressure, including the impact of military actions, on the quality of surface waters.
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Przedsięwzięcia w zakresie eksploatacji węgla kamiennego mogą istotnie negatywnie oddziaływać na stan wód powierzch niowych. Druga aktualizacja planów gospodarowania wodami w dorzeczu określa cele środowiskowe do poszczególnych jednolitych części wód powierzchniowych w bieżącym cyklu planistycznym. W celu przeprowadzenia oceny oddziaływania przedsięwzięcia na możliwość osiągnięcia celów środowiskowych niezbędne jest zebranie i analiza zarówno ogólnodostępnych wyników monitoringu państwowego, jak i danych pozyskiwanych w ramach prac inwentaryzacyjnych i eksperckich. Uniemożliwienie osiągnięcia celów środowiskowych w zakresie wskaźników fizykochemicznych i biologicznych, a także warunków hydromorfologicznych, jest podstawą do odmowy wydania decyzji o środowiskowych uwarunkowaniach realizacji przedsięwzięcia. Uzyskanie odstępstw (tzw. derogacji) warunkowane jest między innymi zastosowaniem działań łagodzących negatywne skutki oddziaływań przedsięwzięcia na stan jednolitych części wód. W artykule przedstawiono sposób prowadzenia oceny odziaływania przedsięwzięć górniczych na wody powierzchniowe zgodnie z aktualnymi wymaganiami prawnymi.
EN
Mining projects involving hard coal extraction can have a significant negative impact on the status of surface waters. The second update of the River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs) defines environmental objectives for individual surface water bodies within the current planning cycle. To assess the potential impact of a project on the achievement of these environmental objectives, it is necessary to collect and analyze both publicly available data from national monitoring systems and information obtained through inventory and expert studies. Failure to achieve environmental objectives related to physicochemical and biological indicators, as well as hydromorphological conditions, constitutes grounds for refusing to issue an environmental decision for the implementation of the project. The granting of exemptions (so-called derogations) is conditional, among other things, on implementing measures that mitigate the negative project's impact on the status of surface water bodies. This article presents a methodology for assessing the impact of mining projects on surface waters in accordance with current legal requirements.
The aim of this study was investigating the concentration of phenols in some surface water samples of Tirana area by using UV-VIS technique. Phenols are commonly found in nature because of their natural background and because of human activity including urban wastewater and industrial wastes. Phenol and its derivates are known to have significant ecological toxicity, therefore, determination of its concentrations in water is a valuable parameter for the water quality. UV-VIS method is easy to use, and a low-cost technique but it is also efficient and accurate to determine phenol in trace level. Levels of phenol were measured in four different waterbodies in Tirana area to have an overview about water quality of these important artificial lakes and to find specific reasons and/or phenol sources for them. Water samples were collected in different stations of Tirana artificial lake (10 stations), Paskuqan Lake (8 stations), Farka Lake (8 stations) and Dry Lake reservoir (6 stations). The water sampling was realized monthly from May to October 2024 (except August). Phenol analysis involved method building, method evaluation and quantify of phenol in water samples. Phenols were detected in all the water samples analyzed. The lowest values of phenol were found in the Artificial Lake of Tirana and Dry Lake while the highest values in the Paskuqan Lake and Farka Lake. Almost for all the samples, the concentration of phenols was low in May and high in September. The presence of phenol in these water ecosystems is connected mainly with urban waste. Further-more, experiments indicated that samples had phenol concentration exceeding 3.4 ppm, a level deemed hazardous to aquatic life by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
W Polsce funkcjonują dwa systemy monitoringu wód powierzchniowych: ilościowy (hydrologiczny) i jakościowy. Chociaż oba podlegają wyspecjalizowanym instytucjom, to rozproszenie kompetencji stwarza również problemy w postaci np. odmiennych zasad zarządzania czy spójności lokalizacyjnej. Ma to wpływ na skuteczność obu systemów, zwłaszcza w obliczu rosnącej presji na środowisko wodne. Zmiany wydają się więc konieczne, a ich podstawą powinna być daleko idąca skoordynowana współpraca instytucjonalna i w konsekwencji integracja lokalizacyjna obu systemów uzupełniana przez modelowanie zlewniowe.
EN
In Poland, there are two surface waters monitoring systems: quantitative (hydrological) and qualitative. Although both are controlled by specialised institutions, the dispersion of competences gives rise to issues related to, among others, different management principles or lack of location coherence. It adversely impacts the effectiveness of both systems, especially in the context of an increasing pressure on the water environment. Change seems therefore necessary and it should be based on the far-reaching institutional cooperation and, as a result, location integration of both systems supplemented by the catchment areas monitoring.
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Celem niniejszego artykułu była ocena możliwości poprawienia jakości wód powierzchniowych w Polsce. Właściwa ocena jakości wód powierzchniowych oparta jest o monitorowanie różnych komponentów, włączając biologicznie i fizyko-chemiczne. Przedstawiono historię krajowego monitoringu wód powierzchniowych oraz proces oceny jakości oceny wód powierzchniowych. Analiza wyników ostatniego monitoringu wykazała zły stan jakości wód powierzchniowych. Zaprezentowano wstępną analizę możliwości poprawy tego stanu.
EN
The aim of this article was to assess of improving surface water quality in Poland. A proper assessment of surface waters quality is based on appropriate monitoring of various components, including physico-chemical and biological. A history of national surface waters monitoring and the surface water quality assessment process were provided. Data analysis from the last monitoring has shown a bad state of surface waters quality. Preliminary water pollution control measures were provided.
Removing nutrients from wastewater is essential because high concentrations in aquatic systems lead to severe eutrophication problems, the most common impairment of surface waters such as lakes and oceans. Total phosphorus (TP) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were removed from mixed wastewater using an aerobic granular sludge process in a sequencing batch reactor (AGS-SBR). An artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to evaluate the main parameters of the process. For TKN removal, only cycle time (CT) (0.0475) was a significant variable, achieving removal efficiencies of up to 81%. In TP case removal, two parameters, VER and AR, were substantial for this process, completing elimination efficiencies of around 40%. On comparing the models with statistical indices, ANN coupled with the moth-flame optimization algorithm (ANN-MFO) demonstrated higher performance with an adjusted R2 (0.9866) for the case of TP removal and (0.9519) for TKN removal.
The increase in the standard of living and economic development of cities and smaller settlement units implies the extension and modernization of infrastructure, including wastewater collection and treatment systems, which is closely related to the protection of surface water and groundwater. This study analyzes the effects of the modernization of two wastewater treatment plants carried out between 2019 and 2020. These are the municipal wastewater treatment plants for Rawicz and Kościan in the Wielkopolska region. The analysis of contamination indicators and wastewater treatment efficiency showed that in both plants, the modernization and extension of wastewater treatment and sludge treatment technologies resulted in improved treated wastewater parameters and better sludge preparation for use. The high efficiency of contaminant removal (mostly above 94%) improves the standard of living, intensifies care for the environment, and increases the attractiveness of the agglomerations served by the analyzed plants. The obtained results were confirmed by statistical tests.
Działania zmierzające do zapewnienia prawidłowej retencji wód powierzchniowych w kraju mają swoje prawne źródła w Konstytucji RP. Ma to związek z zasadą zrównoważonego rozwoju. Zasada ta jest również fundamentem projektowania i utrzymania „zielonych rozwiązań” w miastach, bo jak wiadomo, bez prawidłowej gospodarki zasobami wodnymi nie ma szans na zazielenianie miast.
Rzetelna informacja o stanie środowiska wodnego i stopniu jego zanieczyszczenia jest podstawą skutecznych działań zarówno w sytuacjach kryzysowych, jak i rutynowych działaniach zmierzających do osiągnięcia l utrzymania dobrego stanu wód. Od ponad sześćdziesięciu lat w Polsce prowadzone są dwa równoległe i nieskorelowane ze sobą przestrzennie i informacyjnie systemy monitoringu wód powierzchniowych płynących: ilościowy i jakościowy. Za każdy z nich odpowiedzialna jest inna instytucja, podlegająca innemu ministerstwu, co sprawia, że systemy te działają według odmiennych zasad, a ewentualna zbieżność lokalizacyjna punktów monitoringowych jest bardziej kwestią przypadku niż zamierzonego działania. Dodatkowym czynnikiem pogłębiającym niedobór informacyjny jest niekompletny system ewidencji zrzutów (presji) zanieczyszczeń do wód. Pomimo podejmowanych działań doraźnych wywołanych ubiegłoroczną katastrofą na Odrze system pozyskiwania wiarygodnej informacji o stanie wód powierzchniowych jest nadal niezadowalający.
EN
Reliable information on the status of the aquatic environment and the degree of its pollution is the basis for effective actions both in crisis situations and routine activities, aimed at achieving and maintaining good water status. For over sixty years, parallel, spatially and informationally uncorrelated systems of surface waters monitoring have been carried out in Poland: quantitative and qualitative. A different institution, subordinate to a different ministry, is responsible for each of them, which ins that these systems operate according to different principles, and the possible convergence of the monitoring points location is more a matter of chance than intentional action. An additional factor that deepens the information gap is the incomplete system for recording pollutant discharges (pressures) into receivers. Despite the ad hoc actions resulting from last year’s disaster on the Oder River, the system for obtaining reliable information on the state of surface waters is still unsatisfactory.
Small river basins are complex self-regulatory systems, as well as indicators of the state of the environment due to the level of anthropogenic pressure. Since any changes in the regime of small rivers are reflected in the entire hydrographic chain, the problem of estimating the anthropogenic load on small rivers of Ukraine is relevant for modern hydrochemistry and hydroecology. The main sources of water pollution are industrial and domestic effluents, which increase the inflow of pesticides, heavy metal ions, etc. Aquatic ecosystems of small rivers are subject to intense mechanical and biochemical effects, and about 80% of pollutants are washed into water bodies. Water bodies located on the territory or near large cities and urban areas are particularly exposed to man-made pollution. In the territory of the Dniester river basin, natural landscapes are maximally preserved in comparison with other regions of Western Ukraine, but in modern conditions we observe an increase in the negative anthropogenic impact on the quality of natural waters. Hydrodynamic barriers or hydrodynamically active areas (HAA) of mountain rivers, which are significantly saturated with oxygen in the water flow, which activates the processes of biochemical and biological self-cleaning of natural waters, are important to increase the efficiency of self-purification processes. Natural biological cleaning of pollutants in small rivers is highly effective due to the overgrowth of aquatic vegetation. The aim of the work was to establish the ability of the aquatic ecosystem of a small river to self-purify on the basis of hydrochemical indicators of water quality. The compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements of hydrochemical indicators of Kolodnytsia river water of the right tributary of the Dniester was analyzed and possible regularities of their changes were established, as well as the main factors of anthropogenic impact on a small river and the possibility of laboratory modeling of such rivers. It was found that in the Kolodnytsia River the processes of self-cleaning are quite active, which are caused by the hydrological characteristics of the river and the presence of hydrodynamically active areas in the foothills of the basin. Therefore, at present there is no steady excess of pollutants relative to the MPC.
Jednym ze źródeł zanieczyszczeń wprowadzanych do wód powierzchniowych są ścieki opadowe i roztopowe. Ładunek zanieczyszczeń w nich zawarty może być różny, w zależności m.in. od charakteru zlewni, z której spływają, czy intensywności i czasu opadów. Tereny miejskie, w szczególności tzw. powierzchnie szczelne, stwarzają sprzyjające warunki do gromadzenia zanieczyszczeń stałych, powstających głównie w wyniku działalności człowieka. Spływy z tych powierzchni mogą powodować niekorzystne zmiany w odbiorniku, takie jak np. redukcja liczby organizmów żywych i ograniczenie bioróżnorodności.
EN
One of the sources of pollution introduced into surface waters are rainwater and snowmelt. The load of pollutants contained in them may be different depending, inter al ia, on the character of the catchment area from which they flow down, or the intensity and duration of rainfall. Urban areas, in particular the so-called sealed surfaces, create favourable conditions for the accumulation of solid contaminants, generated mainly by human activity. The flows from sealed surfaces eon cause adverse changes in a receiver, such as, for example, the decrease in the number of living organisms and reduced biodiversity.
The results of the study of the macrophytes of the rivers Turia, Vyzhivka and Tsyr, the right-bank tributaries of the upper reaches of the Pripet River, are presented. The species composition of aquatic and coastal aquatic vascular plants was investigated during the vegetation seasons of 2018 and 2019 at 9 observation points located along the rivers from the source to the mouth. The most numerous species composition, 57 species, was found in the Turia River, 36 in the Vyzhivka River, and 28 species were identified in the Tsyr River. The macrophyte index for rivers (Pol.: makrofitowy indeks rzeczny - MIR) was determined from the results, and the ecological state of the rivers was assessed according to the methodology of the macrophyte assessment of rivers (Pol.: makrofitowa metoda oceny rzek - MMOR). The investigation showed that water quality in the Turia River on sites No. 1, 3 and 4 belongs to class III, satisfactory category. The surface water quality on site No. 2 of the Turia River belongs to class II, a good category. The water quality in the Vyzhivka River on all test sites belongs to class II, a good category, which testifies to favourable ecological conditions for the development of higher aquatic plants along the whole course. The water quality in the Tsyr River on test site No. 8 (Kamin-Kashyrskyi, upper course) corresponds to class II, good category. On test site No. 9 (middle course), the quality of surface waters of the Tsyr River worsens to the class III, satisfactory category.
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Dyrektywa UE 2020/2184 z dnia 16 grudnia 2020 r. w sprawie jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia wprowadza limity stężeń substancji organicznych, które nie są uwzględnione w obecnie obowiązującym Rozporządzeniu Ministra Zdrowia (poz. 2294 z dnia 7 grudnia 2017 r.) w sprawie jakości wody przeznaczonej do spożycia. Nowymi substancjami, które zostały uwzględnione w Dyrektywie są między inni związki per- i polifluoroalkilowe (PFAS). Związki te charakteryzują się wysoką toksycznością, immunosupresyjnością oraz są rozpowszechnione w środowisku naturalnym. W pracy przedstawiono przegląd obecnej wiedzy dotyczącej zawartości PFAS w wodach powierzchniowych i podziemnych. Kwas perfluorooktanosulfonowy (PFOS) i kwas perfluorooktanowy (PFOA) zostały zamieszczone w załączniku B Konwencji Sztokholmskiej, w wyniku czego została ograniczona ich produkcja oraz ich zastosowanie. W produktach przemysłowych zaczęto wykorzystywać krótkołańcuchowe PFAS, takie jak kwas perfluorobutanowy (PFBA) i kwas perfluorobutanosulfonowy (PFBS). Podobną zmianę zauważono w profilu wykrywanych w środowisku wodnym PFAS. W artykule zamieszczono krótki przegląd efektywności usuwania tych związków w procesach stosowanych w uzdatnianiu wody na cele wody przeznaczonej do spożycia.
EN
EU 2020/2184 Directive of December 16, 2020 on the quality of water intended for drinking introduces limits on concentrations of organic substances, which are not included in the current Ordinance of the Minister of Health (item 2294 of December 7, 2017) on the quality of water intended for drinking. The new substances included in the Directive are per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAS). These compounds are highly toxic, immunosuppressive and widespread in the natural environment. The paper presents an overview of the current knowledge on the PFAS content in surface and ground waters. Perfluoro-octanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) have been included in Annex B of the Stockholm Convention, which has resulted in a restriction of their production and use. Short-chain PFASs such as perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) have begun to be used in industrial products. A similar change was noticed in the profile of PFAS detected in the aquatic environment. The article presents also a brief review of these compounds removal effectiveness in water treatment processes for drinking waters.
Organic compounds are the most diverse group of contaminants. The largest anthropogenic source of these contaminants in water is municipal and industrial wastewater. One of the indicators of surface water pollution is biological oxygen demand (BOD). Purifying water from organic micropollutants is a serious challenge and requires the development of newer and more effective methods. The removal of such contaminants is most effective only in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), which include UV photolysis and photocatalysis. The presented results are from preliminary research to evaluate the effectiveness of water treatment by ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and photocatalysis. Treatment efficiency was evaluated on the basis of changes in the BOD index before and after the advanced oxidation process of raw water. The values of the BOD5 index determined in accordance with PN-EN 25813:1997. The exposure time of the samples was a maximum of 60 minutes. The tested material was water samples taken from the Rudawa River, which is one of the drinking water sources for Krakow. The initial BOD5 value (expressed as concentration of O2) for all samples was about 8 mg/L but it has decreased to over 2 mg/L due to AOP processes. This means that after an hour, more than 75% of organic compounds present in the raw water were removed. For photocatalysis (TiO2-MMT), the exposure time of the samples was a maximum of 35 minutes. Water samples taken from the Rudawa River were also used as test material. The initial BOD5 value for all samples was about 9 mg/L but it has decreased to about 4 mg/L due to the photocatalysis process. This means that after 35 minutes, 55% of the organic compounds present in the raw water were removed.
Ekosystemy wód powierzchniowych są jednym z elementów biosfery najbardziej narażonych na skutki zachodzących zmian klimatycznych. Efektem nadchodzącej katastrofy klimatycznej będzie w przypadku Polski: (i) postępujące obniżanie się poziomu wód gruntowych; (ii) zanikanie niewielkich zbiorników wodnych; (iii) przyspieszenie antropogenicznej eutrofizacji i degradacji pozostałych, a w końcu, (iv) ostry deficyt wody zmieniający środowisko przyrodnicze, drastycznie pogarszający warunki życia mieszkańców oraz uniemożliwiający dalszy rozwój kraju. W celu spowolnienia, a w przyszłości odwrócenia niekorzystnych zmian, konieczne są działania zarówno o zasięgu globalnym (ograniczenie emisji gazów cieplarnianych, zaprzestanie wylesiania planety ochrona oceanów) oraz lokalnym. O ile na działania globalne nasz wpływ jest ograniczony, to elementy ochrony zasobów wodnych Polski należy wdrożyć niezwłocznie. Winny one zmierzać w kierunku: (i) oszczędniejszego gospodarowania zasobami wodnymi; (ii) spowolnienia odpływu wód z terenu Polski oraz (iii) skrupulatnej ochrony wód powierzchniowych przed rosnącym dopływem biogenów. Ze względu na istniejące dodatnie sprzężenie zwrotne pomiędzy zmianami klimatu i procesami eutrofizacyjnymi rozważyć należy także możliwość coraz szerszego wdrażania biotechnologii środowiskowych mających na celu: (i) ograniczanie produkcji biomasy przez zespoły fitoplanktonu, (ii) odtwarzanie pofragmentowanych łańcuchów i sieci troficznych oraz (iii) ochronę i zwiększanie różnorodności biologicznej zapewniającej homeostazę ekosystemów wodnych.
EN
Surface water ecosystems are the elements of the biosphere that are most exposed to the effects of climate change. In the case of Poland, the effects of the upcoming climate catastrophe will be: (i) a progressive lowering of groundwater levels (ii); the disappearance of small water reservoirs; (iii) an acceleration of anthropogenic eutrophication and degradation of the remaining ones and finally (vi) a sharp water deficit changing the terrestrial environment, drastically worsening the living conditions of citizens and preventing further development of the country. In order to slow down and reverse unfavorable changes it is necessary to counteract them on a global as well as a local scale. While the influence of average inhabitant of Poland on global warming and related phenomena is limited, effective protection of our water resources from repercussions of climate change on a country scale is necesary. However, it has to be introduced immediately. It should comprise of: (i) prevention of wastage of water and more efficient management of groundwater resources; (ii) slowing down of the outflow of waters from land to Baltic Sea by increasing their retention and (iii) scrupulous protection of water reservoirs against their over-fertilization by organic matter as well as by mineral P and N compounds. Due to an existing positive feedback between climate change and eutrophication processes, it seems necessary to develop new (and implement just existing) environmentally friendly biotechnologies targeted at re-oligotrophication of surface waters. They would ensure: (i) reduction in biomass production by phytoplankton dominated by cyanobacteria, (ii) restoration of damaged trophic chains and webs; (iii) protection and enhancement of biodiversity and finally, (iv) restoration and maintenance of homeostasis in aquatic ecosystems.
Wody dołowe odprowadzane z podziemnych zakładów górniczych na powierzchnię oraz zrzucane do wód powierzchniowych charakteryzują się znacznym stopniem zasolenia, wynoszącym nawet do 120 g/L. Wraz ze wzrostem zasolenia obserwuje się wzrost stężenia naturalnych nuklidów promieniotwórczych, głównie izotopów radu ²²⁶Ra i ²²⁸Ra. Przedstawiono wyniki okresowych pomiarów stężenia radu w wodach kopalnianych oraz w wodach powierzchniowych rzeki Odry, do której zrzucane są wody dołowe.
EN
In 2010-2019, the concn. of ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra isotopes was detd. in groundwater discharged from mining plants and in the surface waters of the Odra River behind the groundwater discharge zone. The concns. of the natural radionuclides ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra in underground mine waters were 0.06-170 and 0.08-92 Bq/L, resp. and in the surface waters of the Odra river, 10-60 and 30-70 mBq/L, resp.
It was established that in the territory of the Stryi river basin, the natural landscapes are maximally preserved in comparison with other regions of Western Ukraine, but under modern conditions an increase of negative anthropogenic impact on the quality of natural waters is observed. The hydrodynamic barriers or hydrodynamically active areas (HAA) of mountain rivers, characterized by a significant oxygen saturation of the water flow, which activates the processes of biochemical and biological self-purification of surface waters, are important for the efficiency of self-purification processes. In order to verify the results of theoretical and field research, an existing experimental setup was designed and improved. It provided the conditions for modeling the flow of mountain rivers in accordance with the laws of similarity theory and the principles of hydrodynamic modeling. On the basis of the results of field observations in the foothills of rivers, as well as regulatory and design documentation, the limits of the main operating factors were determined, namely the Freud number, flow depth and flow rate, which are decisive in studying the impact of HAA on flow self-cleaning processes. By changing the length of the tray section, the gullies and the waterfall niche of the real hydrodynamically active section were simulated, on which field experiments on the Tyshivnytsia River were conducted. In the studies, measurements were performed at different flow regimes, which simulated different hydrological parameters. In order to analyze the impact of HAA on self-cleaning processes, the flow was visualized using photography. The change in the structure of a stream of natural waters at passage of HAA was established. The high oxygen saturation of the river waters of the Stryi river basin is caused by the influence of HAA, which contribute to the purification of polluted waters from biological pollutants and other man-made pollutants and form the high quality of water resources in the region. A method of modeling and visualization of mountain rivers in the laboratory was developed.
The surface water quality significantly affects the purity level of groundwater drawn for the municipal purposes. The pollution presence in surface waters is fundamentally the effect of the anthropogenic activity in a particular area while the type and volume of pollution depend closely on the intensity of any such activity. The paper presents the results of types of selected quality indicators of surface waters, i.e. pH, electrical conductivity and heavy metal concentration: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb and Cr in the surface waters collected from the city of Czestochowa and neighbouring municipalities – the locations of water intakes and deep wells operated by the Water Supply and Sewerage Joint Stock Company of the Czestochowa District in order to provide the citizens with potable water. The findings of analyses of water collected every month in the period from January to September 2020 in 9 points were the basis for an observation of a time and space variability of the values of the quality parameters studied, which is evident of a diversified impact of the surroundings on water environment in consecutive research months. The potential water pollution sources were also indicated.
Na podstawie danych zawartych w opracowaniu GUS „Ochrona środowiska 2019” omówiono charakterystykę wód w Polsce. Zarządzanie zasobami wodnymi jest realizowane z uwzględnieniem podziału państwa na obszary dorzeczy, regiony wodne i zlewnie. Jednostkami organizacyjnymi odpowiedzialnymi za gospodarowanie wodami w regionie wodnym są Regionalne Zarządy Gospodarki Wodnej (RZGW). Przedstawiono dane i bilanse zasobów wód powierzchniowych oraz zasoby eksploatacyjne wód podziemnych. Największy udział w poborze wody (69%) przypadał na cele produkcyjne, a na potrzeby eksploatacji sieci wodociągowej wynosił 21,5%. Produkcja wody przez zakłady wodociągowe w 2018 r. oparta była głównie o zasoby wód podziemnych (73%, tj. 1552,2 hm3), które są zdecydowanie lepszej jakości. Zużycie wody na potrzeby gospodarki narodowej i ludności było zróżnicowane w poszczególnych województwach i miastach. Omawiając gospodarowanie wodą w sieci wodociągowej przedstawiono długość sieci wodociągowej rozdzielczej (307 690,4 km), liczbę przyłączy do budynków mieszkalnych (5 682,4 tys.) oraz zużycie wody dostarczanej przez sieć wodociągową w gospodarstwach domowych w Polsce w przeliczeniu na jednego mieszkańca (33,3 m3/rok). Wartości te zmieniały się na przestrzeni ostatnich lat.
EN
The data derived from the work by the Statistics Poland entitled “Environment 2019” provided a basis for discussing the characteristics of water resources in Poland. Water resources management takes into account the division of the country into river basin districts, water regions and drainage basins. Regional Water Management Boards (Polish: Regionalne Zarządy Gospodarki Wodnej (RZGW)) are the organizational units responsible for water management in the water region. Data and balance of surface water resources (by RZGW) were presented, as well as exploitable underground water resources. The largest share in water intake (69%) was for production purposes, whereas 21.5% was for the operation of the water supply system. In 2018 water production by municipal waterworks was mainly based on groundwater resources (73%, i.e. 1552.2 hm3), which are of far better quality. Water consumption for the needs of the national economy and population varied in individual voivodships and cities. The discussion on water management in the water supply network included the length of water supply distribution network (307690.4 km), the number of connections to residential buildings (5682.4 thousand units) and the consumption of water supplied by the water supply network in households in Poland per one inhabitant (33.3 m3/year). These values have been changing over the course of recent years.
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