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1

Assessment of the tribological properties of lubricating fluids in the bearings of a transverse screw shaft

Bzura Piotr

Polish Maritime Research

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2026

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nr 2

98--104

EN

This article presents a comparison of the rheological properties of lubricating fluids and an investigation of their effect on energy consumption during the operation of the transverse bearings of a ship’s propeller shaft. Two testing procedures were carried out. In the first part, an analysis of histograms generated from measurements on an Anton Paar GmbH DV-1P rotational viscometer with coaxial cylinders was performed, enabling the investigation of thixotropic behavior. In the second part, tests were conducted according to standards and an energy parameter related to the specific work of wear of the test material was determined. The test material consisted of steel bearing balls immersed in the lubricant under study and forming part of the friction assembly on a T-02 four-ball tester produced by the Institute of Technology of Operation in Radom. The proposed parameter characterizes the amount of frictional work required to remove material from the surface of the steel balls under a given load, expressed in Nm. The determined specific wear work serves as an integral energy parameter whose value can be used to assess the tribological properties of lubricants.

2

The effect of oil-water interfacial tension on the stability of oil emulsions

Gurbanov Guseyn R., Gasimzade Aysel V.

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 3

179--185

EN

The stability of crude oil emulsions sourced from wells in two distinct fields distinguished by varying physicalchemical properties was analysed. The oil taken from the wells of Muradkhanli and Balakhani fields of State Oil Company of the Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR) has been used as the research object. Demulsification of both oils, whose composition differs in the amount of high molecular compounds, has been investigated through the static settling method for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours, and the amount of residual water in the oil has been recorded. In the same time interval, the oils have been tested by adding n-hexane and phenol to them, respectively. During the experiments, it was discovered that after the addition of n-hexane, which is a saturated hydrocarbon, the surface tension force increased in both oil samples and caused the formation of water in the form of a dispersed phase in the oil, which resulted in an increase in stability. In particular, as the concentration of n-hexane in oil increased, oil emulsions became aggregative and kinetically stable. The experiments conducted involving the addition of phenol to oils revealed that an increase in the volume of phenol in the oil led to a decrease in the surface tension force at the oil-water boundary, thereby accelerating the demulsification process. Subsequently, the research extended to investigating the emulsion stability of the oil samples by adding phenol and n-hexane in varying proportions. It was observed that an increase in the phenol ratio expedited the demulsification process, whereas a higher hexane ratio weakened it. Throughout the experimental tests, fluctuations in demulsification rates were noted upon the addition of organic substances to the oil samples. Furthermore, an increase in the concentration of high molecular compounds in the oil composition resulted in elevated surface tension, posing challenges in separating the water phase from the oil. The demulsification ability of organic substances added to crude oil samples, compositions A, B and C (25% n-hexane and 75% phenol (conditional name A), 50% n-hexane and 50% phenol (conditional name B), 75% n-hexane and 25% phenol (conditional name C)) prepared on the basis of these organic substances was examined depending on the surface tension.

PL

Przeanalizowano stabilność emulsji ropy naftowej pobranej z odwiertów w dwóch odrębnych złożach, charakteryzujących się zróżnicowanymi właściwościami fizykochemicznymi. Ropa pobrana z odwiertów na złożach Muradkhanli i Balakhani należących do Państwowej Kompanii Naftowej Republiki Azerbejdżanu (SOCAR) została wykorzystana jako obiekt badawczy. Deemulgacja obu rodzajów ropy, których skład różni się ilością związków o dużej masie cząsteczkowej, została zbadana za pomocą metody statycznej sedymentacji przez 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 i 12 godzin, po czym zarejestrowano ilość wody pozostałej w próbce. W tych samych przedziałach czasowych przetestowano analizowane próbki ropy poprzez dodanie do nich odpowiednio n-heksanu i fenolu. Podczas eksperymentów odkryto, że po dodaniu n-heksanu, który jest węglowodorem nasyconym, siła napięcia powierzchniowego wzrosła w obu próbkach ropy, co spowodowało powstanie wody w postaci fazy rozproszonej w ropie, co zaowocowało zwiększeniem stabilności. W szczególności, w miarę wzrostu stężenia n-heksanu w ropie, emulsje ropne stały się agregacyjne i kinetycznie stabilne. Przeprowadzone eksperymenty dotyczące dodania fenolu do ropy wykazały, że wzrost objętości fenolu w ropie spowodował zmniejszenie siły napięcia powierzchniowego na granicy ropa-woda, przyspieszając tym samym proces deemulgacji. Następnie badania zostały rozszerzone na badanie stabilności emulsji próbek ropy poprzez dodanie fenolu i n-heksanu w zróżnicowanych proporcjach. Zaobserwowano, że wzrost stosunku fenolu przyspieszył proces demulsyfikacji, podczas gdy wyższy stosunek heksanu osłabił go. W trakcie testów eksperymentalnych odnotowano wahania w tempie deemulgacji po dodaniu substancji organicznych do próbek ropy. Ponadto wzrost stężenia związków o dużej masie cząsteczkowej w składzie ropy spowodował wzrost napięcia powierzchniowego, co utrudniło oddzielanie fazy wodnej od ropy. Zbadano zdolność deemulgacyjną substancji organicznych dodanych do próbek ropy naftowej, kompozycji A, B i C (25% n-heksanu i 75% fenolu (nazwa warunkowa A), 50% n-heksanu i 50% fenolu (nazwa warunkowa B), 75% n-heksanu i 25% fenolu (nazwa warunkowa C)), przygotowanych na podstawie tych substancji organicznych, w zależności od napięcia powierzchniowego.

3

The effect of formation temperature and constituent components on rheological parameters of water-oil emulsions

Gurbanov Guseyn R., Nurullayev Vali Kh., Gasimzade Aysel V.

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 5

301--311

EN

This article investigates the correlation between freezing temperature, viscosity, and oil deposit levels in samples from the Muradkhanli and Surakhany fields, as well as in model oils created under laboratory conditions, both in commodity and emulsion forms. The focus is on the influence of asphaltene-resin-paraffin compounds, the primary components of these samples. Laboratory experiments were conducted at temperatures of 10°C, 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C, utilizing crude oil samples with dilution levels ranging from 5% to 40% for emulsified oil. Freezing temperatures and viscosity values were determined using established standard methods, while the amount of paraffin deposits was assessed through the "Cold finger test" method. Analysis of numerous experiments revealed that freezing temperature, viscosity of water-oil emulsions, and paraffin deposit levels formed on cold surfaces primarily hinge on the temperature of emulsion formation and the water content percentage. It was also observed that water content affects the rheological properties of emulsions formed at 10°C and 20°C, while freezing temperature undergoes minimal changes. An increase in water content leads to heightened viscosity. However, in water-oil emulsions formed at 40°C and 60°C, rheological parameters exhibit different trends. Emulsions formed at 40°C demonstrate maximum freezing temperatures, accompanied by increased asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposits and viscosity across the temperature spectrum. Conversely, water-oil emulsions formed at 60°C exhibit minimal freezing temperatures, deposit content, and viscosity values. Thus, the analysis of water-oil emulsion group composition indicates that these emulsions are mainly stabilized and rendered stable by the presence of asphaltene-resin components.

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano zależność temperatury krzepnięcia, lepkości oraz ilości osadów z ropy naftowej dla próbek pochodzących ze złóż Muradkhanli i Surakhany, oraz modelowej ropy przygotowanej w warunkach laboratoryjnych w postaci surowej i emulsji, w odniesieniu do ilości związków asfaltenowo-żywiczno-parafinowych, które są ich głównymi składnikami. Eksperymenty laboratoryjne przeprowadzono w temperaturach 10, 20, 40 i 60°C, używając próbek ropy naftowej o stopniach rozcieńczenia od 5% do 40% jako zemulgowanej ropy naftowej. Temperaturę krzepnięcia oraz lepkość pobranych próbek ropy naftowej określono za pomocą odpowiednich metod standardowych, natomiast ilość osadów parafinowych oznaczono metodą "Cold finger test". Analiza wyników licznych eksperymentów wykazała, że temperatura krzepnięcia, lepkość emulsji wodno-ropnych oraz ilość osadów parafinowych na zimnych powierzchniach zależą głównie od temperatury tworzenia emulsji oraz procentowej zawartości wody. Badania wykazały również, że zawartość wody wpływa na wartość właściwości reologicznych emulsji formowanych w temperaturze 10 i 20°C, podczas gdy temperatura krzepnięcia ulega minimalnym zmianom. Wzrost zawartości wody w emulsji prowadzi do wzrostu lepkości. Natomiast emulsje wodno-ropne formowane w temperaturze 40 i 60°C wykazują odmienne tendencje w parametrach reologicznych. Emulsje utworzone w temperaturze 40°C charakteryzują się maksymalnymi temperaturami krzepnięcia, zwiększoną ilością osadów asfaltenowo- -żywiczno-parafinowych oraz lepkością w całym zakresie temperatur. Natomiast emulsje wodno-ropne formowane w temperaturze 60°C wykazują minimalne temperatury krzepnięcia oraz minimalną ilość osadów i wartość lepkości. Zatem zgodnie z wynikami analizy składu grupowego emulsji wodno-ropnych ustalono, że badane emulsje są ustabilizowane i stają się trwałe głównie dzięki obecności składników asfaltenowo-żywicznych.

4

Explore the Impact of Surfactant Type on the Stability and Separation Efficiency of Oil–Water Emulsions of Real Wastewater from Al-Basrah Crude Oil Using Microbubble Air Flotation

Al-Yaqoobi Atheer M., Al-dulaimi Sumaya L., Salman Rasha H.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 5

367--378

EN

Among several separation processes, the air flotation distinguish as remarkably high potential separation process related to its high separation efficiency and throughput, energy-efficient, simple process, cost-effective, applicable to a wide range of oily wastewater and no by-products. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of the type and concentration of surfactant on the stability of oil-water emulsion and efficiency of the separation process. For this purpose, three types of surfactant where used (anionic SDS, mixed nonionic Span 85/Tween 80, and cationic CTAB). The results demonstrated that the Span 85/Tween 80 surfactant has the best stability, and it increases with the surfactant concentration augmentation. The removal efficiency with CTAB surfactant reached to approximately 95% at concentration of 0.3%, and decreased by increasing the surfactant concentration. The mean diameter of bubbles generated in emulsion with CTAB surfactant was 71 µm, which was lower than that obtained with the other two surfactants.

5

Study of the droplet size of the discrete phase of a fuel-water emulsion

Niszczota Paweł, Gieras Marian

Journal of KONBiN

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2023

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Vol. 53, iss. 4

1--12

EN

In the era of increasing care for the earth's climate, numerous scientific studies are being conducted looking for alternative fuels with reduced emissions. One is a fuel-water emulsion, which has a particularly positive effect on NOx emissions. The article presents tests carried out on a fuel-water emulsion containing from 3% to 15% water and from 1% to 3% emulsifier, aiming to determine the microscopic properties of the developed emulsion. The study focused on the influence of the composition of the tested emulsion, the mixing time of its components and the influence of pumping it through the fuel pump on the size of water droplets of the discrete phase.

PL

W dobie coraz większej dbałości o klimat na Ziemi prowadzone są liczne badania naukowe poszukujące paliw alternatywnych o ograniczonej emisyjności. Jednym z nich jest emulsja paliwowo-wodna, której zastosowanie szczególnie korzystnie wpływa na emisję NOx. W artykule przedstawiono badania przeprowadzone na emulsji paliwowo -wodnej zawierającej od 3% do 15% wody oraz od 1% do 3% emulgatora, których celem było poznanie właściwości mikroskopowych opracowywanej emulsji. Skupiono się na wpływie składu badanej emulsji, czasu mieszania jej składników oraz przepompowania jej przez pompę paliwa na wielkość kropel wodnej fazy dyskretnej.

6

Study on The Emulsion Stability of Tripropylene Glycol Diacrylate in Water

Shirajuddin Siti Salwa Mohammad, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Ghazali C.M.R., Hussin K., Rahman M.F.A.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 3

1011--1016

EN

Oil-in-water emulsion is thermodynamically unstable system that undergoes destabilization with time. The tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) monomer which can potentially to increase the crosslink density of polymer blends is unstable in water due to its low water solubility properties. However, the stability of TPGDA emulsion could be improved by adding an adequate amount of surfactant. This study addresses the effect of different Tween 20 (surfactant) concentration on emulsion stability of TPGDA. Model emulsion ranging between 0.1 wt% to 3 wt% of Tween 20 and a control were prepared using heavy duty homogenizer. The emulsion was characterised by FTIR, microstructure analysis, phase separation observation and creaming index during storage time. Emulsion containing 0.4 wt% Tween 20 showed the longest stability at 24 hours and a creaming index of 0%, which is enough for an ideal emulsion. The FTIR spectra displayed the interaction of TPGDA and Tw-20, proving that the emulsion is fully mixed and stabilized. The results are further supported by optical microscopy, which observed no droplet aggregation and flocculation in the TPGDA emulsion with the presence of 0.4 wt% of Tw-20 surfactant. This information about Tw-20 is beneficial, making it a promising surfactant for enhancing the emulsion stability of the TPGDA emulsion.

7

Ciecze stosowane do obróbki plastycznej blach stalowych na zimno

Antosz Artur, Ptak Stefan

Przegląd Mechaniczny

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2021

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nr 4

28--32

PL

W artykule przedstawiono środki smarne stosowane do obróbki plastycznej blach stalowych na zimno. Szczególny nacisk położono na emulsje wodne używane w tym procesie. W części doświadczalnej omówiono wstępne badania nad wytworzeniem oleju emulgującego przeznaczonego do obróbki plastycznej blach stalowych na zimno.

EN

The article discusses lubricants used in cold forming of steel sheets, with special emphasis on water emulsions used in the process. In the experimental part, initial tests were carried out on the production of emulsifying oil used during cold forming of steel sheets.

8

Assessment of the Possibility of Using Aquafaba in the Production of Vegetable Emulsions®

Szulc Karolina

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2021

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nr 2

56--61

EN

Canning or boiling pulse seeds in water produces a by-product solution called aquafaba, is generally discarded as waste. However, this valuable resource contains high quantities of proteins with good functional properties. The paperarticle presents the assessment of the usefulness of aquafaba as a stabilizer in the production of vegetable emulsions with different fat content. The conducted research has shown that aquafaba can be successfully used for the production of vegetable emulsions (including mayonnaise) with a fat content of less than 75% and healthier alternatives compared to those available on the market.

PL

Gotowanie nasion strączkowych w wodzie lub ich puszkowanie powoduje powstanie roztworu produktu ubocznego o nazwie aquafaba, który jest zwykle usuwany jako odpad. Ten wartościowy zasób zawiera jednak znaczne ilości białek o dobrych właściwościach funkcjonalnych. W artykule przed stawiono ocenę przydatności aquafaby jako stabilizatora w produkcji emulsji roślinnych o różnej zawartości tłuszczu. Przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, że aquafaba może być z powodzeniem stosowana do produkcji emulsji roślinnych (w tym majonezu) o zawartości tłuszczu poniżej 75% oraz zdrowszych alternatyw w porównaniu do dostępnych na rynku.

9

Emulsion electrospinning - method to introduce proteins for biomedical applications

Kurpanik Roksana, Rapacz-Kmita Alicja, Ścisłowska-Czarnecka Anna, Stodolak-Zych Ewa

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2021

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Vol. 24, no. 163

48

10

Physical and chemical properties of emulsions containing different kind of fat and different content of an innovative protein with algae®

Kowalska Małgorzata, Żbikowska Anna, Stachowicz Marlena

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2020

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nr 2

5--15

EN

The aim of the work presented in the article is to determine the effect of the type of fat and the variable protein content of algae on selected physicochemical properties of emulsions determining the stability of the disersion systems. Fat emulsions were prepared in the following three variants: based on hemp oil, based on a mixture of hemp oil and mutton tallow (1: 1) and based on the same fat mixture, but subjected to the enzymatic interesterification process (1: 1). The experimental part of the work included the preparation of animal fat by subjecting it to the bleaching process, and then enzymatic interesterification with hemp oil. Then, 9 variants of emulsions containing hemp oil, nonesterified fat mixture and interesterified fat mixture, respectively, were prepared. Each emulsion had a different algal protein content ranging from 0.4 to 1.2% by weight of the emulsion. The emulsions prepared in this way were tested 24 hours after their preparation and after 1 month of storage. The following parameters of the emulsion were assessed: color, texture, viscosity, and microscopic structure, and the intensity of the light backscattered by the sample was measured with the use of the Turbiscan Lab device. It was noticed that with the increase in the protein content of algae in the emulsions, there was an increase in the value of the b * parameter corresponding to the yellow color for all variants of these emulsions. There was also an increase in droplet size in microscopic examination and a decrease in the stability of the emulsions based on the interesterified fats. There was no unequivocal influence of the algae protein on the following parameters: emulsion adhesiveness, viscosity and hardness.In the study, it was not possible to select an emulsion with high stability, nor to indicate a clear influence of protein on the rheological properties of the emulsions produced, regardless of the type of fat used. In order to produce more stable systems, research should be extended to change the amount or type of protein, or to select a different viscosity modifier which, together with the algae protein, is able to create a synergistic system that stabilizes the dispersion systems produced.

PL

Celem pracy przedstawionej w artykule jest określenie wpływu rodzaju tłuszczu oraz zmiennej zawartości białka z alg na wybrane właściwości fizykochemiczne emulsji decydujące o stabilności układu. Emulsje tłuszczowe wytworzono w trzech następujących wariantach: na bazie oleju konopnego, na bazie mieszaniny oleju konopnego i łoju baraniego (1:1) oraz na bazie tej samej mieszaniny tłuszczowej, ale poddanej procesowi enzymatycznego przeestryfikowania (1:1). Zakres eksperymentalnej części pracy obejmował przygotowanie tłuszczu zwierzęcego (łoju baraniego) przez poddanie go procesowi bielenia, a następnie przeestryfikowanie enzymatyczne z olejem konopnym. Następnie przygotowano 9 wariantów emulsji zawierających odpowiednio olej konopny, mieszaninę tłuszczową nieprzeestryfikowaną oraz mieszaninę tłuszczową przeestryfikowaną. Każda z emulsji zawierała inną zawartość białka z alg w ilości od 0.4 do 1,2% w stosunku do masy emulsji. Tak przygotowane emulsje poddano badaniom po 24 godzinach od ich sporządzenia oraz po 1 miesiącu przechowywania. Przeprowadzono ocenę następujących parametrów emulsji: barwy, tekstury, lepkości, struktury mikroskopowej oraz dokonano pomiaru intensywności światła wstecznie rozproszonego przez próbkę w czasie, z wykorzystaniem urządzenia Turbiscan Lab. Zauważono, że wraz ze wzrostem zawartości białka z alg w emulsjach, nastąpił wzrost wartości parametru b* odpowiadającego za żółty kolor dla wszystkich wariantów tych emulsji. Nastąpił również wzrost wielkości kropel w badaniu mikroskopowym i zmniejszenie stabilności emulsji na bazie tłuszczów przeestryfikowanych. Nie zauważono jednoznacznego wpływu białka z alg na następujące parametry: adhezyjność, lepkość oraz twardość emulsji.W pracy nie udało się wytypować emulsji o wysokiej stabilności, ani wskazać wyraźnego wpływu białka na właściwości reologiczne wytworzonych emulsji bez względu na rodzaj zastosowanego tłuszczu. W celu wytworzenia bardziej stabilnych układów należy rozszerzyć badania w kierunku zmiany ilości lub rodzaju białka, czy wytypowania innego modyfikatora lepkości, który z białkiem z alg jest w stanie stworzyć układ synergistyczny oddziaływający stabilizująco na wytworzone układy dyspersyjne.

11

Application of turbiscan lab to study the effect of emulsifier content on the stability of plant origin dispersion

Zalewska Anna, Kowalik Joanna, Grubecki Ireneusz

Chemical and Process Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 40, nr 4

399-–409

EN

The effect of emulsifier volume on emulsion system stability of plant origin being the basis of diet supplements for animals in winter season was analyzed. For this purpose, measurements of the backscattered light intensity as the function of the measuring cell height were conducted with a Turbiscan LAB optical analyzer. System stability was analyzed on the basis of Turbiscan Stability Index values. A Helos laser analyzer and a Nikon Eclipse E400 POL optical microscope were used to investigate drop size distribution and analyze microscopic pictures. It was shown that emulsion with 10% (w/w) of the emulsifier was the most stable one.

12

Analysis of process of emulsions transport in hydrophilic/oleophilic granular porous media driven by capillary force

Shtyka O. S., Przybysz Ł., Błaszczyk M., Sęk J. P.

Technical Sciences / University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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2018

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nr 21(2)

85--101

EN

The research focuses on the issues concerning a process of multiphase liquids transport in granular porous media driven by the capillary pressure. The current publication is meant to introduce the results of experimental research conducted to evaluate the kinetics of the imbibition and emulsions behavior inside the porous structures. Moreover, the influence of the dispersed phase concentration and granular media structure on the mentioned process was considered. The medium imbibition with emulsifier-stabilized emulsions composed of oil as the dispersed phase in concentrations of 10 vol%, 30 vol%, and 50 vol%, was investigated. The porous media consisted of oleophilic/hydrophilic beads with a fraction of 200–300 and 600–800 μm. The experimental results provided that the emulsions imbibition in such media depended stronger on its structure compare to single-phase liquids. The increase of the dispersed phase concentration caused an insignificant mass decreasing of the imbibed emulsions and height of its penetration in a sorptive medium. The concentrations of the imbibed dispersions exceeded their initial values, but reduced with permeants front raise in the granular structures that can be defined as the influential factor for wicking process kinetics.

13

Zastosowanie metody spektroskopii impedancyjnej do szacowania bardzo małych zawartości wody w oleju mineralnym typu 20-70

Macioszek Ł., Matuszak M., Wagner P., Włodarczak S.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2018

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R. 94, nr 12

60--63

PL

W pracy podjęto próbę oceny możliwości stosowania metody spektroskopii impedancyjnej do szacowania bardzo małych zawartości wody (do 0,02% V/V) w oleju mineralnym o oznaczeniu 20-70. Wcześniejsze badania olejów napędowych potwierdzały taką możliwość, jednak brak możliwości szerszego porównania otrzymywanych wyników skłonił autorów do zbadania innego oleju w ten sam sposób. Przedstawione wyniki pozwalają stwierdzić, że obrana metodologia daje pozytywne rezultaty także w przypadku badanego oleju mineralnego.

EN

In the paper an attempt was made to experimentally verify the possibility of using impedance spectroscopy method for 20-70 type mineral oil moisture assessment. Previous tests’ findings showed that this method can be successfully used with diesel fuel. However, the lack of possibility to compare the obtained results, prompted the authors to investigate another oil in the same way. Tests presented in the paper show that even water quantities below 0,02% V/V can change electrical properties of mineral oil in a way that can be detected with the use of proposed methodology.

14

Force interaction of boiling dispersed emulsion particles

Klimov R. A.

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2018

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Vol. 2, nr 2

60--67

EN

In the industry lubricating fluids are widely used, mostly they reduce the wear of cutting tools and improve the quality of working surface, both in metal processin g technology and in other industries [1-3]. To achieve the greatest effect lubricating fluids must have a good surface wettability. This is achieved by introducing into the lubricating fluids the corresponding surface active agents (SAA), which also increase the cooling capacity of the medium. The adsorption phenomenon is based on the lubricating effect of various components of lubricating fluids. For liquids the adsorption is determined by the change in surface tension σ from the concentration of SAA. The desorption phenomena of SAA and particles aggregation of dispersed phase of lubricating fluids, which is an emulsion, determines sedimentation stability of emulsion and its further use [2, 4-7]. To reduce costs it is economically feasible to reuse spent lubricating fluids, but for this, their composition must be brought to normative, i.e. to clear it of mechanical impurities and also get the most stable structure for sedimentation, i.e. it is necessary to obtain the smallest size of the dispersed phase [5, 8-10]. Existing methods for calculating the processes of emulsification and homogenization of lubricating fluids are based on the dynamics of a single particle, which either boils with a sudden change in external parameters [4-6, 8, 11], or is subjected to the action of dynamic impact during the acceleration (deceleration) of flow, as well as is subjected to mechanical effects [7, 9, 11]. The examination of the dynamic interaction of two particles while boiling of light boiling component of the emulsion is given in [12]. Therefore, the study and development of the theoretical grounds of multitude drops breakup of discretely distributed phase is important for the determination of the optimal dispersion modes which results in a significant reduction in energy costs both during the grinding and crushing process, as well as reduction of the financial costs with repeated use of the same lubricating fluids, previously prepared before each cycle of use.

15

Destruction processes of oil films of emulsion environment

Klimov R. A., Pavlenko A. M.

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2018

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Vol. 2, nr 2

75--83

EN

Most of the methods aimed at studying the dynamics of growth of vapor bubbles which occur either in the liquid volume or on a superheated surface [1-3]. A peculiarity of emulsion media boiling is that the formation of a vapor phase occurs on the surface of liquid interface if one liquid (for example, oil) is a superficially active substance or in the emulsion there is a superficially active substance (in multicomponent emulsions), which is based on a decrease in the interfacial tension at the interface between the dispersive medium (water) and the dispersion phase (oil) [1, 3-6]. Experimental data [1, 3] indicate that the process of a new phase (vapor) formation is initiated by an internal thermal impact on the surface of the oil particles. Thus, for example, with a sudden pressure decay, the preheated emulsion will be in the supersaturation state of the thermolabile-water phase (the water is superheated against the saturation temperature at a given pressure), i.e. it will contain an excessive amount of heat [7-10]. This heat excess is expended on the work of vapor layer formation and further vaporization. The effect of oil films is ambiguous: on the one hand, when heated, they play the role of thermal resistance, thus, slowing down the heating process; on the other hand, they are the heat carriers which can be used for the formation and growth of the vapor phase and also they are superficially active substance, which contributes to achieving lower water supersaturation temperatures, i.e. early boiling [5]. The consideration of oil thermal effect plays an important role when regarding heat and mass transfer processes during the boiling of emulsion media. Theoretical description and analysis of heat and mass exchange processes in emulsions, associated with the presence of oil and oil films, allows us to study more in detail the process itself, as well as to offer optimal parameters and characteristics for the processes of obtaining and processing a fine emulsion.

16

Homogenizacja emulsji o/w podczas przepływu przez złoże mikrocząstek węglika krzemu

Różański J., Kuczora A.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2018

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Nr 4

116--117

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań przepływu rozcieńczonych emulsji olej-woda przez złoże mikrocząstek węglika krzemu (71÷100 µm). Olej mineralny był fazą rozproszoną (5 i 15% obj.), a Tween 40 wykorzystano jako emulgator. Przetłoczone przez złoże emulsje zawierały mniejsze krople oleju i były bardziej jednorodne od emulsji wstępnej. Użyte złoże przede wszystkim spowodowało zanik kropel o średnicy większej od 30 µm. Zaobserwowano również silny wpływ stężenia emulsji na spadek ciśnienia.

EN

The results of study on the flow of diluted o/w emulsions through packed beds of Silicon carbide microparticles (71÷100 µm) are reported. The mineral oil as dispersed phase (5 vol% and 15 vol%) and Tween 40 as emulsifier were used. The emulsions pressed through the packed bed contained smaller oil droplets and were more uniform than the preliminary emulsion. The packed bed used in the study caused mainly the disappearance of droplets with diameters greater than 30 µm. A strong effect of emulsion concentration on pressure drop was also observed.

17

Adhesion of bacterial films on polymer food films covered by graphene oxide emulsion and graphene nanoparticles

Kopczyńska E., Czerwińska E., Mitura K. A.

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2018

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Vol. 21, no. 148

100

18

Transport of emulsions in granular porous media driven by capillary force

Shtyka O., Przybysz Ł., Sęk J.

Acta Innovations

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2018

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no. 26

38--44

EN

The transport of liquids driven by capillary suction-pressure and balanced by both viscous drag force and gravity acceleration is known as spontaneous imbibition. The prediction of spontaneous imbibition in porous media is of importance due to its relevance as a fundamental phenomenon in numerous industrial technologies as well as in nature. A vast majority of the experimental results and mathematical models concerning the imbibition process of single-phase liquids are considered and analyzed in the literature. The present research focuses on two-phase liquids transport in porous medium driven by capillary force. The penetrating liquids were surfactant-stabilized emulsions with the different dispersed phase concentrations. The discussed issues are the influence of porous bed composition and inner phase concentration on the height of an emulsion penetration, which allows to predict the velocity of imbibition process. From a practical point of view, the experimental results give the possibility to evaluate: productivity of granular sorbents applied to recover the environment, efficiency of building materials wetting with multiphase liquids, process of oil-derived pollutants migration in porous media, e.g. soil and other rock structures, etc.

19

Experimental analysis of chemical demulsification of cutting oil

Pacholski P., Sęk J.

Acta Innovations

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2018

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no. 26

28--37

EN

The wastewater produced by the metal industry is often present in the form of oil-in-water (O/W) or water-inoil (W/O) emulsions. These fluids contain a certain amount of valuable oil that can be recovered in the recycling process. Therefore, the development of novel, efficient, and low cost processes for the treatment of metalworking fluid is necessary. Demulsification to separate oil/water mixtures is a very interesting option because it allows the recovery and reuse of the lubricant oil and effects in cleaner, easily treatable wastewater.Chemical destabilization is the most common way of demulsification of metalworking fluids. As an example, inorganic salts can be used as demulsifiers. In the presented work the efficiency of treatment of cutting emulsions with chemical demulsification with usage of aluminum sulfate (IV) is described. The emulsion was prepared with Emulgol-ES12 self-emulsyfing oil delivered by Orlen S.A. In the research the feasibility of the demulsifier was checked. The novel in this paper is determination of the optimal dosage of emulsifier using the TurbiscanLab® apparatus. It is relatively quick and precise method that can be applied in the industry.

20

Rozkład wymiarów cząstek wybranych emulsji w zależności od zawartości emulgatora

Zalewska A., Grubecki I., Michałko J.

Inżynieria i Aparatura Chemiczna

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2017

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Nr 5

184--185

PL

Przeanalizowano wpływ zawartości emulgatora na rozkład wielkości cząstek mieszaniny olejków miętowego i eukaliptusowego oraz witaminy A. Układ dyspersyjny homogenizowano przy stałej liczbie obrotów mieszadła. W badaniach wykorzystano dyfraktometr laserowy HELOS BR. Stwierdzono, że im wyższe było stężenie emulgatora, tym mniejsza była średnica Sautera i średnica objętościowa, a tym samym mieszanina była lepiej zhomogenizowana.

EN

The effect of emulsifier content on particle size distribution in the mixture of mint and eucalyptus oils and vitamin A was studied. The systems were homogenized at a constant stirrer rotational seed. HELOS BR laser diffractometer was used in research. It was proved that the Sauter and volumetric mean diameters, and consequently, the better homogenization of mixture were smaller for the higher emulsifier concentration.