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1

Usage of mycelium-based composites in the construction of small architectural structures

Lewandowska Anna

Przestrzeń i Forma

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2024

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nr 58

57--74

EN

Mycelium is a biomaterial that can be an innovative alternative to existing solutions in architecture. The study analyzed 10 examples of small architectural structures built on the basis of the mycelium based composites. The aim of the research was to collect data showing the scope of possibilities of mycelium with other building materials, ways of protecting mycelium against external factors, and aesthetic and finishing aspects.

PL

Grzybnia (mycelium) jest biomateriałem, który może być innowacyjną alternatywą dla istniejących rozwiązań w architekturze. W badaniu analizom zostało poddanych 10 przykładów małych struktur architektonicznych w których konstrukcji wykorzystano kompozyty na bazie grzybni. Celem badań było zebranie danych pokazujących zakres możliwości wykorzystania mycelim w tworzeniu tego typu obiektów. Skupiono się na połączeniach grzybni z innymi materiałami budowlanymi, sposobach ochrony grzybni przed czynnikami zewnętrznymi oraz aspektach estetycznych i wykończeniowych.

2

Innovative polymer composites based on biomedical materials - Rapid communication

Bulanda Katarzyna, Bartusik-Aebisher Dorota, Oleksy Małgorzata, Aebisher David

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 5

318--324

EN

The article presents preliminary research on the influence of calcium phosphate (10–40 wt%) on the functional properties of ABS. Maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene was used as a compatibilizer (0.5 wt%). The mass flow rate, tensile properties and hardness were determined. The effect of the filler on the color change of the polymer matrix was also examined. For a composite containing 20 wt% calcium phosphate, the mechanical properties of samples obtained by 3D printing and injection molding were compared, with worse properties obtained by 3D printing. This can be explained by limited adhesion between the printed layers.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wstępne badania wpływu fosforanu wapnia (10–40% mas.) na właściwości użytkowe ABS. Jako kompatybilizator użyto polietylen szczepiony bezwodnikiem maleinowym (0,5% mas.). Określono masowy wskaźnik szybkości płynięcia, właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i twardość. Zbadano także wpływ napełniacza na zmianę barwy osnowy polimerowej. Dla kompozytu zawierającego 20 wt% fosforanu wapnia porównano właściwości mechaniczne próbek uzyskanych metodą druku 3D i formowania wtryskowego, przy czym gorsze właściwości uzyskano metodą druku 3D. Można to wyjaśnić ograniczoną przyczepnością pomiędzy drukowanymi warstwami.

3

Commonly used metallic biomaterials may be involved in cancer processes – in vitro studies

Walczyńska Marta, Kamińska Marta, Walkowiak-Przybyło Magdalena, Siatkowska Małgorzata, Komorowski Piotr, Walkowiak Bogdan

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2024

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vol. 27, no. 172

1--7

EN

There are reports available in the literature describing neoplastic changes around implants or at distant sites that temporally correlate with implantation, although they are not supported by sufficient clinical evidence. Such reports mainly concern the implantation of dental implants, which are performed in the largest number, and squamous cell carcinoma is one of the main types of cancer located in the vicinity of such implants. The occurrence of malignancies after hip arthroplasty has also been described in the vicinity of endoprostheses. At present, there are no indisputable data on the promotion of carcinogenesis by the implants used, and the problem of accelerated tumour induction in the area of implantation is still poorly understood and unclear. The aim of the study was a preliminary assessment of changes in the physiological processes of cells induced by metallic biomaterials intended for orthopaedic implants. A preliminary assessment of changes in the expression of cancer-promoting genes in chondrocytes exposed to metallic biomaterials was recently published. The current report is an analytical summary of changes in proliferation potential, DNA damage repair activity, and apoptosis level of primary and neoplastic cells (chondrocytes and osteoblasts) exposed to commonly used metallic biomaterials (AISI 316L, Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al7Nb, and CoCrMo). Immunofluorescence labelling techniques in flow cytometry were used for the study. The results obtained allow us to state that short-term (48 h) direct exposure to metallic biomaterials of osteoblasts and chondrocytes, both primary and cancerous, can cause significant changes in cell physiology, which may result in promoting the cancer process.

4

Biocompatible antimicrobial ZnO coatings on Ti13Nb13Zr alloy for orthopaedic applications

Cholewa Klaudia, Goldsztajn Karolina, Walke Witold, Samotus Aneta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2024

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vol. 27, no. 172

1--7

EN

Biocompatibility is one of the requirements that every medical device must meet. The biological assessment of an implant or other medical device is performed according to the requirements of the EN ISO 10933 standard. Despite research on the biocompatibility of medical devices, the risk of bacterial, peri-implant, or hospital-acquired infections still exists, which prolongs healing processes and may cause issues with the proper acceptance of the implant by the body. To mitigate these infections, various solutions have been proposed to enhance antibacterial properties. The work attempts to develop and assess the suitability of the ZnO antibacterial coating to improve the physical and chemical properties of the Ti13Nb13Zr titanium alloy used for implants in bone surgery. The scope of the research included surface wettability tests, scanning electron microscope observations, surface roughness measurements, tribological tests, tests of coating adhesion to the surface, evaluation of electrochemical properties, and cytotoxicity tests. Based on the results, it was found that the applied ZnO coating showed the hydrophilic character of the surface and also improved the electrochemical properties of the surface, so it can be effectively used in biomedical applications simultaneously improving resistance to hydrophobic strains of bacteria.

5

Study of the Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Surface Modified Steel for Medical Applications

Taratuta Anna, Lisoń-Kubica Julia, Kazek-Kęsik Alicja, Antonowicz Magdalena, Basiaga Marcin

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 2

85--95

EN

Various types of metal implants, both in Poland and worldwide, are mainly manufactured from stainless steel due to their biocompatibility, strength, and relatively low price. However, any such procedure involves the risk of peri-implant infection, stimulated, among other things, by the formation of a bacterial biofilm on the surface of the implant. In this paper, several methods of modifying the surface of steel for medical applications were proposed, such as mechanical polishing, electropolishing, sandblasting, and the application of a thin surface layer. This was followed by a series of physicochemical and biological tests. The results indicate that the titanium nitride coating improved corrosion resistance and reduced bacterial adhesion on the surface. No significant improvement in abrasion was observed, and the adhesion of the coating closely depended on the method of preparation.

PL

Implanty metalowe, zarówno w Polsce, jak i na świecie, produkowane są głównie ze stali nierdzewnej ze względu na jej biokompatybilność, wytrzymałość i stosunkowo niską cenę. Jednak każdy tego rodzaju zabieg wiąże się z ryzykiem powstania zakażenia okołowszczepowego, stymulowanego m.in. powstawaniem biofilmu bakteryjnego na powierzchni implantu. W pracy zaproponowano kilka metod modyfikacji powierzchni stali do zastosowań medycznych, takich jak polerowanie mechaniczne, elektropolerowanie, piaskowanie oraz nałożenie cienkiej warstwy powierzchniowej. Następnie przeprowadzono szereg badań fizykochemicznych i biologicznych. Wyniki wskazują, że powłoka azotku tytanu poprawiła odporność na korozję oraz ograniczyła adhezję bakterii na powierzchni. Nie zaobserwowano znaczącej poprawy ścieralności, a adhezja powłoki ściśle zależała od metody jej przygotowania.

6

The influence of amino chain length and calcium lignosulfonate modification on lignosulfonamides flammability and thermal stability

Majka Tomasz M.

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 10

544--554

EN

The i nfluence of methods for obtaining lignosulfonyl chloride (through chemical modifications of calcium lignosulfonate) and the amine chain length on the thermal properties and flammability of lignosulfonamides were examined. HCl/HSO3Cl, HCl/PCl5, PCl5, and SOCl2 were used to calcium lignosulfonate modification. The conditions for the synthesis of lignosulfonamides were optimized. Promising results were aquired for N-butyl-N-dodecyl-lignosulfonamides obtained by reaction with thionyl chloride and PCl5. Tests confirmed negligible flammability and better thermal stability. The obtained lignosulfonamides can be used as flame-retardants in biocomposites.

PL

Zbadano wpływ metod otrzymywania chlorku lignosulfonylu (poprzez modyfikację chemiczną lignosulfonianu wapnia) oraz długości łańcucha aminowego na właściwości termiczne i palność lignosulfonamidów. Do modyfikacji lignosulfonianu wapnia zastosowano HCl/HSO3Cl, HCl/ PCl5, PCl5 i SOCl2. Zoptymalizowano warunki syntezy lignosulfonamidów. Obiecujące wyniki uzyskano dla N-butylo-N-dodecylo-lignosulfonamidów otrzymanych w reakcji z chlorkiem tionylu i PCl5. Badania potwierdziły znikomą palność i lepszą stabilność termiczną. Otrzymane lignosulfonamidy można stosować jako środki zmniejszające palność biokompozytów.

7

Study of selected properties of PLA used in 3D printing

Sośniak K., Biela D., Szalaty D., Ścieszka M., Polok-Rubiniec M., Włodarczyk-Fligier A., Kania A.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 116, nr 2

72--79

EN

Purpose: This study focuses on determining the best possible structure of the orthosis made with FDM 3D printing technology. To produce the samples, a thermoplastic PLA material was selected that met the conditions of biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. The samples produced were subjected to a tensile strength test and corrosion resistance. Design/methodology/approach: Studies based on FEM analysis were carried out using the advanced engineering software CAE - Inventor. The samples were designed in the CAD system, while the G-Code path was generated using the PrusaSlicer 2.5.0 program dedicated to the Prusa i3 MK3S+ printer, which was used to create the models. Surface morphology observations of PLA were carried out with a Zeiss SUPRA 35 scanning electron microscope (SEM). The static tensile test was performed on the Zwick/Roell z100 device based on the PN-EN ISO 527:1 standard. Electrochemical corrosion tests were carried out using the Autolab PGSTAT302N Multi BA potentiostat in Ringer solution at a temperature of 37ºC. Findings: The research allowed the appropriate structure of the orthosis made of PLA polymer material using 3D FDM printing technology. The static tensile test, SEM and corrosion tests confirmed the correct application of this material for the selected purpose. It was possible to determine that samples with holes of 10 mm had the highest strength properties. Due to the tensile tests, the average tensile strength of those samples was around 61 MPa. The corrosion parameters of PLA were determined using Tafel analysis. Research limitations/implications: The research methodology proposed in work can be used to study other biomedical materials. The results presented can be the basis for further tests in order to search for the best orthopaedic stabiliser. Originality/value: The innovative part of the article are three different versions of structures intended for making orthoses used in medicine.

8

Skóra rybia jako źródło kolagenu. Charakterystyka, metody ekstrakcji i zastosowanie

Sadlik Julia, Słota Dagmara

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2023

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Vol. 44, nr 1

20--25

PL

Kolagen jest kluczowym białkiem w organizmach żywych, stanowiącym aż ok. 30% białka ludzkiego. Ze względu na swoje właściwości znajduje zastosowanie w wielu dziedzinach, od inżynierii tkankowej po farmację i przemysł kosmetyczny. Z uwagi na zapotrzebowanie rynku szczególne zainteresowanie wzbudził kolagen pochodzenia rybiego, bowiem stosowanie go jest dozwolone we wszystkich religiach i nie ma związanych z tym żadnych restrykcji, jak w przypadku wiary muzułmańskiej czy żydowskiej, gdzie zakazane jest korzystanie z kolagenu wieprzowego bądź wołowego. Kolejnym aspektem przemawiającym za stosowaniem tego typu białka jest jego bezpieczeństwo, ponieważ w przeciwieństwie do pozostałych źródeł kolagenu zmniejsza on ryzyko przenoszenia różnego rodzaju chorób odzwierzęcych. Kolagen morski można pobierać z odpadów rybnych, takich jak skóra, łuski i płetwy. W artykule przedstawiono sposoby ekstrakcji oraz możliwości zastosowania takiego białka.

EN

Collagen is a key protein in living organisms, it constitutes as much as 30% of human protein. Due to its interesting properties, it is used in many fields, from tissue engineering to pharmacy and the cosmetics industry. Because of the market demand, collagen of fish origin aroused interest, its use is allowed in all religions and there are no restrictions related to it as in the case of the Muslim or Jewish faith, where the use of pork or beef collagen is prohibited. Another aspect in favor of using this type of protein is its safety, because unlike other collagen sources, it reduces the risk of transmitting various zoonotic diseases. Marine collagen can be extracted from fish waste, such as skin, scales and fins. This article presents the methods of extraction and the possibilities of using such a protein.

9

The properties of fish skin collagen films after cross-linking with tannic acid

Sionkowska Alina, Lewandowska Katarzyna, Szulc Marta, Brudzyńska Patrycja, Kulka Karolina, Piwowarski Łukasz

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 168

9--14

EN

Over the last three decades, an increasing interest in the preparation of new materials for wound healing has been observed. Collagen is a widely used biomaterial, and especially fish skin collagen is more and more popular among scientists. This study aimed to obtain thin films from native fish skin collagen and collagen cross-linked with tannic acid. Infrared spectroscopy, mechanical test, topographic imaging, and swelling test were used to characterize the features of the mentioned films. Statistical evaluation of the results was conducted with the Q-Dixon test. Infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that in the IR spectra of examined biomaterials, there are slight shifts in band positions after tannic acid cross-linking. The mechanical properties of the cross-linked material were different from those of the native collagen film. The Young’s modulus was higher for cross-linked collagen, whereas the elongation at break was lower than for pure collagen. The swelling of the collagen films increased after cross-linking with tannic acid. Swelling tests indicated that collagen cross-linked with tannic acid absorbs more water than before cross-linking. The properties of collagen films were significantly improved after tannic acid cross-linking. All alterations can be a result of collagen cross-linking by tannic acid, probably by forming hydrogen bonds between collagen and tannic acid.

10

Protein release from different forms of polylactide and alginate composite carriers

Morawska-Chochół Anna

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 169

2--10

EN

The development of composite biomaterials constituting both a porous scaffold for filling tissue defects (especially bone tissue) and a carrier of biologically active substances (proteins) is an innovative approach of the presented research. The paper presents the following studies of obtained composites: model protein (bovine serum albumin, BSA) release, changes in microstructure during incubation and bioactive potential in a simulated biological environment (based on scanning electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis – SEM/EDS – and infrared spectroscopy – FTIR). Three types of composites with a poly(L-lactide) matrix PLLA were investigated. PLA fibres covered with silica-calcium sol, calcium alginate fibres and calcium alginate beads were used as modifiers of the PLA matrix and carriers of protein. Process of releasing albumin proceeded differently depending on the material and form of the carrier. In the case of calcium alginate fibres, almost all protein was released within 14 days. For the remaining materials, this amount was reached after 3 weeks. All tested composites showed bioactive potential connected with apatite precipitation during incubation in a simulated biological environment. However, coating PLA fibres with silica-calcium sol significantly increased this effect. The highest cell viability was observed for a biomaterial modified by calcium alginate beads.

11

Poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles emulsified by mixing and in a microfluidic device for potential bottom-up bone tissue engineering

Marecik Stanisław, Krok-Borkowicz Małgorzata, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 169

18--22

EN

The aim of this study was to obtain degradable poly(Llactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microparticles (MPs) with a controlled size for bottom-up bone tissue engineering. The particles were produced using the classical single water/oil emulsification method by mixing with a magnetic stirrer and by using a novel approach based on the application of a microfluidic device. This study involved a thorough investigation of different concentrations of PLGA and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) during microparticle fabrication. The oil phase was PLGA dissolved in dichloromethane or ethyl acetate at 1%, 2% and 4% w/v concentrations. The water phase was an aqueous solution of PVA at concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 2.5%, 4% and 5% w/v. The size and size distribution of the MPs were evaluated with an optical microscope. Obtained MPs were incubated in contact with osteoblast-like MG-63 cells and after days 1 and 3, the cell viability was evaluated using the reduction of resazurin and the fluorescence live/dead staining. The results showed that for each concentration of PVA, the size of the MPs increased with an increase in the concentration of PLGA in the oil phase. The MPs obtained with the use of the microfluidic device were characterized by a smaller size and lower polydispersity compared to those obtained with emulsification by mixing. Both methods resulted in the generation of MPs cytocompatible with MG-63 cells, what paves the way to consider them as scaffolds for bottom-up tissue engineering.

12

Physical properties of biodegradable polymers exposed to artificial plasma flow

Zegartowska Alicja, Stojko Mateusz, Joszko Kamil, Goldsztajn Karolina, Orłowska Ada, Szewczenko Janusz

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

|

vol. 26, no. 170

9--13

EN

Despite significant advances in diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular disease remains a major cause of premature death. Approximately 80% of cardiovascular incidents can be prevented by optimizing risk factor control and lifestyle modification, including dietary change. Treatment of cardiovascular disease, like treatment of other diseases, can be divided into conservative and curative. Conservative treatment is based on pharmacotherapy, while surgical treatment is mainly based on the use of PCI (percutaneous coronary intervention) procedures, i.e., increasing blood flow through narrowed arteries. This effect can be achieved with stents. The main limitation of metal stents is their permanent presence within the body, which can lead to complications such as thrombosis. A more advanced solution is the use of polymer or drug-coated stents, both of which are made of biodegradable materials. These stents are designed to release medications to support treatment and maintain their shape within the blood vessel before being naturally absorbed and eliminated by the body. In this study, the surface of stents made of polylactide was modified by applying a layer of PLGA using an ultrasound method. The study was carried out for uncoated and coated stents in both the initial state and after exposure to artificial plasma flow. The scope of the work included microscopic observations, weight measurements of the specimen, and examination of radial forces. The analysis of the results showed no clear effect of exposure on stent weight, but a clear effect of long- -term exposure on radial forces was observed.

13

Optimization of the calcium carbonate particles manufacturing process by the precipitation method and biological evaluation with MG-63 cells

Pudełko-Prażuch Iwona, Wojtanek Karolina, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 170

20--27

EN

As a natural mineral, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is widely investigated for various medical applications. It is a biocompatible material characterized by high degradation rate and great osteoconductivity. Many researchers evaluate CaCO3 in the form of particles as a candidate for use in drug delivery systems. In this study we present an optimization of the process of producing CaCO3 particles by the precipitation method with the use of combinations of different time of ultrasound treatment and surfactant concentrations used. Depending on the synthesis conditions, various sizes of particles were fabricated. The particles were loaded with sodium alendronate (Aln, 5% or 10% by weight) with a relatively high encapsulation efficiency between 40 and 50%, depending on the amount of Aln added and the drug loading of approximately 9% for both cases. MG-63 osteoblast-like cells were contacted with 10% wt./vol extracts of fabricated particles to assess their cytotoxicity. None of the extracts investigated was found to be cytotoxic. Furthermore, an in vitro study in direct contact of MG-63 cells with particles suspended in culture medium was performed. The results showed that the fabricated particles are cytocompatible with osteoblast-like MG-63 cells. However, the higher the concentration of the particle suspension and the greater the amount of alendronate present in the solution, the lower the metabolic activity of the cells was measured. The presented method of CaCO3 particles manufacturing is simple, cost-effective, and allows one to fabricate particles of the required size and shape that are cytocompatible with MG-63 cells in defined concentrations of particle suspensions.

14

Mesenchymal stem cells proliferation and osteogenic differentiation on polymeric scaffolds and microspheres for bone tissue engineering

Walczak Kamila, Krok-Borkowicz Małgorzata, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

|

vol. 26, no. 170

14--19

EN

In this study, we aimed to compare how the microstructure and architecture of polymer supports influence adhesion, growth and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in the context of bone tissue engineering. We manufactured poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) three-dimensional supports in the form of microspheres by emulsification and porous scaffolds by solvent casting/ porogen leaching. HMSC were seeded on both materials and on control tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS, bottom of the wells) and cultured in basal or osteogenic medium for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days. HMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were studied using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays, respectively. Furthermore, cell morphology and viability were analyzed after live/dead fluorescence staining. The results show that the optimized emulsification conditions allowed the production of PLGA microspheres with a median size of 95 µm. The PLGA scaffolds had a porosity of 82.1% ± 4.2% and a pore size of 360 µm ± 74 µm. HMSC cultured on control TCPS in osteogenic medium were more spread and polygonal than those in basal medium. They were characterized with a lower proliferation rate, as shown by the LDH results, but higher ALP activity. This suggests that hMSC osteogenic differentiation was achieved. The same tendency was observed for cells cultured on microspheres and scaffolds. Cell proliferation was more efficient on both materials and control in growth medium as compared to differentiation medium. The amount of ALP, i.e. a marker of osteogenic differentiation, was elevated, as expected, in differentiation medium. However, on day 14 cells cultured on the scaffolds in basal medium exhibited the same osteogenic potential as those cultured in differentiation medium. In general, both microspheres and scaffolds promoted hMSC adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation and may be used for bone tissue engineering.

15

Manufacturing and characterization of gellan gum – zinc oxide composites as potential biomaterials for wound treatment

Macyk Alicja, Kusibab Anna, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 168

2--8

EN

This study aimed to produce gellan gum-based hydrogels with the addition of zinc oxide as a potential dressing material. Hydrogels with ZnO concentrations of 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.04% were prepared, micrometric and nanometric ZnO particles were used, and a CaCl2 crosslinker was added to one part of the samples. All samples (14 types) produced by the freeze drying method were characterized with high swelling properties (>2000%), what is important to ensure the absorption of exudates from wounds. Samples with ZnO particles cross-linked with CaCl2 lost less mass after incubation in aqueous media and were characterized by better dimensional stability than those without crosslinking. The pH of the extracts of the samples containing ZnO particles was more neutral (pH 7.0-7.6) than that of the control gellan gum samples (pH of 5.5-6.1). The zinc release from cross-linked samples was twice as high for those containing nanometric particles than for micrometric particles (1.94 ± 0.04 mg/l and 0.93 ± 0.02, respectively). Relatively large amounts of released zinc species in the case of samples containing ZnO nanoparticles are promising in the context of the antibacterial properties and treatment of infected wounds. A lower amount of zinc released from samples with ZnO microparticles could be sufficient to prevent the development of the infection. Furthermore, both materials show satisfactory cytocompatibility with L929 fibroblasts, as shown by Alamar blue and live/dead viability tests, making them prospective candidates for wound healing

16

Lipid microparticles as quercetin carriers for the treatment of burn wounds: manufacturing, properties, and in vitro studies on macrophages polarization

Stępień Julia, Kusibab Anna, Sousa Ana Beatriz, Barbosa Judite Novais, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 171

2--11

EN

Burn wounds are a unique type of injury that can affect the entire body and cause irreversible damage. They are characterized by significant morbidity and mortality due to the pathophysiology of the healing process manifested by unremitting inflammation, leading to a critical need to search for new treatments. This study focuses on the development of drug delivery systems in the form of lipid microparticles loaded with quercetin, as an agent to combat acute inflammation in burn wounds. We aimed to explore the effect of quercetin in modulating macrophage polarization from proinflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. The absence of a cytotoxic effect of the produced particles on macrophages, as well as the lack of negative effects on their morphology was proven. The study confirmed the ability of quercetin and quercetin-loaded lipid microparticles to modulate macrophage polarization in an anti-inflammatory direction, based on the analysis of their surface markers expression performed with the use of flow cytometry. With the use of quercetin, the expression of M2 specific marker increased. Furthermore, better results were obtained for encapsulated quercetin, confirming the necessity of encapsulation to increase the therapeutic potential.

17

Investigation of antibacterial properties of ceramic substrates coated with calcium phosphate and polymeric nanoparticles loaded with antibiotics

Marszałek Anna, Pudełko-Prażuch Iwona, Krok-Borkowicz Małgorzata

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 169

11--17

EN

This study investigates a biomimetic method of deposition of bioactive calcium phosphate (CaP) layers on zirconium oxide substrates (ZrO2). The substrates contained polymer nanoparticles of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) obtained using the double emulsion method with solvent evaporation. Three antibiotics were encapsulated within the nanoparticles: bacitracin, gentamicin sulphate, and hydrophobic gentamicin, prepared with the use of the ion pairing method. Nanoparticles were immobilized on the substrates using the drop casting or the co-deposition method. The microstructure of the layers and the distribution of the nanoparticles were assessed by scanning electron microscopy. The nanoparticles size and their zeta potential were measured using the dynamic light scattering method. The release of drugs over time was examined and the antibacterial properties were evaluated in contact with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the spectrophotometric method and the Kirby-Bauer test. The results show that the layer deposition method is effective and allows to obtain homogenous bioactive coatings. Nanoparticles were agglomerated on the surface or homogenously distributed in the CaP coating, depending on the process used to immobilize them. The drug release profile and antibacterial properties can also be modified by changing the process – the drop casting method allows to obtain a coating with a stronger antimicrobial effect and faster drug release. Nanoparticles obtained by the double emulsion method with solvent evaporation have the required size to be immobilized between the CaP crystallites. Additionally, the encapsulation of drugs decreased the zeta potential of the nanoparticles, which was caused by the interaction of the drug and the polymer. Nanoparticles loaded with bacitracin showed weak antibacterial properties, as the growth inhibition zone in the Kirby-Bauer test was barely visible. Two other types of nanoparticles exhibited good antibacterial properties, exceptionally strong for those loaded with hydrophobic gentamicin

18

Examination of strength properties of the temporomandibular joint disc

Szust Agnieszka, Wybraniec Anna, Wielgus Gabriela

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 171

12--17

EN

The purpose of this research was to determine selected biomechanical properties of the temporomandibular disc. After endurance tests and once the load-displacement characteristics were determined, the susceptibility and dimensionless energy dissipation coefficient were determined. The research was carried out on ten discs (six fresh and four frozen) taken from five young pigs. Endurance tests were conducted in the laboratory of Wrocław University of Science and Technology, using the INSTRON 5944 machine. All tested discs were kept in a NaCl solution heated to 37.5ºC during the experiment. A recurring difference of 1 mm in the height of the fresh and frozen discs was observed. In contrast, the strength of the discs was similar regardless of the method of storing the preparation. The material susceptibility values ranged from 0.4 to 1.4 millimetre per Newton, and the dimensionless energy dissipation factor oscillated between 0.27 and 0.87. The aim of these experimental investigations was to determine the compressive force at predefined strain levels and to elucidate the loading characteristics corresponding to displacement. Due to the observed variability in these characteristics across consecutive measurement cycles, the analysis in this paper is restricted to the results obtained from the first measurement series.

19

Curcumin delivery systems as dressing components for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: test on macrophages polarization

Wójcik Karolina, Kusibab Anna, Sousa Ana Beatriz, Barbosa Judite Novais, Pamuła Elżbieta

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 168

15--24

EN

The natural wound healing process consists of four basic phases: homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Macrophages play an important role in the body’s response to biomaterials, as they are modulators of the wound healing process and can polarize into different phenotypes capable of inducing both deleterious and beneficial effects on tissue repair. Curcumin (CU) is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and has the potential to treat diabetic foot ulcers, but it should be delivered to wounds in a controlled manner. In this study, the encapsulation of curcumin in polymeric microparticles based on poly(sebacic anhydride) (PSA) was developed using an emulsification method. PSA-based microparticles containing different concentrations of CU were obtained: 0% weight (wt). CU (unloaded microparticles), 5, 10, and 20 wt% CU. CU encapsulation efficiency and loading were determined using a fluorescence-based calibration curve method and semi-quantitative Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The potential cytotoxicity of the obtained biomaterials in contact with primary human macrophages and their susceptibility to polarization from the M1 (pro-inflammatory) phenotype to the M2 (antiinflammatory) phenotype were evaluated. The morphology of cells cultured in contact with polymeric microparticles was evaluated using phalloidin red and 4′,6-diamidino2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. Macrophage phenotype was assessed using flow cytometry. The obtained biomaterials showed no cytotoxic effect on primary human macrophages. Flow cytometry studies showed enhanced polarization of macrophages into anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype when exposed to microparticles loaded with CU and CU powder as compared to unloaded microparticles

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Comparative assessment of intranasal dressings made of various types of biomaterials, applied after functional endoscopic sinus surgery

Maou Azad, Likus Wirginia, Długosz-Karbowska Anna, Pilch Jan, Markowski Jarosław

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2023

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vol. 26, no. 171

18--22

EN

The aim of the study was to make a comparative evaluation of four different types of intranasal dressings made from various types of biomaterials (three original dressings manufactured by various commercial suppliers, and the fourth one, in the form of nasal tamponage by means of a seton in a latex glove finger cot), concerning their efficacy as regards haemostatic action, assessment of postoperative pain, as well as proneness to the occurrence of postoperative adhesions. All patients who were qualified for the study were operated on in the ENT Department, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland, due to chronic bilateral inflammation of the para-nasal sinuses, confirmed by computer tomography of the sinuses. A total of 180 patients were qualified for the study. After surgery, 4 different kinds of intranasal haemostatic dressings were applied. The results were analyzed in three categories: effectiveness in the field of haemostatic activity, postoperative pain assessment (Visual Analog Scale, VAS), and assessment of the tendency to develop postoperative adhesions. Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant differences between the 4 types of dressings in both haemostatic efficacy (p = 0.97) and the occurrence of postoperative adhesions (p = 0.84). Analysis of the intensity of pain according to the VAS scale indicated that it did not differ between the analyzed groups, both during the application of dressing (mild pain) and on the second day after the operation (medium intensity pain) – p = 0.30 and p = 0.39, respectively. No advantage has been demonstrated for any of the 4 analysed types of intranasal haemostatic dressings over any other. Their properties turn out to be comparable.