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1

The impact of Covid-19 on passenger shipping activities in selected EU countries: diagnosis and long-term scenarios

Barczak Agnieszka, Dembińska Izabela, Kauf Sabina

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 128

51--69

EN

The article is devoted to the topic of passenger maritime transport in selected EU countries and the changes in the maritime passenger transport market resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The implemented restrictions on movement entailed a voluntary and temporary suspension of the activities of tourist companies using the maritime fleet. With the above in mind, the purpose of this article was to identify the consequences of changes in the mobility behavior of the population as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operation of passenger maritime transport. The differences in the number of seaborne passengers served in selected EU countries between actual and projected values were indicated. Long-term forecasts were also made, which made it possible to develop scenarios of possible events, describing the potential development directions of the branch. We use a combined forecast method based on a weighted average of individual forecasts (weights inversely proportional to mean percentage absolute error (MAPE)). We use such forecasting methods as Fourier spectral analysis, exponential smoothing models, and seasonality indices. We used time series models to build long-term forecasts. Combined forecasts for selected EU countries were determined. They were used to supplement long-term forecasts. This made it possible to assign the obtained results to ambient scenarios. Combined forecasts showed that in all quarters of 2020-2021, the number of passengers transported by sea transport was lower than forecast values in all EU countries analyzed. This confirms the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on this branch of transportation as well. Long-term forecasts, built on the basis of combined forecasts and assumptions about the annual growth rate of passenger numbers, indicate that in most of the countries analyzed, the most likely scenario is an annual increase of 10% in passenger numbers. This means that by 2026 only Germany and Denmark will see the number of maritime passengers return to pre-pandemic levels.

2

Drugie zaplecze. Dywersyfikacja łańcuchów dostaw w czasach niepewności

Majowicz Anna

Logistyka

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2025

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nr 2

54--57

PL

Firmy już nie pytają „czy warto mieć alternatywnego dostawcę?”, tylko „dlaczego jeszcze go nie mamy?”.

3

Has our long-term trip-making behavior changed due to COVID-19?

Hamad Khaled, Traboulsi Yahya El, Shanableh Abdallah, Al-Ruzouq Rami, Dabous Saleh Abu, Zeiada Waleed, Obaid Lubna

Archives of Transport

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2025

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Vol. 73, iss. 1

7--34

EN

This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on travel risk perceptions and shopping habits among individuals in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study's primary objectives are to analyze changes in travel risk perceptions and to examine shifts in travel behaviors and shopping patterns during and after the pandemic. A comprehensive survey was conducted, gathering data on socioeconomic demographics, travel risk perceptions, and shop ping habits across three periods: pre-pandemic, during, and post-pandemic. The survey included a diverse and representative sample of UAE residents, covering various demographic factors such as gender, age, residency status, and emirate of residence. Data cleaning and pre-processing were employed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results. Descriptive analysis and statistical tests such as the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant changes in perceptions and behaviors across the three periods. The findings indicate a notable decrease in travel risk perceptions post-pandemic, particularly concerning personal modes of transportation, including private vehicles, walking, and cycling, which were perceived as safer due to their ability to limit exposure. However, public transportation continued to evoke discomfort, reflecting ongoing concerns about virus transmission in crowded environments. The study also highlights changes in shopping behaviors, with a decline in person food and grocery shopping during the pandemic, as many individuals shifted towards online grocery delivery services for safety and convenience. Similarly, there was a reduction in in-person shopping for non-food items, ac companied by a significant increase in online shopping, indicating a broader shift towards e-commerce. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and researchers, offering a deeper understanding of the lasting impacts of the pandemic on consumer behavior. The study underscores the need for strategies that address individuals' evolving needs and concerns in the post-pandemic era, promoting resilience and adaptability in both the travel and retail sectors.

4

The analysis of spatial-temporal differences in unemployment rates in Poland by counties in the years 2019-2023

Dagna Wleklińska

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 201

379--390

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to identify the spatial differentiation of changes in the unemployment rate in the county system in Poland in the period 2019-2023. The subject of particular interest is the verification of the hypothesis about the existence of spatial dependencies in changes in the level of unemployment rates between counties considered to be neighboring in terms of a given criterion. Design/methodology/approach: The validity of using the methods and tools of spatial econometrics to describe unemployment as one of the most important negative socio-economic phenomena is confirmed by numerous empirical analyses, and in the face of dynamic economic and social changes, it does not lose its importance. The analysis used spatial and space-time econometric models. The spatial structure of dependencies between counties was quantified using the common border matrix. Findings: Research confirms the existence of spatial dependencies in the development of the unemployment rate registered in the counties in Poland. Practical implications: The practical implication of this study comes from the provision of evidence that when it comes to analyzing processes within specific areas, it is essential to account for the spatial relationships between objects, as these relationships significantly influence the outcomes and dynamics observed. Originality/value: The originality of the study comes from the tool used, which enables the analysis of processes through the prism of the structure of relationships between the objects they concern.

5

Sustainable development of Polish healthcare determined by the Covid-19 pandemic

Krawczyk-Sołtys Agnieszka, Wojtal Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 191

305--319

EN

Purpose: The acceleration of the digitization of the healthcare sector, forced by the pandemic, and the extensive use of e-services prevented is collapsed. But it was also created a space for innovative medical and medical-related solutions, development of staff competences, greater focus on the patient and his environment. The aim of the article is to determine the state and directions of sustainable development of Polish health care in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: According to the World Commission on Environment and Development, sustainable development makes it possible to meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The 2030 Agenda aims to “ensure healthy lives and promote prosperity for all people of all ages”. The coronavirus pandemic has challenged global healthcare systems to cope with an unprecedented crisis while pursuing sustainable development as defined above. Findings: The pandemic has led healthcare leaders to act with agility, build resilience and adopt smarter ways of working to help future-proof care. It has also pushed them to rethink how care is delivered. Originality/value: An identification the main directions of sustainable development of Polish healthcare in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic.

6

Risk management in the supply chain in the light of the enterprises’ experiences during the Covid-19 pandemic

Kauf Sabina, Pisz Iwona, Tłuczak Agnieszka

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 195

249--270

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify key reasons for intensifying risk management activities in supply chains. To achieve the objective, the following research hypotheses were adopted: H1 - the extent of business activity is not correlated with problems related to demand constraints and timeliness of payments, H2 - disruptions in supply chain continuity during a COVID-19 pandemic are independent of the type of chain. Design/methodology/approach: These paper highlights the importance of risk management in the supply chain management in addressing the pandemic induced disruptions and supply chain risk management activities. Achieving the stated goal requires answering two questions: (1) What problems are companies facing due to the coronavirus pandemic, and (2) What actions are companies taking to ensure supply chain continuity, especially in Poland conditions. 137 enterprises participated in the research, including 118 with foreign capital. The survey was conducted online. The research sample included entities from the manufacturing, trading, and service sectors located throughout Poland. Companies were selected using a snowball method, starting with supply chain managers from friendly entities and asking them to identify other entities that could take part in the study. Findings: The research showed that the continuity of supply chains in Poland was not maintained, and companies were able to keep inventories only at a minimum level. The research also analysed the impact of remote work on the effects of the functioning of enterprises and assessed the effects of support under anti-crisis shields. Originality/value: The research has been carried out in order to identify the factors that have the greatest influence on the efficiency of the supply chains of Polish enterprises. The research showed that the continuity of supply chains in Poland was not maintained, and companies were able to keep inventories only at a minimum level.

7

Foreign direct investments in Poland and China – investment dynamics 2010-2021

Bernat Maria, Romaniuk Urszula, Liu Huizheng, Sun Yingnan

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 197

55--72

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the present paper is study the level and dynamics of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in Poland and China as countries that have been growing at completely different rates in the last 11 years. This is largely the effect of different transformation variants implemented by both countries in the second half of the XX century. In order to evaluate a given economy’s ability to export capital abroad and to absorb capital imported from other countries, it is especially important to analyse the investment balance in terms of inflow to the country and outflow abroad. Methodology: The review of source materials and literature as well as statistical and comparative analysis methods were used in the paper. The base for analysis included documents published by the National Bank of Poland (NBP), Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China (MOFCOM), OECD and World Bank statistics. Findings: Taking into account the differences between Poland and China in terms of the GDP and FDI dynamics, the following research questions were asked: do the GDP dynamics correspond to the dynamics of investment in the form of foreign direct investments (FDIs) in both of the aforementioned countries? - if the investment balance classifies Poland as a capital importer and China as a capital exporter, then how did this classification change in 2010-2021? did the pandemic affect the investment dynamics in 2020?

8

Elements of crisis management during the Covid-19 pandemic in Poland

Michalcewicz-Kaniowska Małgorzata, Odlanicka-Poczobutt Monika, Szyszka-Schuppik Aleksandra, Komarnicka Anna, Murawska Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 193

121--143

EN

Purpose: Contemporary threats are characterized by unpredictability, vehemence and interpermeation, and affect almost all areas of society functioning. The emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2a virus, resulted in crisis threats associated with possible loss of life, health or material possessions, destabilization of economic development, or loss of conditions for free existence. The lack of clear guidelines on how to deal with such a situation has revealed the inadequacies of the crisis management systems, which are - by design - aimed at efficient prevention of such situations as well as safety assurance and development of conditions for further advancement, i.e., containment of threat escalation, to the extent possible. The historical review of various events, analysis of the examined organizations’ practices as well as overview of the legislation have led the Authors to address the issue of personal data protection throughout the ongoing pandemic. The article is thereby aimed at cataloging the risks and development of guidelines for operation during the COVID-19 pandemic, with respect to personal data protection. Design/methodology/approach: For the purpose of the article, multiple case studies were conducted in various organizations, where one of the article co-authors acted as a professional Data Protection Officer. The research was carried out in 20 entities of different business profiles. Findings: The main problems identified involved: body temperature measurement consents, virus test result or immunization data sharing, introduction of COVID-19 questionnaires and visiting regulations, employers’ epidemiological proceedings conduct, and remote work models. Practical implications: The study resulted in the formulation of recommendations, regarding the steps to be taken by organizations in order to establish a catalog of risks via the following: identification of the actual risks, conduction of a risk assessment, development of a catalog of appropriate undertakings and procedures, preparation and maintenance of forces and resources, as well as definition of the principles for interaction of the actors involved. Further, a recommendation for implementation of a schedule of operation, based on the crisis management guidelines, has been formulated. Consequently, the basis for effective organizational operation involves ongoing verification of the procedures against the Chief Sanitary Inspector’s and the Ministry of Health’s guidelines, as well as observation and ongoing update of the trends in the crisis management changes. Originality/value: By identifying a catalogue of risks and formulating guidelines for action during a COVID-19 pandemic in relation to data protection, this article can contribute to the discussion on appropriate practices and strategies in this area. Simultaneously, it provides a valuable perspective on the adaptation of organizations to the dynamic changes in crisis management in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

9

Sales of delivery vehicles in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Orzech Paulina, Marcinek Wiktoria, Macander Marian, Jordan Józef

Transport Samochodowy

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2024

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T. 69, nr 1

23--27

EN

The sale of vehicles is an important element of their life cycle, which includes various stages, from design and production, through use, to recycling or disposal. Sales are an important step in this cycle because they influence how many vehicles reach the market and are put into consumer use. During the COVID-19 pandemic, vehicle sales have dropped significantly. Drastic declines in production during this period were the effect of restrictions that resulted in the closure of production plants. The article presents statistics on the sales of Mercedes-Benz delivery vehicles and the changes that took place during the pandemic. It also contains recommendations that mainly concern improving the effectiveness of vehicle sales in emergency situations. During the pandemic, the activities of many automotive industries were suspended and, additionally, vehicle traffic decreased, which resulted in a general decline in the production of components, parts, as well as future car designs. The aim of the article is to analyse the sales of Mercedes-Benz delivery vehicles and to assess the factors that influenced it in the analysed period.

PL

Sprzedaż pojazdów stanowi istotny element ich cyklu życia, który obejmuje różne etapy, począwszy od projektowania i produkcji, poprzez użytkowanie, aż do recyklingu lub utylizacji. Sprzedaż stanowi ważny etap w tym cyklu, gdyż wpływa na to, jak wiele pojazdów trafia na rynek i do użytku konsumentów. W dobie pandemii COVID-19 sprzedaż pojazdów znacznie spadła. Drastyczne spadki produkcji w tym okresie były wynikiem obostrzeń, które skutkowały zamykaniem zakładów produkcyjnych. Artykuł przedstawia statystyki dotyczące sprzedaży pojazdów dostawczych marki Mercedes-Benz oraz zmiany, jakie miały miejsce w czasie pandemii. Zawiera również rekomendacje, które dotyczą głównie poprawy efektywności sprzedaży pojazdów w sytuacjach zagrożenia. W okresie pandemii działalność wielu branż samochodowych została zawieszona, a dodatkowo zmniejszyło się natężenie ruchu pojazdów, co spowodowało ogólny spadek produkcji podzespołów, części, jak również przyszłych konstrukcji aut. Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy sprzedaży pojazdów dostawczych marki Mercedes-Benz oraz ocena czynników, jakie na nią wpłynęły w badanym okresie.

10

The evolution of deep sea shipping container routes calling at Italian ports in the pandemic period

Lupi Marino, Conte Daniele, Sarno Maurizio, Zoppi Sara, Farina Alessandro

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 4

151--164

EN

In this paper, the resilience of the Italian deep sea shipping (DSS) container routes in situations of severe crisis (in this case, the COVID-19 pandemic), is studied quantitatively, distinguishing gateway and transshipment DSS routes. In addition, DSS container routes in the pandemic period (i.e., from 2020 to 2023), have been compared to those before the pandemic, in particular from 2011 to 2019. The results have shown that while gateway traffic decreased from 2019 to 2023, due to the reduction of the demand connected to the pandemic, transshipment traffic has increased, in contrast to the trend before the pandemic that has shown a considerable reduction from 2011 to 2019. The results also show that the naval gigantism phenomenon increased from 2011 to 2019 but seems to have stopped since 2019. This analysis is highly important in the field of maritime studies, as it covers the two most important phenomena concerning maritime transport that have occurred over the past 10 years (i.e., naval gigantism and the COVID-19 pandemic).

11

Blaski i cienie rynku książki

Dobrołęcki Piotr

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2024

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R. 80, nr 1

24--27

PL

Drugi rok rosyjskiej agresji na Ukrainę, wysoka inflacja, spadki kursu złotego i niełatwe do interpretowania zmiany w przepisach finansowych – wszystkie te czynniki miały w 2023 r. wpływ na polską gospodarkę, a więc też na rynek książki. Rok wcześniej obserwowaliśmy znaczący wzrost cen druku, papieru i innych materiałówpoligraficznych, co wpłynęło na wzrost kosztów produkcji książek, a w konsekwencji na wzrost ich cen detalicznych. Na statystyczne podsumowania ubiegłego roku na rynku książki musimy jeszcze poczekać, aż instytucje za to odpowiedzialne ogłoszą zebrane dane. Możemy jednak odnieść siędoroku poprzedniego, abyprzedstawićobrazo wielkości tego rynku i podstawowych tendencjach. W 2022 r. przychody wydawców europejskich wyniosły 23,9 mld EUR i w tym czasie opublikowano 575 tys. nowych tytułów, jak podsumowała Europejska Federacja Wydawców (FEP – Federation of European Publishers). W dalszym ciągu w przychodach wydawców dominują książki drukowane, a publikacje elektroniczne są dopełnieniem rynku. Nastąpiło odbicie po kryzysie covidowym, przychody wydawców wzrosły o 1,3% w stosunku do roku poprzedniego. W ogłoszonym pod koniec ubiegłego roku raporcie „Global Entertainment & Media Outlook 2023-2027”, opracowanym przez PwC Polska, prognozuje się, że przychody segmentu obejmującego gazety, czasopisma i książki będą spadać co roku o 0,4%, w tym rynek książki o 0,1%.

12

The Position of European Union Countries According to Poverty Before and After the COVID-19 Crisis

Marković Milan

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2024

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Vol. 19, no. 2

6--13

EN

The purpose of the paper is to evaluate and present the position of the European Union countries according to the poverty level before and after the COVID-19 crisis, combining five individual indicators. The GRA (Grey Relational Analysis) method was used to calculate the composite poverty indicator. To assess poverty, the study uses criteria from the official database of the European Commission and calculates the aggregate index for 2019 and 2022. All criteria in the model have the same relative importance because the method of equal weight coefficients is applied. The paper proved that the Czech Republic and Slovenia had the most favourable indicators of poverty in both periods, while Greece, Romania, Bulgaria, and Latvia occupied a critical position. In general, the countries of Southern Europe and the Baltic countries have poor poverty indicators. Compared to 2019, according to the country rankings, the poverty level is significantly higher in Finland, Germany, and Hungary, while after the pandemic, the following countries made considerable progress in reducing poverty: Poland, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Cyprus. The presented results can be useful to decision-makers at the macro level in the field of economic, social, and sustainable development policy.

PL

Celem artykułu jest ocena i przedstawienie pozycji krajów Unii Europejskiej według poziomu ubóstwa przed i po kryzysie COVID-19, łącząc pięć wskaźników indywidualnych. Do obliczenia złożonego wskaźnika ubóstwa wykorzystano metodę GRA (Grey Relational Analysis). Do oceny ubóstwa w badaniu wykorzystano kryteria z oficjalnej bazy Komisji Europejskiej oraz obliczono zagregowany wskaźnik dla lat 2019 i 2022. Wszystkie kryteria w modelu mają taką samą wagę względną, ponieważ zastosowano metodę równych współczynników wagowych. W artykule wykazano, że najkorzystniejsze wskaźniki ubóstwa w obu okresach posiadały Czechy i Słowenia, natomiast krytyczne miejsce zajmowała Grecja, Rumunia, Bułgaria i Łotwa. Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, kraje Europy Południowej i kraje bałtyckie mają słabe wskaźniki ubóstwa. W porównaniu do roku 2019, według rankingów krajowych, poziom ubóstwa jest znacząco wyższy w Finlandii, Niemczechi na Węgrzech, natomiast po pandemii znaczny postęp w ograniczaniu ubóstwa poczyniły kraje: Polska, Belgia, Luksemburg i Cypr. Zaprezentowane wyniki mogą być przydatne dla decydentów na poziomie makro w zakresie polityki gospodarczej, społecznej izrównoważonego rozwoju

13

Labour market regulation of individual countries under an applied interpretation of keynes and friedman's theories

Alishli Aynur, Alili Amil, Teymurova Vusala, Huseynov Rashad

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2024

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Vol. 29, No. 1

24--42

EN

The study intends to analyse the realities of labour market regulation in the transition economies of Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia using Keynesian theory and the monetary approach. The research methods included the identification of key indicators of economic activity within the context of macroeconomic development features and comparative analysis of statistical data on economic performance and labour market development based on international databases for countries in the region. Keynesian theory and the monetary approach were incorporated into the study design to discover and reevaluate labour vulnerabilities concerning objective economic impact possibilities. The novelty of the study lies in the determination of a model of government intervention that is more adequate for the development of the labour market and human capital based on the policy experience of the countries of the EECCA region as transition economies. The result of these studies is an assessment of the economic results and state of the labour market of the countries of the region. This assessment is based on international statistical data. It suggests that the optimal model is a policy distant from the extremes of high or minimal government intervention. Additionally, the use of a high degree of financial openness of the economy in the short term is recommended as an incentive for investment and market development, labour, and its integration into the global division of labour. This would offer a thorough examination of the overall economic interactions in the employment sector in light of the country’s national features.

PL

Badanie ma na celu analizę rzeczywistości regulacji rynku pracy w gospodarkach przejściowych Europy Wschodniej, Kaukazu i Azji Środkowej z wykorzystaniem teorii keynesowskiej i podejścia monetarnego. Metody badawcze obejmowały identyfikację kluczowych wskaźników aktywności gospodarczej w kontekście cech rozwoju makroekonomicznego oraz analizę porównawczą danych statystycznych dotyczących wyników ekonomicznych i rozwoju rynku pracy na podstawie międzynarodowych baz danych dla krajów regionu. Teoria keynesowska i podejście monetarne zostały włączone do projektu badania w celu odkrycia i ponownego ocenienia wrażliwości rynku pracy w odniesieniu do obiektywnych możliwości wpływu ekonomicznego. Nowością badania jest określenie modelu interwencji rządowej, który jest bardziej adekwatny dla rozwoju rynku pracy i kapitału ludzkiego, oparty na doświadczeniach politycznych krajów regionu EECCA jako gospodarek przejściowych. Wyniki tych badań to ocena wyników gospodarczych i stanu rynku pracy krajów regionu. Ocena ta opiera się na międzynarodowych danych statystycznych i sugeruje, że optymalny model to polityka oddalona od skrajności wysokiej lub minimalnej interwencji rządowej. Dodatkowo zaleca się stosowanie wysokiego stopnia otwartości finansowej gospodarki w krótkim okresie jako bodźca do inwestycji i rozwoju rynku pracy oraz jego integracji z globalnym podziałem pracy. To pozwoli na dogłębną analizę ogólnych interakcji gospodarczych w sektorze zatrudnienia w świetle cech narodowych danego kraju.

14

Wpływ pandemii COVID-19 na rozwój sztucznej inteligencji w medycynie

Świącik Roksana

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2024

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Vol. 13, nr 6

591--593

PL

Pandemia wywołana koronawirusem SARS-CoV-2 wymusiła na osobach pracujących w sektorze medycznym zmianę organizacji codziennej pracy. Rozprzestrzenianie się choroby zakaźnej COVID-19 okazało się być kamieniem milowym postępu cyfryzacji systemu opieki zdrowotnej. Wprowadzenie urządzeń oraz oprogramowań opartych o sztuczną inteligencję i uczenie maszynowe rozpoczęło usprawniać wykonywanie obowiązków zawodowych personelu medycznego, walczącego o zdrowie i życie ludzkie. Przewrotnie sformułowanie „sztuczna inteligencja” znane jest nie od dziś, początki tego terminu datuje się na lata 50. XX wieku. Pierwsze urządzenie wykorzystujące AI zostało zarejestrowane w 1995 r. przez amerykańską Agencję Żywności i Leków. Można zaobserwować wzrost zastosowania urządzeń z wykorzystaniem sztucznej inteligencji na przestrzeni lat, z podkreśleniem wpływu czasu pandemii COVID-19 na jej znaczny rozwój.

EN

The pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus has forced people working in the medical sector, a change in the organization of daily work. The spread of the infectious disease COVID-19 turned out to be a milestone in the progress of the digitization of the healthcare system. Introduction of devices and software based on artificial intelligence and machine learning began to improve the performance of professional duties of medical personnel fighting for human health and life. Perversely, the term “artificial intelligence” has been known for a long time, the origins of this term date back to the 50s of the twentieth century. First registered device by the U.S. Food Administration and Medicines, using AI was registered in 1995. There has been an increase in the use of devices using artificial intelligence over the years, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its significant development.

15

Demand Changes by the SARS CoV-2 Virus Pandemic in Selected Water Supply Systems - Poland case study

Bałut Alicja, Bylka Jędrzej, Januszko Michał

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2024

|

Nr 2

8--17

EN

This work presents the results of the analysis of changes in water demand for two selected water companies in Poland caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic (first wave). Literature that's been published so far has been broadly cited in this work, together with selected evidence collected worldwide. The aim of this article is to evaluate the impact of this type of event on the spatial distribution and variability in water demand using GIS software for two selected samples. The resulting geo-statistical analysis allowed to show areas of greatest variability in water demand using measurements from water meters. In order to achieve this the following research tools developed by ESRI were utilised: "Space Time Cube", "Emerging Hot Spot Analysis" and "Local Outlier Analysis". Indicators of space-time trend were calculated by category using the ArcGIS Pro software. Additionally the knowledge base was expanded with results of a survey conducted in Poland on hundreds of water utilities concerning impacts of the pandemic related changes in how they function, their financial liquidity, threats, and challenges. Interesting conclusions from the obtained results were presented and directions of future research in connection to further development of the situation in the world were considered. Given the lack of possibility to reference events of this type from the past, this analysis should be treated as an introductory research of this issue in Poland.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki analizy zmienności zapotrzebowania na wodę dla dwóch wybranych przedsiębiorstw wodociągowych w Polsce spowodowanych pandemią wirusa SARS-CoV-2 (pierwsza fala). Omówiono dotychczas opublikowaną literaturę oraz badania w tym zakresie realizowane na całym świecie. Celem artykułu jest ocena wpływu pandemii na rozkład przestrzenny i zmienność zapotrzebowania na wodę, przy wykorzystaniu oprogramowania GIS. Analizę wykonano dla dwóch jednostek osadniczych. Analiza geostatystyczna pozwoliła na wskazanie obszarów o największej zmianie zapotrzebowania na wodę, na podstawie analiza danych pomiarowych z wodomierzy. Do celu realizacji badań wykorzystano następujące narzędzia badawcze w pakiecie oprogramowania ESRI: "Space Time Cube", "Emerging Hot Spot Analysis" i "Local Outlier Analysis". Wskaźniki trendu czasoprzestrzennego obliczono według przy użyciu oprogramowania ArcGIS Pro. Dodatkowo baza wiedzy została poszerzona o wyniki badania przeprowadzonego w Polsce wśród setek przedsiębiorstw wodociągowych, na temat skutków zmian związanych z pandemią na ich funkcjonowanie, płynność finansową oraz zagrożenia i wyzwania związane z tego typu zjawiskami. Zaprezentowano ciekawe wnioski z uzyskanych wyników oraz rozważono kierunki przyszłych badań, w związku z dalszym rozwojem sytuacji na świecie. Ze względu na brak możliwości odniesienia się do tego typu wydarzeń z przeszłości, niniejszą analizę należy traktować jako wstępne badania tego zagadnienia w Polsce.

16

The changes in the approach to the realization of "Green Deal" goals of Polish large and medium-sized road carriers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic

Letkiewicz Andrzej, Majecka Beata, Ławreszuk Małgorzata

Economics and Environment

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2024

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No. 2

art. no. 762

EN

The purpose of the article is to show changes in the operation of Polish large and medium-sized road carriers in the context of the EU's pro-environmental requirements contained in the Green Deal in the post-pandemic period. The decline in the number of transport orders resulting from the general slowdown in the economy during the COVID-19 pandemic undoubtedly had an impact on the turnover of road carriers and, consequently, on funding for investment projects, including environmentally friendly investments. Verifying the magnitude and direction of such changes seems a much-needed aspect of the research in the context of the Green Deal's unchanging high demands. The research that was conducted shows the impact of the pandemic on the investment decisions and activities of transport companies and the reality of post-pandemic transport. The practical application of the research results is very useful, primarily as guidance for road carriers in the context of Green Deal.

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie zmian w funkcjonowaniu polskich dużych i średnich przewoźników drogowych w kontekście wymogów prośrodowiskowych UE zawartych w Zielonym Ładzie w okresie postpandemicznym. Spadek liczby zleceń transportowych wynikający z ogólnego spowolnienia gospodarki w czasie pandemii Covid-19 niewątpliwie wpłynął na obroty przewoźników drogowych, a w konsekwencji na finansowanie projektów inwestycyjnych, w tym inwestycji przyjaznych środowisku. Weryfikacja skali i kierunku tych zmian wydaje się bardzo potrzebnym aspektem badań w kontekście niezmiennie wysokich wymagań Zielonego Ładu. Przeprowadzone badania pokazują wpływ pandemii na decyzje inwestycyjne i działalność firm transportowych oraz postpandemiczną rzeczywistość w transporcie. Praktyczne zastosowanie wyników badań jest bardzo przydatne, przede wszystkim jako wytyczne dla przewoźników drogowych w kontekście Zielonego Ładu.

17

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the secondary market of real estates. A case study

Słonina Andżelika, Krzyżek Robert, De Paola Pierfrancesco, Maciuk Kamil

Budownictwo i Architektura

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2024

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Vol. 23, no. 1

5--12

EN

The topic of the paper is the analysis of the situation in the secondary real estate market in Krakow from 2017 to 2020. The research was conducted based on data obtained from the register of real estate prices and values. The results of the research helped detect changes occurring in the indicated years; the number of transactions in the housing market in the city oscillated around the value of 4,000 for each year. The high demand for real estate was significantly disrupted by 2020 and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite an almost 50% drop in the number of transactions and reduced interest from potential buyers, the price of 1m2 of residential space rose steadily. Thus, the pandemic only affected the number of transactions, while no deceleration of the rising trend was observed in terms of the average transaction price or the average price per square meter.

PL

Tematem pracy jest analiza sytuacji na rynku wtórnym nieruchomości w Krakowie w latach 2017- 2020. Badania przeprowadzono na podstawie danych uzyskanych z rejestru cen i wartości nieruchomości. Wyniki badań pomogły wykryć zmiany zachodzące we wskazanych latach; liczba transakcji na rynku mieszkaniowym w mieście oscylowała wokół wartości 4000 dla każdego roku. Wysokie zapotrzebowanie na nieruchomości zostało znacząco zakłócone w 2020 roku w wyniku wybuchu pandemii COVID-19. Pomimo prawie 50% spadku liczby transakcji i zmniejszonego zainteresowania ze strony potencjalnych kupujących, cena 1m2 powierzchni mieszkalnej stale rosła. W związku z tym pandemia wpłynęła tylko na liczbę transakcji, natomiast nie zaobserwowano spowolnienia rosnącego trendu w zakresie średniej ceny transakcji czy średniej ceny za metr kwadratowy.

18

How CIs can Tackle Future Pandemics. A Multi-Domain Approach to Improve CI Resilience

Schauer Stefan, Egger Manuel, Kesselbacher-Pirker Max, Rodiah Isti, Horvadovska Olga, Lange Berit, FRM Fauster Norman, Zenz Hannes, Kimmich Christian

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

53--60

EN

In this paper, we present an integrated approach that combines data and information sources from different domains to better capture the potential effects of a pandemic and to improve preparedness of critical infrastructures and decision makers in the future. This approach not only takes epidemiological data on a pathogen into account but also allows to simulate the cascading effects of the pandemic itself as well as the mitigation measures might have on the operation of CIs from various domains and, consequently, on the well-being of the society. Additionally, these effects can influence the operational capacity and economic well-being of CIs. Hence, the approach also projects the possible economic effects, i.e., monetary costs, a future pandemic might impose on society, including wide-ranging counter measures such as school closures or lock-downs.

19

Dynamic Threat Intelligence for Improvement of Resilience of Critical Infrastructure During Pandemics

de Juan Fidalgo Pablo, Pasic Aljosa, González Zarzosa Susana

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

591--596

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic is an example of a temporary situation when critical infrastructure (CI) operators had to operate with continuously changing conditions. The role of cyber infrastructure during pandemics, for example for the remote work or access to critical systems, has also changed. This resulted in frequent re-evaluation of risks and adaptations of security policies or mitigation measures. Use and sharing of cyber threat intelligence (CTI) proved to be valuable to stay up to date, but challenges related to trust and confidence emerged. We designed and developed dynamic CTI to be used by CI operators for risk reassessment and improvement of resilience. Several enhancements will be validated in the forthcoming pilots in SUNRISE project.

20

Dashboard User interface (UI) Implementation for remote critical infrastructure inspection by using UAV/Satellite in times of pandemic

Bratskas Romaio, Papachristos Dimitrios, Savvidis Petros, Leventakis George, Qerama Enea, Dahrouje George

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

561--566

EN

In times of pandemic, many activities of the society, economy are minimized due to the risk of transmission. In particular, in the period of Covid-19, with the implementation of the Lockdown, many activities related to monitoring and maintenance of infrastructure were suspended to avoid the spread of the contagiousness of the virus. In addition, the pandemic of highly contagious viruses, the critical infrastructure monitoring sector is one of the areas that may be directly affected. More specific, in the context of monitoring critical infrastructure through satellites and UAVs, the data processing involves extracting valuable insights, detecting potential threats, and assessing the overall condition of the infrastructure. This processed information is then used to make informed decisions regarding maintenance, security measures, and response strategies to mitigate risks and safeguard the critical assets. In this paper, we present a user interface dashboard dedicated to inspecting the critical infrastructure events captured from UAV or satellite. The design and architecture of the Dashboard User Interface its primary goal continues to be delivering real-time images to users, showcasing areas/components/points of failure in critical infrastructure, including damaged components, structural issues, corrosion, vegetation obstruction etc.