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Main factors influencing the implementation of the EU Critical Raw Materials Act in Poland

Galos Krzysztof, Szamałek Krzysztof

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 3

208--214

EN

The paper presents the most important issues related to the introduction of EU Critical Raw Materials Act (CRMA) in May 2024. This fact results in numerous new obligations on EU Member States connected with various actions to develop supplies of 34 critical raw materials (CRM) for EU, but especially of 17 strategic raw materials for EU. In-depth analysis has shown that the implementation of CRMA in Poland requires the adoption of an appropriate domestic act on ensuring access to CRM, which will take into account also raw materials important for the national economy. This new domestic act is planned to introduce permanent mechanism of preparation of the National Mineral Policy of Poland. The currently valid National Mineral Policy of Poland will be replaced in the coming year by a new one, which has to take into account all issues resulting from introduction of CRMA and its implementation in Poland. The provisions of this new National Mineral Policy of Poland must remain in close correlation not only with CRMA provisions, but also with: projected future domestic demand for raw materials critical for EU and important for the national economy, planned amendments to the Geological and Mining Law, expected introduction of multi-annual plans of the state geological survey, preparation, acceptance and commencement of the National Program for the Exploration of Critical Raw Materials, implementation of system of strategic deposits and institution of anthropogenic deposits, as well as the plan for international cooperation in the field of geology and raw materials. These activities are also aimed at improving the investment climate in the raw materials sector in Poland, which would result in the development of Polish production of some CRM from primary and secondary sources, also through the instrument of strategic projects according to CRMA.

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Properties of fine-grained rock waste from the production of granite elements in the Strzegom region, Poland - a case study

Strzałkowski Paweł, Duchnowska Magdalena, Bakalarz Alicja, Guzik Katarzyna, Ratajczak Tomasz, Kaźmierczak Urszula, Galos Krzysztof

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2025

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Vol. 61, iss. 2

art. no. 204398

EN

The processing of granitoids as part of the production of stone elements or crushed aggregates generates significant amounts of fine-grained rock wastes in the form of solids or slurries. Problems with their rational management cause processing plants to most typically store them in waste dumps. Only a small part of these wastes is used in the construction or ceramic industries. Their effective use, in line with the ideas of circular economy, has a significant influence on the natural environment, as well as on the efficiency and profitability of processing plants. This type of waste is typically treated as fine-grained waste rock material, with no attempts being made at separating its mineral components. This article presents an analysis of the properties of rock wastes from the production of granite slabs. The tests were performed on samples of fine-grained wastes from the cutting of granite dimension stones mined in the Strzegom massif (Poland). The tests included a physical and chemical analysis and a grain size analysis, as well as magnetic separation of iron-bearing minerals. The results indicate that such wastes are fine-grained, with a chemical composition similar to that of primary materials, but also with an elevated iron content. The analysis of the results of magnetic separation indicates that it is possible to reduce the content of iron in the investigated samples. The results are a basis for further research into a mineral separation technology in the processing of rock wastes from the production of granite slabs and into concepts of their economic usage.

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The Russian-Ukrainian war versus the mineral security of Poland

Lewicka Ewa Danuta, Burkowicz Anna, Czerw Hubert, Figarska-Warchoł Beata, Galos Krzysztof, Gałaś Andrzej, Guzik Katarzyna, Kamyk Jarosław, Kot-Niewiadomska Alicja, Szlugaj Jarosław

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2022

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T. 38, z. 3

5--30

EN

This work is an attempt to determine the scale of threats to the mineral security of Poland in the area of non-energy raw materials resulting from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. In particular, it aims to identify those industries whose proper functioning may be threatened in the face of the limited supply of raw materials from three directions – Russia, Belarus and Ukraine. An element of the analysis was also the indication of possible alternative sources of the supply of these raw materials. For this purpose, the directions of imports to Poland of about 140 non-energy raw materials in 2011–2020 were analyzed. As a result, about thirty raw materials were selected, the supplies of which came from, among others, at least one of the three mentioned countries. To determine the raw materials for which the disruption of supplies may have the most serious impact on the functioning of the Polish economy, the following criteria were adopted: a minimum 20% share of these countries in covering the domestic demand in 2020, and a minimum value of these imports in 2020 of 20 million PLN. These threshold conditions were met by eight raw materials: iron ores and concentrates, carbon black, potash, aluminum, ferroalloys, nickel, ball clays and refractory clays, and synthetic corundum. Among these, the need to change the directions of supplies applies to the greatest extent to iron ores and concentrates, aluminum and nickel, while in the case of non-metallic raw materials, it applies most to ball clays and refractory clays and potassium salts. These are among the most important raw materials necessary for the proper functioning of the national economy, but their shortage or disruptions in the continuity of their supplies pose a real threat to the mineral security of Poland.

PL

Niniejsza praca jest próbą określenia skali zagrożeń, wynikających z inwazji Rosji na Ukrainę w zakresie bezpieczeństwa surowcowego Polski w obszarze surowców nieenergetycznych. W szczególności ma ona na celu wskazanie tych branż przemysłu, których właściwe funkcjonowanie może być zagrożone wobec ograniczenia dostaw surowców z trzech kierunków, tj. Rosji, Białorusi i Ukrainy. Elementem analizy było również wskazanie możliwych alternatywnych źródeł zaopatrzenia w te surowce. W tym celu przeanalizowano kierunki importu do Polski około 140 surowców nieenergetycznych w latach 2011–2020. Wyłoniono około 30 surowców, których dostawy pochodziły m.in. z co najmniej jednego z trzech krajów objętych konfliktem. Do wyznaczenia surowców, dla których zakłócenie dostaw może mieć najpoważniejszy wpływ na funkcjonowanie polskiej gospodarki przyjęto następujące kryteria: minimum 20-procentowy udział wymienionych krajów w pokryciu krajowego zapotrzebowania w 2020 r. oraz minimalna wartość importu z tych krajów w 2020 r. – 20 mln zł. Warunki te spełniało 8 surowców: rudy i koncentraty żelaza, sadza, sole potasowe, aluminium, żelazostopy, nikiel, iły biało wypalające się i ogniotrwałe oraz korund syntetyczny. Wśród tych surowców konieczność zmiany kierunków dostaw dotyczy w największym stopniu rud i koncentratów żelaza oraz aluminium i niklu, a w przypadku surowców niemetalicznych – iłów biało wypalających się i ogniotrwałych oraz soli potasowych. Należą one do najważniejszych surowców niezbędnych do właściwego funkcjonowania krajowej gospodarki, natomiast niedobór bądź zakłócenia ciągłości ich dostaw oznaczają realne zagrożenie dla bezpieczeństwa surowcowego Polski.

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Nowa metodyka wyznaczania surowców kluczowych, strategicznych i krytycznych dla polskiej gospodarki

Galos Krzysztof, Lewicka Ewa, Burkowicz Anna, Guzik Katarzyna, Kamyk Jarosław, Kot-Niewiadomska Alicja, Szlugaj Jarosław

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 10

654--665

EN

The paper presents a proposal for methodology of designation of the key, strategic and critical minerals, important for the mineral security of Poland. The authors proposed a comprehensive methodology for analysis of 148 individual minerals. When determining the key minerals, a criterion of average value of their annual consumption in Poland in the last decade (2009-2018) was adopted. This approach also regards to the general tendency of consumption of a given mineral and the net import reliance index. To determine strategic minerals, a two-stage analysis was performed, i.e. the identification of potentially strategic minerals that are indispensable for the sectors defined as crucial for the country’s economic security (based on an expert assessment), and – from among them – establishment of the list of strategic minerals on the basis of criteria of the average consumption value in recent years and the net imports reliance. For the identification of critical minerals, the methodology developed for the European Union with some significant modifications was adopted: all the minerals previously classified as key and/or strategic were granted the status of high economic importance in Poland, with disregarding of EU’s evaluation of the value of economic importance (EI) indicator. The second EU index – the supply risk index (SR) – for the determination of the critical minerals for Poland – was slightly reduced from 1.0 to 0.9. Based on the analysis conducted, three lists comprising 42 key, 24 strategic and 17 critical minerals indispensable for the Polish economy development were proposed. Identification of these minerals is of fundamental importance for further works on the Mineral Policy of Poland.

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Forecast trends in demand for deficit key minerals for the Polish economy

Galos Krzysztof, Lewicka Ewa Danuta, Kamyk Jarosław, Szlugaj Jarosław, Czerw Hubert, Burkowicz Anna, Kot-Niewiadomska Alicja, Guzik Katarzyna

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2021

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T. 37, z. 3

5--30

EN

The observation of trends in the demand for minerals is of fundamental importance in the long-term assessment of prospects for economic development in Poland. From among 148 minerals analyzed, 42 minerals are indicated as key minerals for the country’s economy, of which 22 were recognized as deficit minerals. These minerals have been the subject of this paper. For each of these minerals the forecasts of demand by the years 2030, 2040 and 2050 have been made taking the current trends in domestic economy and premises for the development of industries that are main users of these minerals into account. The most promising prospects for growth of domestic demand – with at least a two-fold increase by 2050 – have been determined for manganese dioxide, metallic: magnesium, nickel, silicon, as well as talc and steatite, while an increase by at least 50% have been anticipated for metallic aluminum, tin, metallic manganese, and elemental phosphorus. For natural gas and crude oil growing tendencies have also been predicted, but only by 2030. On the other hand, the most probable decline in domestic demand by 2050 may be foreseen for iron ores and concentrates, bauxite, metallic tungsten, magnesite and magnesia, as well as for crude oil and natural gas, especially after 2040. It seems inevitable that the deficit in the foreign trade of minerals will continue to deepen in the coming years. By 2030 this will mainly result from the growing importation of crude oil and natural gas, but beyond – by 2050 – further deepening in the trade deficit will be related to the growing importation of many metals as well as of some industrial minerals. After 2040, the negative trade balance can be mitigated by a possible decrease in foreign deliveries of hydrocarbons and iron ores and concentrates.

PL

Obserwacja trendów zapotrzebowania na surowce mineralne ma fundamentalne znaczenie w długoterminowej ocenie perspektyw rozwoju gospodarczego Polski. Spośród 148 surowców mineralnych poddanych analizie, 42 zostały wskazane jako kluczowe dla polskiej gospodarki. Spośród nich 22 zostały uznane zarazem za surowce deficytowe. Te ostatnie stały się przedmiotem niniejszej pracy. Na podstawie dotychczasowych trendów krajowego zapotrzebowania na te surowce oraz przesłanek rozwoju branż będących ich głównymi użytkownikami, wykonano prognozy rozwoju popytu do 2030, 2040 i 2050 r. Najbardziej obiecujące perspektywy – przy min. dwukrotnym wzroście zapotrzebowania do 2050 r. – stwierdzono dla dwutlenku manganu, magnezu metalicznego, niklu, krzemu oraz talku i steatytu, a zwyżkę o co najmniej 50% – także w przypadku aluminium, cyny, manganu oraz fosforu pierwiastkowego. Dla gazu ziemnego i ropy naftowej wzrost jest oczekiwany, ale tylko do 2030 r. Największe prawdopodobieństwo spadku popytu do 2050 r. dotyczy rud i koncentratów żelaza, boksytów, wolframu oraz magnezytów i magnezji, a także gazu ziemnego i ropy naftowej, w szczególności po roku 2040. W rezultacie, w najbliższych latach deficyt Polski w handlu zagranicznym surowcami mineralnymi będzie się pogłębiał. Do 2030 r. będzie to wynikać głównie z wciąż rosnącego importu ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego, ale później – do 2050 r. – dalsze pogłębianie się deficytu w obrotach surowcami mineralnymi będzie związane z rosnącym importem wielu surowców metalicznych, w szczególności aluminium, krzemu metalicznego, niklu metalicznego i magnezu metalicznego, a także niektórych surowców niemetalicznych. Po 2040 r. to niekorzystne zjawisko może być złagodzone poprzez możliwy spadek importu węglowodorów oraz rud i koncentratów żelaza.