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1
Content available Aplikacje projektowe w świetle badań dotyczących posoborowej architektury sakralnej w Poznaniu
Bonenberg Agata, Skórzewski Wojciech
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Poznańskiej. Architektura, Urbanistyka, Architektura Wnętrz
|
2022
|
Z. 8
89--106
PL
W artykule poruszono tematykę architektury sakralnej kościołów zbudowanych w Poznaniu po soborze watykańskim II. Praca stanowi rozszerzenie badań przedstawionych w pracy doktorskiej dr. inż. arch. Wojciecha Skórzewskiego napisanej pod kierunkiem prof. dr hab. inż. arch. Agaty Bonenberg. Polegały one na ocenie realizacji zaleceń posoborowych oraz jakości architektury w kilku aspektach, takich jak: rozpoznawalność funkcji sakralnej, relacja z otoczeniem, rola kościoła jako dominanty architektonicznej, symbolika, wspólnotowość i nastrój skupienia. Na podstawie wyników sformułowano wnioski stanowiące wytyczne projektowe dla przyszłych realizacji.
EN
The paper brings up the subject of sacred architecture of churches built in Poznań after the Second Vatican Council and is an extension of the research presented in the doctoral thesis of PhD Eng. Arch. Wojciech Skórzewski under the supervision of Prof. Hab. Doc. Eng. Arch. Agata Bonenberg. The research was focused on the assessment of the implementation of the post-conciliar recommendations and the quality of architecture in several aspects, such as: recognition of the sacred function, relationship with surroundings, the significance of the church as a landmark, symbolism, sense of community and the mood of concentration. The conclusions based on the research results can be seen as design guidelines for future undertakings.
2
Content available Functional organization of architectural improvement of the territories of rural parish churches
Drugomilov Roman, Mažajskij Ûrij, Osina Natalʹâ
Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej. Budownictwo
|
2021
|
Z. 27 (177)
43-50
EN
The article presents the suggestions for the functional zoning of the architectural improvement of the territories of churches, dividing into two main zones: public and service, which, in turn, are proposed to be divided into more compact subzones. A specific set of elements of architectural improvement is also proposed to fill the functional zones and subzones. The specifics of the organization of places of historical burial places near churches and the specifics of the architectural improvement of places of worship located on the territories of former noble estates are also described.
PL
V statʹe predstavleny predloženiâ po funkcionalʹnomu zonirovaniû arhitekturnogo blagoustrojstva territorij hramov s razdeleniem na dve osnovnye zony: obŝestvennuû i služebnuû, kotorye, v svoû očeredʹ, predlagaetsâ razbivatʹ na bolee kompaktnye podzony. Takže predložen konkretnyj komplekt èlementov arhitekturnogo blagoustrojstva dlâ napolneniâ každoj funkcionalʹnoj zony i podzony, opisany osobennosti organizacji mest istoričeskih zahoronenij bliz hramov i blagoustrojstva kulʹtovyh mest, raspoložennyh na territoriâh byvših dvorânskih usadeb.
3
Content available Modern-day threats for the living of believers
Stanislavchuk Oksana
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
|
2020
|
Nr 73 (tom 1)
71--79
EN
Modern-day threats for believers comprise: fires, destruction of churches as a result of natural phenomena and natural disasters, detection of ammunition left from World War II, terrorist hazards and notifications on the destruction of churches and many others. Hazards may arise during the presence of believers and clergy in churches, cloisters, during mass religious events, pilgrimages etc. Consequently every person is obliged to become aware of hazards and to be able to rescue oneself and the others. An example of four biggest churches in Lviv presents measures undertaken to assure security to the believers, along with those which had not been deployed yet.
PL
Współczesne zagrożenia dla wierzących obejmują: pożary, zniszczenie świątyń na skutek zjawisk naturalnych i klęsk żywiołowych, wykrywanie amunicji z II Wojny Światowej, zagrożenia terrorystyczne oraz zawiadomienia o zniszczeniach świątyń i wiele innych. Niebezpieczeństwa mogą powstać podczas pobytu wierzących i duchowieństwa w świątyniach, klasztorach, podczas masowych wydarzeń religijnych, pielgrzymek itp. Dlatego obowiązkiem każdej osoby jest uświadomienie sobie niebezpieczeństw oraz umiejętność uratować siebie i innych. Przykład czterech największych świątyń we Lwowie pokazuje środki podjęte w celu zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa wierzącym, a także te, które jeszcze nie zostały wdrożone.
4
Content available Model gęsty od rzeźb i sztukaterii
Dudek Piotr
Geodeta : magazyn geoinformacyjny
|
2020
|
nr 11
28--31
5
Content available Problems of maintenance of sacral buildings on an example in small cities and villages of Western Podillya
Cherkes Bohdan, Dyachok Oksana
Przestrzeń i Forma
|
2019
|
nr 37
9--16
EN
The analysis and the state of preservation of sacred buildings in small towns and villages on the lands of Galitsky Podillya is carried out. It has been found that because of the lack of Roman Catholic parishes and Jewish religious communities in this area, a large number of churches and synagogues are in an abandoned state, abandoned temples collapse. The temples, which became subordinate to the local Greek-Catholic or Orthodox communities, are restored, often uncontrolledly rebuilt.
6
Content available Problemy napraw konstrukcji drewnianych kościołów
Drobiec Ł., Pająk Z., Jasiński R.
Wiadomości Konserwatorskie
|
2018
|
Nr 53
31--44
PL
Drewniane kościoły ze względu na szczególną konstrukcję narażone są na powstanie uszkodzeń związane z utrata własności materiału. W referacie przedstawiono problemy konstrukcyjne, z którymi spotykali się autorzy w drewnianych kościołach usytuowanych na Śląsku (Polska). Na przykładzie kościołów w Gliwicach, Żernicy, Smolnicy, Katowicach, Sławkowie, Wiśle, Rachowicach, Pielgrzymowicach, Księżylesie, Ćwiklicach i Bełku opisano typowe uszkodzenia, przyczyny ich powstania oraz przyjęty sposób naprawy. Opisano metody wymiany ścian i belek podwalinowych, sposoby napraw konstrukcji drewnianych wież i więźb dachowych, a także sposoby impregnacji wzmacniającej strukturę drewna. Praca została zilustrowana wieloma zdjęciami z wykonanych prac naprawczych.
EN
The wooden churches due to the peculiar structure are exposed to damage associated with the decline of material. In the paper structural problems, with which authors encountered at wooden churches located in Silesia (Poland) were presented. On the example of churches located in Gliwice, Żernica, Smolnica, Katowice, Sławków, Wisła, Rachowice, Pielgrzymowice, Księżylas, Ćwiklice and Bełk typical damage, reasons for their coming and the manner of repair were described. Methods of the replacement of walls deal and ground beams, manners of repairs of the structure of wooden towers and rafter framings, as well as ways of the impregnation enhancing the structure of wood were described. The work was illustrated with many photographs from performed repair work.
7
Content available Kultur Büro Elisabeth w Berlinie – kościoły do wynajęcia
Rusnak M. A.
Budownictwo i Architektura
|
2017
|
Vol. 16, nr 2
65--80
PL
Po II Wojnie Światowej w Berlinie, tak jak w całych Niemczech i Europie, postępowało zjawisko laicyzacji społeczeństwa. W wielu miejscach skala zeświecczenia skutkowała koniecznością poszukiwania nie tylko rozwiązań w celu ratowania kurczących się budżetów wspólnot religijnych, ale także sposobów na pożyteczne i atrakcyjne ożywienie coraz rzadziej wykorzystywanych obiektów będących w posiadaniu Kościoła. Opuszczone świątynie oznaczały również fragmentaryczną utratę spójności miasta, częściowo utracone zostały bowiem niegdyś istotne związki społeczne podtrzymywane przez spotkania religijne. W Berlinie, a w szczególności w dzielnicy Mitte, problem ekonomicznej eksploatacji przestrzeni religijnych stopniowo zyskiwał na znaczeniu, a pomysły na rozwiązanie sytuacji ewoluowały przez niemal 50 lat. W wyniku stopniowych transformacji powstało Kultur Büro Elisabeth. Organizację powołano, aby ocalić światowej klasy zabytek architektury, autorstwa K.F. Schinkla, a także, by odtworzyć dawne relacje przestrzenne i społeczne. W efekcie prowadzonego przez wiele lat dialogu stworzono także warunki do wieloaspektowej rewitalizacji wszystkich ewangelickich obiektów religijnych w tej części miasta oraz kreowania współczesnych wartości kulturowych dzięki, którym wskrzeszane lub reinterpretowane są ich cechy. Co istotne, organizacja od 2014 roku funkcjonuje bez dotacji – oznacza to, że wypracowano tam model postępowania, który jest satysfakcjonujący także pod względem ekonomicznym. Z tego powodu należałoby dobrze poznać ten mechanizm i zastanowić się nad możliwością jego adaptacji na gruncie Polskim.
EN
After the end of World War II, Berlin – just like other parts of Germany and Europe – witnessed the phenomenon of growing secularization of society. In many regions the extent of this trend resulted in a dire need of ideas that would not only solve the problem of the shrinking budgets of religious communities, but also revive those buildings in possession of the Church that had become less and less often used. Forsaken temples equaled a decline in the town’s coherence, since a part of what had been lost were the once significant social bonds that religious meetings had long helped keep alive. In Berlin, and in the Mitte district in particular, the issue of economic exploitation of religious objects gradually gained importance and the various ideas of what use to make of those buildings evolved over the course of nearly 50 years. Kultur Büro Elisabeth was formed in 2014 as a result of many transformations. It has been brought to life not only to save the world-class historical monument by K.F.Schinkel but also to restore past spatial and social relations. A dialogue that had carried out for years between the religious authorities, various experts, entrepreneurs and simple city dwellers made it possible to begin a multifaceted process thanks to which all the buildings of the Protestant Church in that part of Berlin are now given a new life – in terms of both their looks and use. Moreover, the buildings take part in creating modern cultural values, which contributes to the revival and/or reinterpretation of their past character. What is important, Kultur Büro Elisabeth has operated as a non-profit institution without funding from the authorities since 2014. This suggests that a model of operation has been worked out that is satisfactory from the economic perspective, too. Therefore it appears beneficial to take a closer look at the mechanism applied in Berlin and consider its possible adaptation in Poland.
8
Content available remote Architektura sakralna Opola w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego
Przesmycka Elżbieta, Kania Joanna, Jabłoński Wojciech
Teka Komisji Architektury, Urbanistyki i Studiów Krajobrazowych
|
2016
|
T. 12, nr 4
51--61
PL
Z powodu dynamicznego wzrostu ludności miasta niezbędne okazało się wybudowanie nowych osiedli mieszkaniowych i towarzyszących im obiektów użyteczności publicznej. Do XX wieku na terenie Opola znajdowało się jedynie pięć świątyń katolickich, które nie były w stanie pomieścić powiększającej się ilości wiernych. W związku z tym w okresie dwudzie - stolecia międzywojennego na terenie Opola wybudowano cztery kościoły. W poniższym artykule przedstawiono rozwiązania przestrzenne kościołów pw. św. Piotra i Pawła, pw. Najświętszego Serca Pana Jezusa, św. Józefa oraz św. Michała Archanioła.
EN
Due to the dynamic growth of the population of the city, it was necessary to build new housing estates and as - sociated public facilities. Up to the 20th century there were only five Catholic churches in Opole, which were unable to host the growing number of people. Accordingly there were built four churches in Opole during the interwar period. The following article presents spatial solutions of St. Peter and Paul, Sacred Heart of Jesus, St. Joseph and St. Archangel Michael churches
9
Content available Izolacyjność termiczna okien w obiektach sakralnych
Repelewicz A.
Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym
|
2014
|
nr 2(14)
90--95
PL
Nowe przepisy zaostrzają wymogi dotyczące efektywności energetycznej budynków i ich części składowych. W pracy przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z izolacyjnością termiczną okien obiektów sakralnych.
EN
New EU legislation and state requirements exacerbate the energy efficiency of buildings and parts of buildings. The paper presents selected aspects of thermal insulation of windows in sacred objects.
10
Content available Izolacyjność termiczna obiektów sakralnych w świetle nowych przepisów
Repelewicz A.
Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym
|
2014
|
nr 1(13)
101--107
PL
Nowe przepisy unijne i państwowe zaostrzają wymogi dotyczące efektywności energetycznej budynków. W pracy przedstawiono wybrane aspekty izolacyjności termicznej obiektów sakralnych, w świetle aktualnie obowiązujących w Polsce przepisów, na przykładzie kościołów zawierciańskiego okręgu duszpasterskiego archidiecezji częstochowskiej.
EN
New EU legislation and state requirements exacerbate the energy efficiency of buildings. The paper presents selected aspects of thermal insulation of sacred objects, on the example of churches in Zawiercie pastoral district of archdiocese of Czestochowa, in the light of the current legislation in Poland.
11
Content available Termomodernizacja zabytkowych kościołów
Piotrowska-Woroniak J., Woroniak G.
Budownictwo i Inżynieria Środowiska
|
2014
|
Vol. 5, no. 1
23--29
PL
W czterech zabytkowych kościołach zlokalizowanych na terenie diecezji Drohiczyńskiej przeprowadzono termomodernizację. Przedstawiono roczne efekty energetyczne, jakie można uzyskać w wyniku zaproponowanych usprawnień oraz zaproponowany optymalny zakres przeprowadzenia prac termomodernizacyjnych w tych obiektach.
EN
The thermosmodernisation was carried out in four historic churches located in the area of the Drohiczyn Diocese. The annual energy effects that could be archived as a result of the proposed improvements were shown. Optimal range of thermomodernisation in these facilities was proposed.
12
Content available remote Ocena stanu zawilgocenia i zasolenia polichromii brzeskich
Kubik J., Kucharczyk A., Hudziak H.
Roczniki Inżynierii Budowlanej
|
2013
|
z. 13
45--50
EN
In the paper the preliminary measurements of moisture and temperature in historic paintings in churches in Pogorzela and Strzelniki are presented.
13
Content available Jarosław – ślady wielokulturowości. Cz. 1
Fitta A.
Przestrzeń i Forma
|
2013
|
nr 19
315--328
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu ukazanie wielokulturowego bogactwa Jarosławia, miasta położonego na skrzyżowaniu szlaków handlowych, związanego z trzema religiami: rzymskokatolicką, greckokatolicką oraz żydowską. Pozostałości po wielokulturowym dziedzictwie to liczne kościoły, cerkwie i synagogi, a także wpływ na krajobraz kulturowy miasta. Barwna i międzynarodowa przeszłość to wyraźny atut Jarosławia.
EN
The purpose of the article is to show the cultural diversity of Jaroslaw, a town situated at the crossing of trade routes and a meeting point of three religions, Roman-Catholic, Greco-Catholic and Jewish. The remnants of this diversity are numerous sanctuaries, Orthodox churches and synagogues, and an impact on the town's current cultural landscape. An international and colourful history is one of the town's strongest assets.
14
Content available remote Efekty energetyczne i ekologiczne termomodernizacji zabytkowego kościoła w Czerwonce Grochowskiej
Piotrowska-Woroniak J., Woroniak G.
Instal
|
2013
|
nr 3
19-22
PL
W artykule przedstawiono efekty energetyczne i ekologiczne, jakie można uzyskać przeprowadzając termomodernizację zabytkowego kościoła zlokalizowanego na terenie diecezji Drohiczyńskiej w miejscowości Czerwonka Grochowska wraz z modernizacją instalacji grzewczej i źródła ciepła, pokazując w ten sposób zasadność przeprowadzania tych czynności.
EN
The paper presents the energy and environmental effects that can be obtained by performing thermomodernization of the historic church in Czerwonka Grochowska located in the Drohiczyn diocese, with modernization of the heating system and heat source, thus showing the validity of carrying out these activities.
15
Content available Singular Vectors in Acoustic Simulation Tests of St. Paul the Apostle Church in Bochnia
Kosała K.
Archives of Acoustics
|
2012
|
Vol. 37, No. 1
23-30
EN
A new approach to acoustic quality assessment of churches during simulation tests is proposed in the article. The numerical global index, based on four partial indices: reverberation, speech intelligibility, music sound index and a proposed new one – sound strength index, assesses the acoustic parameters of the model of the tested church in a complex manner. The global single number index was obtained from 17 simulations of acoustic adaptation options of the investigated church’s interior. The equation of the approximate global index has been obtained by means of singular vectors, obtained from Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the Index Observation Matrix of Simulation Variants (IOMSV). The weights of four partial indices and a universal equation of the global index have been calculated using the SVD technique to solve the problem of correlated acoustical parameters. The global index may be a helpful tool during simulation tests of acoustic quality assessment of churches. The proposed final equation of the global index does not require knowledge of the SVD technique and the values of acoustic parameters preferred for churches. Therefore the methodology proposed is easily applicable.
16
Content available Noise Exposure Levels of Priests and Worshippers in Protestant Churches
Silva L. F., Cabral R.
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
|
2011
|
Vol. 17, No. 1
79--86
EN
Context. Worship in Protestant churches in Brazil is very noisy. Thus, this practice may pose a hearing risk. Aims. To evaluate the priests’ and worshippersʼ noise exposure during worship. Settings and design. The analysis was carried out in 5 churches located in the city of São José dos Campos, Brazil. Methods and material. To estimate the worshippers’ noise exposure, an author of this study was also submitted to dosimetry. The methodology was based on Fundacentro’s Occupational Hygiene Standard No. NHO-01 (2001). Weekly noise exposure was estimated according to the priest’s information about the number of services in the period. Results. The priest’s noise exposure was over the recommended limits. The normalized exposure level varied between 95.4 to 99.5 dB(A). In 2 of the churches, the noise exposure registered, with values of 85.3 and 86.5 dB(A), may also pose risk to the worshippers. Conclusions. Worship in the churches generated sound pressure levels that imply health risk, especially to priests, so hearing conservation programs with adequate acoustical sanitation measures must be implemented there.
17
Content available remote Kościoły Nowej Huty - konstrukcja a forma
Kurek J.
Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura
|
2011
|
R. 108, z. 2-A/1
325-335
PL
Powstawanie nowych kościołów w Nowej Hucie przypadło na okres od październikowej odwilży do schyłku PRL-u. Architekci niespodziewanie zyskali możność realizacji swoich koncepcji bez ideologicznej - socrealistycznej cenzury. Choć miało to być miasto bez Boga to jednak w latach 1967-2009 powstało w nim 10 nowych budynków sakralnych. W kościołach tych dominują konstrukcje przekryć na bazie żelbetu (ustroje płytowo-belkowe i ramowe), konstrukcje kratownicowe ze stali i drewna i ściany murowane (jedno- lub wielowarstwowe) oraz nowinki techniczno-materiałowe są tu wdrażane ostrożnie. Najbardziej śmiałym i innowacyjnym rozwiązaniem jest do dziś konstrukcja ścian i przekrycia kościoła w Bieńczycach. Konstrukcja ta, realizując śmiałą, plastyczną koncepcję formalną, łączy w sobie i rzeźbiarskość i logikę przyjętej koncepcji konstrukcyjnej.
EN
New churches in Nowa Huta were built during socialism in Poland. After Stalin's death, there was more freedom in designing and less ideological censorship for architects. Nowa Huta was founded as a town for workers, but without God. It was a socialistic idea for a perfect society. Despite this fact, between 1967 and 2009 ten new churches was built there. In these buildings roof constructions are usually made of reinforced concrete (beam-and-slab floor, framework) or truss structure (also space frame truss) made of steel or timber. Walls are often made of brick or other precast material (single or multi-layered). In these projects, there was rather no place for new technologies and experimental materials. The most interesting church in this group (in respect of construction) is church in Bieńczyce. Architects carried out a project of quite innovative construction of walls and roof. The idea combines artistic values with logic of construction.
18
Content available remote Diagnostyka murów Kościoła Franciszkanów w Opolu
Kucharczyk A.
Roczniki Inżynierii Budowlanej
|
2009
|
z. 9
55--58
EN
This article presents a building diagnostic of monuments of Franciscan Church of Opole. It was concentrated on the estimation of moisture and salt content, because they are the largest risk to the maintenance of historic buildings. The opinions of the condition of the behaviour of the walls of the church were also made.
19
Content available remote O Nowej to Hucie refleksja - kulturowe konteksty miejsca po Leninie
Malinowska-Petelenz B., Petelenz A.
Czasopismo Techniczne. Architektura
|
2008
|
R. 105, z. 3-A
197-204
PL
Nowa Huta - wzorcowy przykład socrealistycznego miasta idealnego, część Krakowa, niegdyś nowoczesna i tętniąca życiem, od czasu transformacji 1989 r. ulega stopniowej degradacji. W artykule przedstawiono nowe formy i próby aktywizacji tego miejsca. Autorki zastanawiają się, czy i w jaki sposób Nowa Huta może pełnić dziś funkcję "serca miasta". Potencjał urbanistyczny i historyczny tego miejsca zasługuje na powszechne zauważenie i docenienie. Czy dziś nieuchronnie wiąże się to z upowszechnieniem, uproszczeniem znaczenia i komercjalizacją?
EN
Nowa Huta - a model example of a socialist realism ideal city, part of Kraków, once modern and teeming with life, gradually degraded since the 1989 transformation. The article presents some new forms and attempts to activate this place. The authors debate if and how Nowa Huta can act as "the heart of the city" today. The urban and historical potential of the place deserves general attention and appreciation. Must it be related to dissemination, the simplification of its meaning and com-mercialization these days?
20
Content available remote Kościoły rzymskokatolickie kresów II Rzeczpospolitej
Burno F.
Kwartalnik Architektury i Urbanistyki
|
2005
|
T. 50, z. 3-4
115-142
EN
The goal of this article is to indicate the ideological contents of sacral architecture, in particular of Roman Catholic churches built on the Western and Eastern borderlands of the Second Republic of Poland. These were territories regained by Poland as a result of the military and diplomatic actions of 1918-1921, characterised by a large percentage of national minorities. The national identity of these territories was determined, to a large extent, by the religious factor. The Roman Catholic denomination of the Latin rites possessing, according to the Constitution of March 1921, primus inter pares status, was identified with Polish. Therefore, Roman Catholic churches were an element of the "strengthening Polish identity program in the borderland territories. They were one of the principal devices of pro-state propaganda. They legitimised Polish authorities on these territories, manifesting their Polish identity on par with representative state administration buildings. In the twenties, the continuation of tradition, accentuating the bond of the revived Poland before its decline and partition (by countries including Russia and Prussia) at the end of the 18th century, was emphasised mainly by the so-called "mansion house style" originating from the National Romanticism movement of the beginning of 20th century, and in representative buildings by serious, coarse forms of academic classicism. A similar situation took place in sacral architecture, with the so called "familiar style" (with roots similar to the "mansion house style"). Most frequently, inspiration came from "provincial" parish churches, mainly of baroque style, since this was the style associated with the period of the greatest magnificence of the old Republic of Poland. The Polish character of the Eastern Borderland territories in the twenties was attested by churches with stone underpinnings, buttresses, arcades, high roofs, and towers covered with spherical helmets with lanterns. In the Lvov voivodship, architects, inspired by the designs of Adolf Szyszko-Bohusz, additionally decorated these picturesque compositions with fancy volute gables. This "familiar" baroque was supported by the local authorities. Similar forms - picturesque, slightly modernised baroques forms - also prevailed in the Vilnius voivodship. In the Western voivodships of the Second Republic of Poland (see map) i.e. on the territory of the former Prussian sector, the baroque was identified as "Polish", in opposition to neo-gothic which was considered to be a "German" style. They wanted to oust the "Prussian" brick neo-gothic (Backsteingotic) dominating in the landscape, a reminder of German rule on these territories. In sacral architecture, eclectically combined baroque forms, closer to 19th century historism than early modernistic stylisations of the "familiar style" prevailed. These neo-baroque forms were popular, for example, in the second half of the twenties in the Silesian voivodship - the largest industrial region of the Second Republic of Poland. However, the most representative Roman Catholic churches erected in the twenties in the borderlands used classical forms, traditionally considered to be the best expression of the authority of power. Relatively fewer motives derived from the repertoire of classical forms may be found in the St. Peter's and St. Paul's Apostles church in Trembowla, Podole (A. Szyszko-Bohusz, 1923-1928); the general composition brings Roman architecture to mind. The architect achieved in this performance the impression of antiquity. He skilfully presented transformations to viewers - classicistic reconstruction of the Roman building which has a symbolic meaning (emphasising the durability of Polish culture on this territory). Construction of the cathedral in Katowice (from 1927, Zygmunt Gawlik and Franciszek Mączyński), capital of the Silesian voivodship, was also a political manifestation. Architects gave this construction an attire of slightly modernised classicism, enriched with baroque motives. The main, never constructed, accent of the building was intended to be the very high tambour of the dome covering the central part, thanks to which the entire structure would dominate the city panorama. The ideological content of this building is evident. The cathedral was supposed to evidence the durability, stability and power of the Polish authority in this territory. A similar message, relating to the Roman Pantheon, was carried by the monumental church of Missionaries in Bydgoszcz (Adam Ballenstedt, from 1924). At the end of the twenties and beginning of the thirties, modern forms, inspired by expressionism, functionalism, and Auguste Perret's structuralism, were more and more boldly introduced to sacral architecture. However, both clergy and state authority preferred moderately modem compromise solutions. Church constructing in the thirties, as well as architecture in general, was dominated by monumental forms, reflecting the New Tradition trend (K. Frampton). The "Polish identity" of the borderlands in this period were not supposed to be strengthened by churches, whose forms directly referred to historical styles, but were impressive reinforced concrete churches - monuments, places of worship strongly impressing audiences with their scale and mass and occasionally by the expression of accumulated blocks. These types of solutions were introduced en masse in the Silesian voivodship, where they enjoyed both the acceptance of the clergy and the support of civil authorities, who at the end of twenties started to create a modern image for this dynamically developing region. Neo-baroque forms proved inappropriate for this purpose. Churches of the Polish part of Upper Silesia, from approximately 1929-39, designed by architects including Jan Affa and Henryk Gambiec, combined modem stylisation with more traditional solutions. For example, in the church of St. Joseph in Świętochłowice-Zgoda (from 1931), Affa used the traditional layout of a basilica church with a tall tower at the axis. The entire composition consists of strongly geometrised blocks, giving away the influence of functionalistic architecture (however, softened by streamlined forms). The political context of sacral architecture was also important in the Pomerania voivodship. In the twenties, baroque-derived forms were willingly applied, as in the Eastern Borderline and Upper Silesia. However, from the beginning of 1930, these slightly modernised historical forms started to be replaced with moderately modern and, at the same time, strongly monumental, solutions. The most important sacral construction of Pomerania was intended to be the Sea Basilica in Gdynia - modern, port city of the Second Republic of Poland, built from scratch. The design of Bohdan Pniewski, from 1923, assumed the erection of a huge reinforced concrete cathedral" with three high towers - "masts" visible from far away. In the thirties, architecture in the Pomerania voividship was suppose not only to legitimise the Polish authorities on this territory, but also - as in Upper Silesia - to be evidence of the region's development and to enhance its modern image. Compositions consisting of simple, harmoniously linked blocks of monumental expression prevailed in sacral and civil architecture at the time. Good examples include the churches of Stefan Cybichowski, for example in Hel (1931-1933) and in Tczew (1932-1936). One of the most impressive Catholic churches built in the Second Republic of Poland - St. Wojciech church in Starogard Gdański (Kazimierz Ulatowski, 1933-1939) was also intended to have propaganda functions. This church can be considered as one of the best examples of monumental sacred architecture of the thirties in Poland. It skilfully combined tradition with modernity. The impression of dignity and power was achieved by the operation of a mass of stereo metric blocks, smooth surfaces deprived of wall articulation. However, the church's dominant feature was the dome, relating to the Italian Renaissance. Propaganda functions were also fulfilled by monumental churches erected in the thirties in Lvov (the largest city of the Eastern and Southern borderlands), usually located on hills and uplands; the soaring belfries of monumental churches were supposed to dominate the domes of orthodox churches. In the thirties, these modem forms, although relating to the traditions of church construction, were applied especially willingly in the design of churches dedicated for territories situated East from Lvov, covered by the official policy program of strengthening Polish character of these land (Wołyń and Podole). The local sacral architecture was dominated by compact, strongly geometrised forms with high, detached belfries. The monumental effect was achieved in these constructions by exposing large surfaces of smooth walls, frequently opened up with narrow holes. A good example of a Catholic church which was intended to be a symbol of the Polish statehood in Wołyń (populated by less than 30% Poles) is the church in Sarny - one of the new borderline military and official colonies, designed by Władysław Stachoń and built in 1935-1939. The architect based the composition of this structure on the play of static blocks - two prisms: a massive trunk with a slender belfry tower sitting on it. This composition was also applied in the church in Potasznia (Otton Fedak, 1936-1939). These powerfully majestic churches, filled with pathos, were supposed to express the state's stability, integrity and strength. They were intended to be legible signs both for Polish settlers and the Ukrainian minority (however, it should be said, actually the majority).
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