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1

Analysis of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Generated by the F100-PW-229 Turbine Aircraft Engine, Performed Using the GasTurb Software

Kozakiewicz Adam, Ludwiczak Aleksander

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2025

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Vol. 16, Nr 1 (59)

9 -- 20

EN

The article discusses various aspects related to determining the composition of exhaust gases (i.e. nitrogen oxides) generated by a turbine aircraft engine. The paper highlights the problem of ozone depletion caused by toxic components of aircraft engine exhaust gases. The study is concerned with an engine used on the F-16 aircraft, i.e. F100-PW-229. GasTurb 12 software was used to calculate the engine’s operating parameters and to determine nitrogen oxides emission levels. The calculations were also performed analytically. The calculated thrust value was compared with data published in scientific articles (thrust of the engine). Characteristics of NOx emissions were obtained as a function of high-pressure rotor speed, temperature at the combustion chamber outlet, temperature downstream of the compressor, and engine thrust. The results obtained seem to correlate closely with data available in the literature.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienia dotyczące określenia składu emisji gazów wylotowych - tlenków azotu, lotniczego silnika turbinowego. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problem degradacji warstwy ozonowej powodowane przez toksyczne składniki spalin silników lotniczych Obiektem badań jest silnik samolotu F-16, a zatem F100-PW-229. Do obliczeń parametrów eksploatacyjnych silnika oraz do wyznaczenia emisji tlenków azotu wykorzystano oprogramowanie GasTurb 12. Obliczenia wykonano również analitycznie. Obliczoną wartość ciągu porównano z danymi opublikowanymi w artykułach naukowych, przy uwzględnieniu kryterium ciągu zespołu napędowego. Uzyskano charakterystyki dotyczące przebiegu NOx od prędkości obrotowej wirnika wysokiego ciśnienia, od temperatury na wyjściu z komory spalania, temperatury za sprężarką oraz w zależności od ciągu silnika. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały dużą zbieżność z danymi literaturowymi.

2

Environmental costs of aviation in the context of emissions reductions

Szałas Piotr, Gładyś Sylwester, Kasprzak Zbigniew

Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Transport

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2025

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z. 140

5--22

EN

Progressive global warming is triggering the need for immediate action to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other aviation-related pollutants. The European Commission is presenting programs indicating the main needs for reducing emissions from the aviation industry. These include the “Fit for 55” project, which talks about the need to achieve climate neutrality for aviation by 2050 and a 55% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2035. Initiatives that could have a real impact on improving the climate situation include the use of sustainable aviation fuels, aircraft improvements that reduce their carbon footprint, and the development of high-speed rail networks in place of short-haul flights. All of these will be crucial for European air transport in the coming decades.The European aviation industry is open to change and is committed to decarbonization in solidarity through the large-scale use of modern and more efficient jet engines and testing aviation fuel blends with environmentally friendly substitutes. Opportunities to increase aviation's environmental friendliness are numerous. One of them is to reduce emissions caused by aircraft taxiing operations on airport grounds. At some of the largest airports, the distances between zones are so great that they require as much as a 25-minute plane ride. This is an environmental nuisance, generating thousands of tons of CO2 each year. Available technological solutions designed to replace conventional aircraft taxiing and reduce emissions were analyzed. Potential solutions were identified that could help airports save up to 85% of annual CO2 emissions. An analysis of environmental trends in aviation showed that investments in counteracting the negative impacts of this mode of transportation will gradually bring aviation closer to achieving climate neutrality. Although this may be difficult in the assumed time horizon, progress in this area is inevitable.

PL

Postępujące globalne ocieplenie wywołuje potrzebę podjęcia natychmiastowych działań mających na celu zmniejszenie emisji dwutlenku węgla i innych zanieczyszczeń związanych z lotnictwem. Komisja Europejska prezentuje programy wskazujące na główne potrzeby w zakresie redukcji emisji z branży lotniczej. Zalicza się do nich projekt „Fit for 55”, który mówi o konieczności osiągnięcia neutralności klimatycznej lotnictwa do 2050 roku oraz redukcji emisji CO2 o 55% do roku 2035. Do inicjatyw mogących mieć realny wpływ na poprawę sytuacji klimatycznej zalicza się użytkowanie zrównoważonych paliw lotniczych, usprawnienia statków powietrznych zmniejszające ich ślad węglowy oraz rozwój sieci kolei dużych prędkości w miejsce lotów krótkodystansowych. Wszystkie te elementy będą miały kluczowe znaczenie dla europejskiego transportu lotniczego w najbliższych dziesięcioleciach. Europejska branża lotnicza jest otwarta na zmiany i solidarnie dąży do dekarbonizacji poprzez stosowanie na szeroką skalę nowoczesnych i bardziej wydajnych silników odrzutowych oraz testowanie mieszanek paliw lotniczych z ekologicznymi zamiennikami. Możliwości zwiększających przyjazność środowiskową lotnictwa jest wiele. Jednym z nich jest zmniejszanie emisji zanieczyszczeń wywołanych operacjami kołowania statków powietrznych po terenie lotniska. W niektórych z największych portów lotniczych dystanse między strefami są tak duże, że wymagają nawet 25 minutowej jazdy samolotu. Generuje to znaczne obciążenie dla środowiska, produkując tysiące ton CO2 każdego roku. Przeanalizowano dostępne rozwiązania technologiczne stworzone z myślą o zamianie konwencjonalnego sposobu kołowania statków powietrznych i ograniczaniu emisji spalin. Wskazano potencjalne rozwiązania, które mogą pomóc lotniskom zaoszczędzić do 85% rocznych emisji CO2. Analiza trendów środowiskowych w lotnictwie pokazała, że inwestycje w przeciwdziałanie negatywnym skutkom tej gałęzi transportu będą stopniowo przybliżały lotnictwo do osiągnięcia neutralności klimatycznej. Mimo że może być to trudne w zakładanym horyzoncie czasowym, postęp w tej dziedzinie jest nieunikniony.

3

Analysis of real-time energy transfer possibilities at intersections with consideration of energy storage

Koniak Marcin, Jaskowski Piotr, Madleňák Radovan, Zaranka Jurijus

Archives of Transport

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2025

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Vol. 73, iss. 1

195--206

EN

Issues related to braking and acceleration in vehicles represent both technical and environmental challenges, regard less of the type of drive, whether combustion or electric. In conventional vehicles, the emission of particulate matter is a problem associated with the friction between brake pads and discs, leading to air pollution and health hazards. Brake dust contributes to up to 55% of particulate matter in urban environments. In electric vehicles, the processes of braking and rapid acceleration affect battery wear; however, thanks to energy recovery technology, it is possible to recuperate up to 70% of the kinetic energy. This paper proposes a solution involving the placement of induction loops before intersections with traffic lights to enable the recovery and storage of energy, which could be used to power vehicles waiting at intersections, as well as placement behind intersections to supply power to vehicles accelerating when leaving the intersection. The study considers the application of various energy storage technologies, such as flow batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels. Each of these technologies offers unique benefits and limitations, such as long operational life, a high number of charge/discharge cycles, and environmental friendliness. Simulations per formed using AIMSUN. Next software made it possible to analyze energy consumption and pollutant emissions in various scenarios, indicating the potential benefits of traffic optimization, the use of electric vehicles, and energy recov ery. The research results highlight the importance of traffic smoothness and the use of energy storage technologies to reduce pollutant emissions (possible reduction: CO2 by over 40%, NOx by 48%, PM by 73%, and VOC by 40%) and energy consumption (lack of smooth traffic flow leads to approximately 159% higher energy use). The proposed use of energy storage technologies at intersections may significantly decrease particulate and carbon dioxide emissions. The final choice of energy storage technology will depend on local conditions, such as space availability, investment costs, and market availability.

4

Assessment of differences in elemental concentrations in particulate matter from road surfaces near and outside noise barriers in Poland

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Penkała Magdalena, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja Kornelia, Bihałowicz Joanna, Błaszczak Barbara

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 1

92--102

EN

Road infrastructure has negative environmental effects, such as noise, vibration, disruption of ecosystem services, and pollution. Noise barriers are used to reduce air pollution and absorb sound waves, but studies have shown that they can impact pollutant concentrations. A study conducted in Poland analyzed the composition of dust collected from roads with and without noise barriers and road exits. The dust was tested using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and the results were analyzed statistically. The study found that road dust collected in areas without barriers had significantly higher levels of certain elements, such as calcium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, sulfur, and zirconium. In contrast, dust collected from areas with noise barriers had lower pollutant levels. These findings highlight the effectiveness of noise barriers in reducing pollution levels in areas adjacent to roads.

5

Correlation studies of processes: vehicle velocity, pollutant emissions, and vehicle fuel consumption in the world-wide light-duty test cycle

Sordyl Adam, Chłopek Zdzisław, Merkisz Jerzy

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 2

229--241

EN

The article presents the worldwide harmonized light-duty test cycle results of a diesel engine passenger vehicle carried out on a chassis dynamometer. Pollutant emissions from exhaust and fuel consumption were measured. Vehicle velocity was treated as a variable determining pollutant emissions and fuel consumption because the engine operating states depend on engine velocity and load during engine operation, and these states in turn affect pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. Actions taken to reduce pollutant emissions and consumption of fuel are often in opposition to each other. Therefore, there is a need to optimize these activities. There is also a need to know the relationship between the effects of taking specific actions that serve to achieve individual goals in order to rationalize actions aimed at reducing pollutant emissions and fuel use. The originality of the article lies in the use of the correlation theory between pollutant emission and fuel consumption as well as the processes that determine them, primarily vehicle velocity, to rationalize these activities. Pearson's linear correlation theory was used to assess the relationships between individual variables. Significant differences were found in the correlation coefficients between individual variables, which confirmed the need to take integrated actions to reduce pollutant emissions and fuel consumption.

6

Problemy przy oznaczaniu węgla elementarnego (EC) z zastosowaniem analizatora termooptycznego

Skibicki Artur, Tuszyński Tomasz, Wysocka Magdalena, Kocela-Jagiełko Aneta

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2024

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nr 3

45--48

PL

Wprowadzenie do stosowania wymagań krajowych dotyczących konieczności określenia na stanowiskach pracy stopnia narażenia na spaliny emitowane z silników Diesla mierzonych jako węgiel elementarny spowodowało rozpoczęcie prac przez Centralne Laboratorium Pomiarowo- Badawcze Sp. z o. o. w zakresie zarówno wdrożenia metody oznaczania węgla elementarnego przy użyciu analizatora termooptycznego, jak również prac w zakresie doboru wyposażenia do prawidłowego i efektywnego pobieraina próbek, szczególnie w trudnym środowisku pracy, jakim są kopalnie węgla kamiennego. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono krótko problemy i wyzwania, z jakimi spotkaliśmy się w trakcie prowadzonych prac.

EN

National requirements regarding the need to deterine occupational exposure to exhaust fumes emitted from diesel engines measured as elemental carbon were the reason why Centralne Laboratorium Pomiarowo- Badawcze Sp. z o. o. (Central Measurement and Research Laboratory Ltd.) intiated works to implement a method for determining elemental carbon using a thermo-optical analyser as well as to work on selecting equipment for proper and efficient sampling, especially in a difficlt working environment, such as coal mines. This article biefly outlines the problems and challenges we encountered during our work.

7

New technologies in combustion chambers of aircraft turbine engines

Kozakiewicz Adam, Ludwiczak Aleksandra

Journal of KONBiN

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2024

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Vol. 54, iss. 2

1--16

EN

The paper presents the projected emissions of combustion components over the next few years. The basic tasks that a modern combustion chamber must fulfill were defined. The process of hydrocarbon combustion in the theoretical and actual cases was analyzed. The assessment evaluates the effect of engine operating parameters such as rotational speed, thrust, temperature downstream the compressor and combustion on the formation of toxic combustion components. The paper also presents alternative fuels, i.a. sustainable aviation fuels - SAF. Alternative methods of powering aircraft engines, such as hydrogen or nuclear propulsion, were presented. An analysis on the latest combustion chamber design systems that allow to reduce the amount of exhaust gasses emitted into the atmosphere was conducted.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przewidywane emisje składników spalania na przestrzeni najbliższych lat. Określono podstawowe zadania, jakie musi spełniać współczesna komora spalania. Przeanalizowano proces spalania węglowodorów w przypadku teoretycznym oraz rzeczywistym. Dokonano oceny wpływu parametrów eksploatacyjnych silnika, takich jak prędkość obrotowa, ciąg, temperatura za sprężarką i temperatura spalania, na powstawanie toksycznych składników spalania. Przedstawiono paliwa niekonwencjonalne, m.in. zrównoważone paliwa lotnicze – SAF. Zaprezentowano alternatywne metody zasilania silników lotniczych, jakimi są wodór czy napęd jądrowy. Dokonano analizy najnowszych układów konstrukcyjnych komór spalania, dzięki którym możliwe jest zmniejszenie ilości spalin emitowanych do atmosfery.

8

Assessment of actual vehicle emissions in the context of Low Emission Zones

Bajerlein Maciej, Kerntopf Michał

Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport

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2024

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Vol. 6, No. 4

39--54

EN

In 2024, Clean Transport Zones were established in the first Polish cities, restricting the right to enter the centers of the largest agglomerations for vehicles that do not meet the latest exhaust emission standards. This solution aims to both counteract air pollution in the vicinity of the largest population centers, but also to limit car traffic in the centers of the largest cities. The imperfection of the vehicle selection key is limited to meeting the appropriate EURO standard, which may not clearly define the actual emission. The aim of the work is to determine the methodology for effective comparison of the results of total vehicle exhaust emissions.

PL

W roku 2024 na terenie pierwszych Polskich miast powołane do życiazostały Strefy Czystego Transportu ograniczające prawo wjazdu do centrów największych aglomeracji pojazdom niespełniającym najnowszych norm emisji spalin.Rozwiązanietomanaceluzarówno przeciwdziałanie zanieczyszczaniu powietrza w okolicy największych skupiskludzkich,aletakżeograniczenieruchusamochodówwcentrach największych miast. Niedoskonałość klucza selekcji pojazdów polega na ograniczeniu się do spełnienia odpowiedniej normy EURO, która może nie określać jednoznacznie rzeczywistej emisji. Celem pracy jest określenie metodologii efektywnego porównywania wyników całkowitej emisji spalin pojazdów.

9

The use of dimethyl ether (DME) solution in compression ignition engine

Smolec Rafał, Karpiuk Wojciech, Bajerlein Maciej, Waligórski Marek, Kril Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 3

123--128

EN

The development of compression ignition combustion engines is focused on meeting many challenges, mainly related to growing ecological requirements. Currently, however, due to technological barriers, meeting them is very difficult and requires the use of additional exhaust gas treatment systems. The use of injection of a diesel and gas solution seems to be very promising. The article presents the results of engine tests involving the use of a solution of diesel fuel and dimethyl ether. The tests were performed on a single-cylinder research engine equipped with a common rail fuel system. The obtained results suggest that the use of the solution has a positive effect on the process of creating the fuel-air mixture, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of HC and CO while increasing the share of NOx, suggesting an improvement in the combustion process, as evidenced by the limiting injection dose.

10

Non-repeatability of the WLTP vehicle test results

Sordyl Adam, Chłopek Zdzisław, Merkisz Jerzy

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 71, iss. 3

25--49

EN

The paper presents results of considerations on the repeatability of the passenger car test results obtained in the WLTP procedure on a chassis dynamometer. The research concerned the aspects of exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. Measurements were carried out in the WLTC test with a cold engine start and then in four WLTC (Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Cycle) tests with a hot engine start. The following values were measured: average specific distance emissions of hydrocarbons, non-methane hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and carbon dioxide, specific distance particulate number, and operational fuel consumption. Thus, it was possible to assess the impact of the engine's thermal state at start-up on the test results and the nature of test results repeatability with the start-up of a hot engine. The repeatability of the test results was assessed based on the coefficient of variation obtained in the individual tests and the relationship of the maximum difference between measurement results values in the individual tests for a hot engine start. The obtained test results turned out to be very diverse for the considered parameters and indicated low repeatability. Values of carbon dioxide emissions and operational fuel consumption were definitely the least varied in individual hot engine start tests. The exhaust emission of particulate matter varied the most in individual test iterations. However, the specific distance particulate number was relatively similar between individual tests, less so than the exhaust emission of other pollutants. In the case of different engine thermal state at start-up, the emitted particulate number varied the most in the test results, while the emission of carbon dioxide and operational fuel consumption varied the least. The repeatability of executing the velocity process in WLTC tests at hot engine and cold engine start-up was also examined as processes determining exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. These tests were much more repeatable than the exhaust emission and fuel consumption.

11

Research and analysis of the operation of vehicles with various propulsion systems, including costs and CO2 emissions

Lasota Michał, Zabielska Aleksandra, Jacyna Marianna, Żak Jolanta

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

3--13

EN

The article analyzes and evaluates costs, transport time and CO2 emissions by selected vans. The research was carried out on the example of three models of Iveco Daily vehicles powered by: diesel oil, electricity and compressed natural gas (CNG). The result of the research presented in the article is the determination of the operating costs of vehicles powered by various energy sources and the level of CO2 emissions. The comparative analysis was carried out on real data for the established transport task. Vehicles with engines powered by compressed natural gas are characterized by the highest savings in terms of transport costs. As the authors pointed out, this may be due to the fact that this type of engines, despite the low interest of buyers at the moment, may gain much more popularity in the future. On the other hand, in relation to vehicles with electric motors, the cost of transport is the highest, which means that this type of technology is ineffective in relation to long-distance transport.

12

Investigation of processes in the WLTC test of a passenger car with a diesel engine

Andrych-Zalewska Monika

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 3

52--62

EN

The test results and their analysis was discussed in this article. The tests were carried out in accordance with the WLTP (Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedure), on a passenger car with a compression ignition engine. The analysis was conducted doe the following variables: vehicle speed, exhaust emission rate and fuel consumption volumetric rate. The subject of the research are exhaust emission components that are harmful to the health of living organisms: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, as well as greenhouse gases. The research results have shown a very large range of values for carbon monoxide, organic compounds and nitrogen oxides emission rate characteristics. The average distance-specific emissions values of carbon monoxide, organic compounds and nitrogen oxides were very small and were in line with the Euro 6 requirements within a large margin. Correlation studies of the measured variables were conducted - between vehicle speed and exhaust emission rate as well as volumetric fuel consumption rates, and between exhaust emission rates and volumetric fuel consumption rates. The correlation studies have shown that the highest coefficient of determination in relation to vehicle speed was found for volumetric fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission rate, and the weakest correlation for carbon monoxide emission rate and nitrogen oxides emission rate. The correlation between the rate of volumetric fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission, as well as for hydrocarbon emission and methane emission rates, was found to be the strongest. The carbon monoxide emission rate was the least correlated with all the other measured variables. Dimensionless statistical characteristics of the measured variables were determined, such as: extreme values, range, mean value, median, standard deviation, kurtosis, skewness and coefficient of variation. For all of them, the mean value was much greater than the median, and the standard deviation was greater still, than both of those values. The numerical distributions for the values of exhaust emission rate and volumetric fuel consumption turned out to be leptokurtic and have right-sided asymmetry. The coefficient of variation analysis made it possible to assess that the most dynamic properties could be observed in organic compounds emission rate, followed by carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emission rates, and finally - the vehicle speed. Histograms of the examined processes were determined. The vehicle speed histogram was characterized by relative uniformity apart from the dominance of the idle speed. Histograms of exhaust emission rate variables were most frequently dominated by small values. The zero values occurred less frequently for the fuel consumption volumetric rate histogram. Based on the conducted research and the obtained data, a set of conclusions was drawn.

13

Empirical study of the effect of the air filter on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine

Dziubak Tadeusz, Karczewski Mirosław, Dziobek Ilona

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

94--111

EN

The results of an experimental study of the effect of the pressure drop of the air filter pf on the operating parameters and exhaust emissions of a modern CI internal combustion engine of a truck equipped with an electronically controlled power system are presented. The tests were carried out for an air filter with a clean filter cartridge Δpf0 = 0.58 kPa and with a cartridge contaminated after a service mileage (about 50 thousand km) ΔpfD = 2.024 kPa. In each test, engine performance, exhaust emissions and relative change in emissions were determined: CO, NOx, HC, CO2, H2O. It was found that an increase in the filter resistance pf causes a decrease in the filling degree by 12%, engine useful power by almost 10%, exhaust gas temperature by a maximum of 30oC and an increase in specific fuel consumption by almost 5%. Air filter resistance has no significant effect on NOx emissions and HC concentration. There is a reduction in H2O emissions by up to 7%, CO by up to 13% and CO2 by up to 4%, and an increase in oxygen emissions by 15%, depending on operating conditions.

14

Health hazard related to fine road dust in Poland

Penkała Magdalena, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Klik Barbara, Bihałowicz Joanna, Lewicka Sylwia, Olszowski Tomasz, Majewski Grzegorz

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2023

|

R. 28, NR 1-2

79--92

EN

Air pollution emissions from road vehicles majorly contribute to particulate pollution. This poses significant threats to the environment and human health. Road dust contains various potentially toxic elements, which, when exposed to humans, can lead to severe illnesses such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This study assessed adult health risks through accidental ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact associated with heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in road dust (with a fraction size < 0.1 mm). The analysis covers areas between sound-absorbing screens (S), in open spaces without screens (F), and at highway/express exits (E) with different surfaces: asphalt (A) and concrete (C). Results indicate the highest health risk levels are associated with Zn in road dust in S and E areas, indicating its potential negative impact on human health. When comparing results for all metals, road dust collected from A surfaces might pose a greater health risk than C surfaces. The carcinogenic risk for Cr and Ni found in road dust collected from A and C surfaces at points S, F, and E is medium. The most significant carcinogenic risk (medium-high) is associated with Cr in road dust from A surfaces in the F area, whereas the lowest risk (low-medium) for both A and C surfaces is linked to Ni exposure in the S point. The contributions of Cr and Ni highlight the need to reduce emissions of these elements in areas surrounding heavily trafficked roads.

15

Diagnostyka ogniw paliwowych

Gaweł Łukasz

Chemia Przemysłowa

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2023

|

Nr 2

73--76

PL

Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na zieloną energię elektryczną, ograniczenia związane z normami emisji spalin, większa świadomość ekologiczna społeczeństwa czy rozwój dolin wodorowych determinują fakt, że ogniwa paliwowe typu PEM stanowić będą ważne źródło energii elektrycznej w niedalekiej przyszłości.

16

Analysis of exhaust emission processes during the Real Driving Emissions test

Andrych-Zalewska Monika

Archives of Transport

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2023

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Vol. 66, iss. 2

123--148

EN

The article deals with the study of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine in the Real Driving Emission (RDE) test. These tests are a simulation of real conditions of use of motor vehicles. Nowadays, RDE tests are mandatory for Light Duty Vehicle (LDV) and Heavy Duty Vehicle (HDV) vehicles and in the future, restrictive standard. Euro 7, which combines stricter limits with a comprehensive RDE test cycle, is becoming a challenge for current vehicle engineering. The paper presents the results of pollutant emission tests from a passenger car (PC). In the tests of LDV in the RDE test, the results of which are analyzed in the article, the Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) mobile exhaust emission testing system was used. The processes describing the operating states of the vehicle and the combustion engine, as well as the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the intensity of the number of particulate (PN), were examined. The correlation between the considered processes was investigated. The emission of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate and carbon dioxide as well as the road PN were examined. The zero-dimensional statistical characteristics of the examined processes were also determined. The probability density and power spectral density of the processes were established. A great diversity was found in the properties of the process distributions, as well as in the dynamic properties of the processes. In the summary of the analysis of the results of the car speed process, the operating states of the combustion engine and the processes of exhaust emission intensity and the process of the intensity of PN in the RDE test, conclusions were formulated regarding, among others, course of the intensity of these compounds, correlation of the processes of pollution emission intensity and the intensity of the PN with the process of car speed, distribution of processes.

17

Environmental impact evaluation of diesel engine fuelled with CNG

Kumar Neeraj, Arora Bharat Bhushan, Maji Sagar

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

|

Vol. 49, no. 1

79--84

EN

The uncertainty in the supply of crude oil, increasing the number of vehicles and rising air pollution, especially in urban areas, has prompted us to look for alternative fuels. It is understood that using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) in IC engines could be a mid-term solution to these problems. It is well established that CNG has better combustion characteristics and low emissions compared to conventional gasoline and diesel fuel. In the present study, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the engine performance and exhaust emissions using various percentages of CNG in dual fuel mode. CNG was mixed in the intake manifold’s air stream, and diesel was injected after the compression of the CNG air mixture. This paper presents experimental results of 40%,60%, and 80% CNG in the air stream. Engine performance and emissions are presented and discussed at a speed of 1200 rpm to 1500 rpm in steps of 50 rpm. The results of the experiments showed that adding CNG to diesel engines in dual-fuel combustion significantly impacted performance and emissions. Compared to single diesel fuel combustion, dual fuel combustion increases brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at all CNG energy shares and engine speeds. Carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were increased, while nitrogen oxide (NOx) and smoke opacity were decreased in dual fuel combustion compared to single diesel fuel.

18

Porównanie emisji spalin z silników pojazdów ciężarowych zasilanych olejem napędowym (ON) oraz gazem ziemnym (LNG) w warunkach rzeczywistej eksploatacji

Šarkan Branislav, Kuranc Andrzej, Sejkorova Marie, Caban Jacek, Loman Michal

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 1

37--41

PL

Celem pracy było wykorzystanie procedury, dzięki której możliwa jest kwantyfikacja charakterystyki eksploatacyjnej ciągników siodłowych, jednego zasilanego olejem napędowym (ON) i drugiego zasilanego skroplonym gazem ziemnym (LNG). Przedmiotem badań było ustalenie, który z tych ciągników podczas eksploatacji w drogowym transporcie towarowym jest mniej szkodliwy dla środowiska i generuje mniej spalin oraz zużywa mniej paliwa. Oceny pojazdów dokonano na podstawie prób drogowych na określonej trasie z wykorzystaniem zestawów transportowych składających się z ciągnika siodłowego oraz naczepy z cysterną. Podczas pomiaru rejestrowano dane pomiarowe z analizatora spalin samochodowych oraz aparatury diagnostycznej podłączonej do układów sterowania silników, zamontowanych w ocenianych samochodach ciężarowych.

EN

The compn. of exhaust gases (CO, CO₂, HC and NOx emitted by 2 trucks powered by diesel oil or liquefied natural gas, covering the same route with or without a load, was analyzed. A procedure was used to quantify the operational characteristics of the tractor units. Lower CO₂, HC and NOx emissions and higher CO emissions were found for the LNG-powered vehicle compared to the diesel-powered vehicle.

19

Strefy czystego transportu

Kopta Tadeusz

Przegląd Komunalny

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2022

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nr 4

76--79

PL

Głównym celem wprowadzenia stref czystego transportu (LEZ - ang. Low Emission Zones) w miastach było ograniczenie zanieczyszczenia powietrza, pochodzącego od samochodów spalinowych.

20

Strefy coraz czystszego transportu

Kopta Tadeusz

Przegląd Komunalny

|

2022

|

nr 5

62--65

PL

Kolejne europejskie miasta wprowadzają strefy czystego transportu (LEZ). Te, które mają już za sobą pierwsze kroki w tym kierunku, idą za ciosem i planują następne – ustanawiają strefy ultraniskoemisyjne (ULEZ). Bo choć środki zastosowane w strefach LEZ przyczyniły się do znaczącej poprawy jakości powietrza, to jednak okazały się niewystarczające dla pełnego osiągnięcia zakładanych efektów.