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1

Alum sludge as a potential adsorbent for removing Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions – equilibrium studies

Pająk Magdalena, Dzieniszewska Agnieszka, Kyzioł-Komosińska Joanna

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2024

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Nr 91 (tom 1)

89--105

EN

The present research evaluates the possibility of using alum sludge from water treatment stations (WTS) as an effective adsorbent for Ni(II) and Cd(II). The physicochemical properties were determined of four alum sludge, from WTS Czaniec (AS-C), WTS Kozłowa Góra (AS-K), WTS Maczki (AS-M), and WTS Będzin (AS-B). The adsorption of ions was investigated by batch experiments at room temperature, a wide range of initial concentrations (1-1000 mg/L), and an adsorbent dose of 10 g/L. The experimental data were analysed by Freundlich, Langmuir and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms, using linear and nonlinear regression analysis. All alum sludge used in the study was found to have better binding capacities for Ni(II) ions than for Cd(II) ions. At the maximum initial concentration Ni(II) ions were bound in the following order: AS-K => AS-B => AS-M => AS-C, while Cd(II) ions were bound in the following order: AS-B => AS-M => AS-K => AS-C. The results indicated that the adsorption mechanism primarily involves ion exchange and also electrostatic interactions. It can be concluded that alum sludge is a promising adsorption material for the removal of metal ions from aqueous solutions.

2

Synthesis of New Composite Adsorbents for Removing Heavy Metals and Dyes from Aqueous Solution

Mokif Layla Abdulkareem, Obaid Zahraa Hussein, Juda Sarab A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

164--179

EN

In the current study, a novel composite (Fe3O4 @MnO2@Al2O3) was prepared to remove crystal violet dye and cadmium from aqueous solutions. The coprecipitation method was utilized to synthesize the composite. Batch studies were carried out using a contact period of 0.5–3 hours, an initial crystal violet and cadmium content of 50–200 mg/L, an agitation speed of 50–200 rpm, a pH of 4–12, and a composite dosage of 0.2–1.0 g per 50 mL of contaminated solution. The isotherm and kinetics models were formulated the experimental data. XRD, SEM-EDS, and FTIR analyses were utilized for composite characterization. The results revealed that the removal efficacy of crystal violet dye was 99.311% at 1 g of adsorbent, pH 12, 50 mg/L, 1 hour, and 200 rpm. The removal efficacy for cadmium (Cd) is 99.7296% at 1 g of sorbent mass at pH 6, 50 mg/L, 1 hour, and 200 rpm. The outcomes demonstrated that the Langmuir model could accurately depict the sorption of crystal violet dye onto the composite with R2 (0.9882) and SSE (0.7084). On the basis of Freundlich, the capacity of the composite to reflect cadmium sorption was assessed by its highest R2(0.8947) and lowest SSE (8.5149). The pseudo-second-order model is a more realistic way to explain how cadmium and crystal violet dye sorb onto the composite. The results showed that the composite is effective in eliminating target pollutants, since cadmium has a maximum adsorption capacity of 48.5052 mg/g and crystal violet dye has a capacity of 40.9682 mg/g. Therefore, (Fe3O4 @MnO2@Al2O3) can be used as efficient sorbent for removing Cd and crystal violet dye from synthetic industrial wastewater.

3

Growth, Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) to Cadmium Polluted Soil

Hayat Rida, Khan Imran, Chattha Muhammad Umer, Hassan Muhammad Umair, Jian Wei, Al-Khayri Jameel Mohammed, Aldaej Mohammed Ibrahim, Sattar Muhammad Naeem, Rezk Adel Abdel-Sabour, Almaghasla Mustafa Ibrahim

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

75--84

EN

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is an alarming issue for our agricultural soils and serious threat to crop productivity. The concentration of Cd in our soils is continuously increasing which is posing serious threat to plants, animals and humans. Mung bean is a conventional pulse crop cultivated all over the world. Thus, this study’s goal was to evaluate response of mung bean seedlings in terms of growth, physiology, and biochemistry to varying degrees of Cd stress. The investigation examined various Cd levels, including control, 5, 10 and 15 mg Cd/kg of soil. The results indicate that mungbean growth, physiological and biochemical components was negatively impacted by Cd stress. Results depicted that Cd (15 mg/kg) reduced the growth attributes photosynthetic pigments (Chl. a, b and carotenoids), total soluble proteins (TSP) and free amino acids (FAA) and increased the malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and electrolyte leakage (EL). Interestingly, activities of all four antioxidants (ascorbic acid, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase) increased with increase in Cd toxicity.

4

Decontamination of Cadmium Pollutant Charge Using Gracilaria gracilis in Dakhla Bay, Morocco

Dellal Mina, Arabi Mourad, Dergoun Azedine, Benbrahim Samir, Mimouna Anhichem, Sagou Requia, Ait Benichou Samah

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

270--281

EN

Dakhla Bay is a paralic environment distinguished by various potentialities, including fishing, aquaculture, and tourism. However, the development of these human activities can lead to negative impacts on this environment, posing a threat to human health. This situation requires special attention to the environment and the implementation of a program for the protection and preservation of this ecosystem. This study aims to identify solutions to protect the marine environment from cadmium contamination by the macroalgae Gracilaria gracilis. The results of cadmium analyses in different compartments of Dakhla Bay, including bivalve molluscs, seawater, sediment, and macroalgae, indicate a difference in cadmium accumulation across the various studied compartments. The highest levels of cadmium are noted in macroalgae, with concentrations ranging from a minimum of 0.9 mg/kg fresh weight in the summer of 2019 to a maximum of approximately 2.55 mg/kg fresh weight recorded during the summer of 2022 at the Lassargua station. In comparison, bivalve molluscs such as Perna perna showed Cd levels ranging from 0.2 mg/kg to 1.4 mg/kg fresh weight at the same station. The sediment samples revealed average Cd levels ranging from 0.02 to 1.39 mg/kg dry weight in samples collected from Lassargua, while seawater concentrations were recorded at approximately 0.65 μg/L. The decontamination of cadmium by the macroalgae Gracilaria gracilis without impacting the quality of the algae has been well confirmed. Indeed, cadmium levels noted in macroalgae remain below the thresholds set by the regulations in force. In conclusion, the results of this study encourage the use of algocultures in Dakhla Bay to protect its ecosystem from various types of pollution.

5

Modeling and Studying the Effect of Using Multi-Anode Electrodes on the Physical and Chemical Properties After Electro-Kinetic Remediation of the Contaminated Soil

Abbas Israa Talib, Khalil Amal H., Almansori Nisren jasim

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 8

113--124

EN

In this study, three laboratory experiments electro-kinetic experiments were implemented to investigate the effect of arranging three anode electrodes around the cathode electrode which is positioned in the center of the cell, on soil's physical and chemical properties. These experiments were conducted under unenhanced conditions for the contaminated soil without acidifying and with acidifying also enhanced conditions for the contaminated soil without acidifying: enhancement conditions used 1 M acetic acid in the cathode chamber as a catholyte solution with pH controlled (3-4) and distilled water as an anolyte solution. While unenhancement conditions used distilled water in the cathode chamber as a cathoylte solution without pH controlled and distilled water as an anolyte solution and acidified the contaminated soil 600 ml of 3 M acetic acid per 1 kg of dry Cd-contaminated soil. This study's results parameters determined after the end of each experiment at each point of samples were soil pH, Cl-1, EC, CaCO3, and water content. Also, a two-dimensional numerical model has been used to simulate the electrokinetic remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals. The results indicate that the parameters measured in this work differ according to the conditions used, as the pH and calcium carbonate values were lower in acidic conditions, especially at the anode region, where they reached 5.3 and 2.69%, respectively and Chloride ions accumulated and concentrated near the anode region in three experiments, while electrical conductivity was higher at the anode and cathode regions from in the central regions. The model results also showed agree with the laboratory results.

6

Use of magnetic nanoparticles in an Ionic liquid (BMIM-PF6) based vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VSLLME) for measuring the traces amounts of cadmium in environmental, biological and nutritional samples

Payab Meghdad, Maleki Fatemeh Yousefnezhad, Sheikhloie Hossein, Baghban Ali

Scientiae Radices

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2023

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Vol. 2, Iss. 4

359--377

EN

In the present project, the magnetic nanoparticles were used in a type of an ionic liquid based micro-extraction to measure trace amounts of cadmium in different real samples containing environmental water samples, saliva and human hair. In the optimum condition, the recovery percentages for the real sample were about 94.5% to 101.3%, showing the designed method is suitable to be used for analyzing the real environmental and biological samples. The main parameters were evaluated and optimized as follows: pH was 2.5, the volume of ionic liquid was 150 μl, the amount of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was 50mg, the volume of the complexing agent was 12 μl, and the vortex time was 1 min and 2 min for ionic liquid, and magnetic nanoparticle distribution steps, respectively. Also, the volume of the medium was 10 to 20 ml.

7

Investigation and elimination of surfactant-induced interferences in anodic stripping voltammetry for the determination of trace amounts of cadmium

Grabarczyk Malgorzata, Wardak Cecylia, Wawruch Agnieszka

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 4

art. no. 170717

EN

This article aims to investigate in detail to what extent surfactants affect the determination of cadmium by anodic stripping voltammetry. In recent years, the production and use of surfactants have been steadily increasing, so that their concentration in environmental water samples is rising. At the same time, it is known that organic compounds, such as surfactants, often hinder the voltammetric determination of trace elements by stripping. Non-ionic (Triton X-100, Brij 35, Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 80), cationic (CTAB, CTAC, DTAB, HPC) and anionic (DSS, SDS) compounds were selected to investigate the effect of surfactants on the voltammetric signal of cadmium. At the same time, the extent to which the addition of Amberlite resins to the analysed solution eliminates the interfering effect of surfactants was tested. Three types of Amberlite resins XAD-2, XAD-7 and XAD-16 were selected for the study and the ratio of resin weight to solution volume was determined. Finally, the determination of cadmium in surfactant-enriched environmental samples was carried out. The recoveries obtained between 95.5 and 107%, with RSD between 3.4 and 6.2%, confirm the validity and correctness of the proposed procedure All measurements were carried out by anodic stripping voltammetry using a CNTs/SGC electrode modified with a bismuth film as the working electrode.

8

Variation in Structure and Color of Ostracoda Crustacean Shell as Biomarker for Detection of Water Pollution with Heavy Metals

Al-Salman Ibrahim M. A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

1--12

EN

Variations in structure and color of the shell of freshwater Ostracoda crustacean genus Cypris were used as a biomarker to detect the impact of heavy metals, i.e. cadmium in the form of CdCl2 as a case of study. Concentrations of element used in experimental were submitted with their levels that were detected in Iraqi aquatic environment and the expected ranges resulting from the accumulation of these metals in aquatic systems. Therefore, salts of CdCl2 were used to prepare the required concentrations 0.1, 0.1.5, 0.2, and 0.3 mg/L, respectively. Individuals of crustacean were taken at the rate of 10 adults (A) and 10 juveniles (J) at three replicates and the exposure time was recorded, at 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, and the tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions of light, pH, and temperature. The results showed that all individuals, A and J, were affected after 12 hours of treatment with CdCl2, and observed slight differences in the level of impact, the activity and resistance of Cypris individuals to the impact of element that began with exchanged of color and density of shell, level of the flexibility of shell legator flap muscle within 24 hours, followed by opening and cracking all the shell over 48 hours and exposed the internal structures of the crustacean to direct impact of Cd. When following up on the survival and mortality rate at the level of individuals and comparing the speed of vulnerability of adults and juveniles, differences between both categories of individuals can be noticed, as death rates were recorded after 12 and 24 hours of treatment, amounting to 60 and 70%, respectively, at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L, while with concentrations 0.1.5 and 0.2 mg /L, the percentage increased in J to 80%, but at concentration 0.3, the percentage of mortality rate was equal and became 90% after 24 hours in A and J. The death rate of 100% was recorded with all concentrations used in the experiments after passage 48 hours of treatment with cadmium.

9

The Influence of the Gray Forest Soil Moisture Level on the Accumulation of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu in Spring Barley Grain

Razanov Serhii, Husak Oksana, Hnativ Petro, Dydiv Andrii, Bakhmat Oleh, Stepanchenko Vitalii, Pryshchepa Alla, Shcherbachuk Victor, Mazurak Oksana

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 7

285--292

EN

Among a number of climate-related factors, moisture has the greatest impact on crop productivity. In recent years, certain changes have been observed under conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine with regard to precipitation – from low to in some cases – abnormally high, which requires the study of their impact on the yield and safety of cereal grain for its forecasted production. The article examined the effect of a high level of soil moisture (256.2–272.5 mm) and a low level (47.4–52.3 mm) during the growing season (germination→earing) of spring barley grain on the accumulation of heavy metals in it and its productivity under the conditions of gray forest soils of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Spring barley varieties Helios and Caesar were selected for the research. A decrease in the accumulation coefficient at a high level of soil moisture (256.6–272.5 mm) in spring barley grain Pb from 8.3% to 11.3%, Cd – from 35.0% to 35.5%, Zn was established – by 15% and Cu – from 11.2% to 16.6% compared to the low level of soil moisture (47.1 mm – 53.3 mm). At the same time, it was found that with a high level of soil moisture, there is a decrease in the yield of Helios and Caesar spring barley by 18.0% and 14.1%, respectively.

10

Removal of Cadmium (II) by Adsorption Using Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Dried Biomass

Rosidah, Rahayu Sata Yoshida Sri, Susanti Evi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

246--253

EN

Using water hyacinth as a phytoremediation agent produces abundant biomass due to periodic harvesting in the system. One of the alternative uses of water hyacinth biomass can be a bio-sorbent to absorb metal contamination in the waters. This study aims to determine the quality of activated water hyacinth bio-sorbent, potentially reducing metal cadmium (Cd). The research was conducted from January to April 2022. The results showed that the parameters of water content, iodine absorption, and methylene blue in water hyacinth bio-sorbent had met the quality standard of activated carbon based on SNI No. 06-3730-1995. In contrast, the ash content still did not. In water, hyacinth stem bio-sorbents (stems + ZnCl2 and stems 300 °C + ZnCl2) obtained higher ash content (25.87 and 73.30%) than the ash content of water hyacinth root and leaf bio-sorbent with the same activation treatment. The optimum adsorption capacity (Qe) for the roots + ZnCl2 occurred at a contact time of 45 minutes which was 8.13 mg/g with an absorption efficiency (Ef) of 34.20%. For the root 300 °C + ZnCl2, the optimum adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency occurred at a contact time of 8 hours, namely 9.08 mg/g and 38.66%, respectively. The optimum adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency of the leaves + ZnCl2 occurred at a contact time of 4 hours, namely 7.63 mg/g and 32.12%, respectively. Meanwhile, at the leaves 300 °C + ZnCl2, the optimum adsorption capacity and absorption efficiency occurred at a contact time of 8 hours with a value of Qe = 11.84 mg/g and Ef = 49.35%.

11

Optimization of Response Surface Methodology for Removal of Cadmium Ions from Wastewater using Low Cost Materials

Mohammed Risalah A., Abdulhasan Maryam Jawad, Raheem Shahad A., Alwared Abeer I., Mohammed Noor A., Kadhim Rand Fadhil, Al-Bayati Alaa Dhari Jawad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 8

146--156

EN

This study goal to the ability of using low cost materials representing thermestone and aluminum solid wastes in water filtration by using a pilot plant constructed in wastewater treatment plant to remove cadmium ions (Cd(II)). Response Surface Methodology (RSM) used to optimize the optimal parameters that affecting the performance of filter units, these parameters are time, Cd(II) concentration, and filtration rate. These optimized parameters were 9 hr., 5 ppm, 10 l/hr. with removal efficiency of Cd(II) for A-Filter, T-Filter, S-Filter, and A-T-S-Filter was 94%, 95%, 86.8% and 90%, respectively. The result shows that the T-filter has higher cadmium removal efficiency than A-filter, S-filter and S-T-A- filter. While A-filter has a higher removal efficiency of cadmium than the S-filter and S-T-A- filter. While the S-T-A- filter has higher efficiency than S- filter. The result obtained from RSM was good Agreement with the result of experiments. As a result, the optimized process in this paper can be widely utilized with high removal ratio of Cd(II) ions from wastewater samples.

12

Cadmium Removal from Contaminated Soil by Electro-Kinetic Method

Hawal Laith Hamdan, Al-Sulttani Ali Omran, Hamza Jinan N.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

79--86

EN

For this study, an electro kinetic method used to eliminate cadmium from the polluted soil. This method is useful at low permeability medium. Several experiments were conducted with variable operating circumstances, using different pH purging solutions. Rice husks were used in this work as an adsorbent medium available and free of charge to counteract the reverse osmosis process that occurs and affects the work efficiency. The final results after the end of the practical experiments of this process showed that the percentages of the removal process began to increase after the pH gradually decreases. The pH of the solution for the three experiments conducted was 3, 6 and 9, respectively. The best removal rate was 68% in this process at pH 3 ; when compared with the second and third tests at pH 6 and 9, the removal ratios were 58% and 51.5%, respectively. It was discovered that the cadmium removal rate began to decrease along with voltage. At 30 volts the removal rates were 68%, whereas 20 volts they were 66%. Rice husks have been shown to be an effective adsorbent for counteracting reverse osmosis. Therefore, it can be successfully used as an adsorbent medium.

13

Kadm i jego związki nieorganiczne. Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy

Surgiewicz Jolanta

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy

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2022

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Nr 3 (113)

153--183

PL

Kadm i jego związki nieorganiczne powodują raka płuc. Wykazano także zależność między narażeniem ludzi na kadm i jego związki a rakiem nerek i prostaty. Szacuje się, że na kadm i jego związki jest narażonych kilka tysięcy osób zatrudnionych w hutnictwie, przy produkcji akumulatorów, stopów, pigmentów, tworzyw sztucznych oraz przy spawaniu. W Polsce wartość najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) dla kadmu (CAS: 7440-43-9) i jego związków nieorganicznych została zmieniona. Wartość NDS mająca obowiązywać od 2027 roku odnosi się do frakcji wdychalnej i wynosi 0,001 mg/m³ . W okresie przejściowym od lipca 2021 do 2027 roku przyjęto wartość NDS wynoszącą 0,004 mg/m³ . Opracowano metodę oznaczania kadmu i jego nieorganicznych związków umożliwiającą oznaczanie tej substancji w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy z wykorzystaniem metody absorpcyjnej spektrometrii atomowej z elektrotermiczną atomizacją (ET-AAS), zgodną z wymaganiami zawartymi w normie europejskiej PN-EN 482. Kadm oznaczano w zakresie stężeń: 0,10 ÷ 1,00 i 0,50 ÷ 5,00 µg/l. Uzyskano oznaczalność metody w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy wynoszącą 0,0001 mg/m³ oraz możliwość oznaczania tej substancji w zakresie stężeń 0,00010 ÷ 0,0104 mg/m³ dla próbki powietrza 480 l. Przedstawiona metoda umożliwia oznaczanie kadmu i jego związków nieorganicznych w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy w wymaganym zakresie 0,1 ÷ 2 nowych wartości NDS. Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.

EN

Cadmium and its inorganic compounds cause lung cancer. A relationship between human exposure to cadmium and its inorganic compounds and renal and prostate cancer has also been demonstrated. It is estimated that several thousand people employed in metal production are exposed to cadmium and its inorganic compounds; in metallurgy, in the production batteries, alloys, pigments, plastics and welders. The values of the maximum allowable concentration (NDS) for cadmium [7440-43-9] and its inorganic compounds in Poland were changed. The NDS value, which is meant to become obligatory from 2027, refers to the inhalable fraction and amounts to 0.001 mg/m³ . In the transition period from July 2021 to 2027, the NDS value was set at 0.004 mg/m³ . A method for the determination of cadmium and its inorganic compounds was developed, enabling the determination of this substance in the air at workplaces with the use of the atomic absorption spectrometry with electrothermal atomization (ET AAS), in accordance with the requirements of the European standard PN-EN 482. Cadmium was determined in the concentration range: 0.10–1.00 µg/l and 0.50–5.00 µg/l. The method’s determination in the air at workplaces of 0.0001 mg/m³ was obtained for, as well as the possibility of determining this substance in the concentration range of 0.00010–0.0104 mg/m³ for a 480-l air sample. The presented method enables the determination of this substance in the air at workplaces in the required range of 0.1–2 new NDS values. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

14

Modelling of selective retention of Cd-Ni ions from aqueous solutions by polymer enhanced ultrafiltration

Can Muhammed F., Arslan Fatma, Çelik Mehmet S.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2022

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Vol. 58, iss. 5

art. no. 151913

EN

Polymer enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) technique economically enables separation and/or retention of various heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions for environmental and engineering problems. Polyethylenimine as the water-soluble complexation agent utilized to interact with heavy metal ions of Cd and Ni as cations in ultrafiltration experiments were modeled with protonation data to understand the mechanism. Test runs showed that an enrichment coefficient (the ratio of Cd over Ni in permeate) up to 10 was obtained at pH 4.2 in the temperature range of 20-22oC, whereas full retention of both cations is possible above pH 5.0 and those results are highly compatible with the model developed.

15

Effects of Bio Product on Rice Growth, Rice Yield and Decreases in Cadmium Contents in Soil and Rice Grains

Sitisara Wimonrat, Pongpattanasiri Sukthai

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

105--109

EN

The aim of this research was to study the effects of chemical (CH) and bioproduct (MIC) fertilizers on rice growth (plant height), rice yield (full grains), and the decrease in cadmium (Cd) contents in soil and rice grains. A silty clay loam (SCL) soil for growing rice was prepared in the laboratory, with Cd addition and pH control. The relationship between CH and MIC fertilizer additions in various amounts with the reduction in the Cd contents of soil and rice grains was explored. As a result, the rice growth in the harvest phase and the yield increased from 138.80 ± 5.72 to 888.40 ± 2.38 cm⋅plant-1 and 689 to 888 seeds⋅plant-1, respectively, when the bioproduct was increased from MIC100 (0.625 L⋅ha-1) to MIC500 (3.125 L⋅ha-1). The Cd content in the soil during the harvest phase, 35.53 mg⋅kg-1, which was less than the standard value of 37.00 mg⋅kg-1 defined by the Pollution Control Department (PCD), Thailand, decreased when the bioproduct increased to MIC500. For the Cd contents in polished rice grains, when MIC500 was added, 0.19 mg⋅kg-1 of Cd was accumulated, which is acceptable according to the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC) threshold of 0.20 mg⋅kg-1 for Cd. Thus, MIC500 was the most effective in reducing the Cd accumulation in soil and rice grains and promoting rice growth among all MIC amounts.

16

Cadmium Immobilization in the Rice – Paddy Soil with Biochar Additive

Thi Khac Vu, Lan Phuong Dinh Thi, Hang Nga Nguyen Thi, Thanh Hoa Nguyen

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 4

85--95

EN

Cadmium (Cd) is toxic for humans, but its effects on the yield and quality of rice under contaminated irrigation conditions remain uncertain. In this study, paddy soils in the Red River Delta (Vietnam) were selected for experiments with the purpose of understanding the effects of Cd contaminated irrigation water on growth, yields, and grain Cd accumulation. In addition, biochar was produced from rice husk (BRH) and rice straw for preventing Cd infiltration into rice was also studied in this experiment. A field experiment was established with applicated BRH and straw into polluted paddy soil, as a result the Cd content in grains reduced significantly. The Cd contaminated soil was added to the BRH and rice straw (RS) with six ratios, including: (1) RS 2.5%, (2) BRH 2.5%, (3) RS-BRH: 1.25–1.25%, (4) RS 5.0%, (5) BRH 5.0%, (6) RS-BRH: 2.5–2.5%, (w:w). Besides, three content levels 0.01–0.05–0.5 mg/L of Cd in irrigation water were applied throughout crop season. The results showed that the Cd accumulation in rice was in the following order: roots > stems > seeds. With 3 contaminated irrigation levels which were applied, the Cd concentrations of 0.05 mg/L and 0.5 mg/L affected plant height and yield. However, the Cd content in grains under contaminated soil condition can be controlled from 82.47–83.94% by applying a BRH ratio from 2.5–5% (w:w).

17

Biochar as a Cadmium Scavenger in the Aquatic Environment Remediation: Date Seeds as Raw Material

Al-Tarawneh Amjad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 3

270--280

EN

It was found that date seeds are suitable for biochar production due to their low moisture content 8.92%, low ash yield 1.05%, and high organic matter content 78.3%. The biochar was produced by pyrolysis at 350, 450 and 550°C. The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical characteristics of biochar was investigated. It was found that the porosity, water holding capacity, ash content, pH, organic matter, fixed carbon, and the elemental content of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, P, Zn, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Ti, and V were increased along with pyrolysis temperature. Meanwhile, the biochar yield, bulk density, and the total content of N and S were decreased. The biochar was tested as a sustainable adsorbent to investigate the adsorption of Cd from contaminated water. The adsorption isotherms of Cd on biochar were determined based on Langmuir equation. The maximum adsorption of Cd at 25°C and pH 7 were 667, 714, and 833 mg/kg for the biochars produced at 350, 450, and 550°C, respectively. On the basis of the physicochemical characteristics of the biochar and the findings from Langmuir equation that showed the biochar produced at 550°C has the highest adsorption capacity for Cd, the desorption/adsorption experiment was carried out using the biochar produced at 550°C. The adsorption of Cd by biochar was directly proportional to the Cd concentrations. It was increased from 0.009 mmol/0.5g at 0.01 mmol Cd to 0.12 mmol/0.5g at 0.2 mmol Cd concentration. The desorption of Cd from biochar was increased proportionally to cadmium concentrations from 0.01 to 0.05 mmol and became constant above 0.05 mmol, regardless of the increment of cadmium concentrations. High retention potential for the cadmium that adsorbed within the biochar was proven in this study with desorption/adsorption percentage of 16%. These findings provide a successful example of date seeds converting into the sustainable adsorbent for Cd removal from aquatic environment to achieve the conception of eco-friendly production, which should be studied further.

18

The environmental fate of metals from zinc and lead mining area in surface water (Przemsza River, southern Poland)

Pierri Dorota, Rutkowski Marcin

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 4

353--366

EN

The chemical composition of surface waters of the Przemsza River flowing through Upper Silesia (in southern Poland) is strongly affected by Zn and Pb ore, and less by Carboniferous hard coal deposits. The chemical type of surface water is Ca-HCO3. In the waters, three groups of metals and metalloids were found that directly interfere with the mineralization of the deposit. Although genetically related to the same deposit, each group exhibits a different fate in the environment. A typical deposit association is Pb-Zn-Ag-As-Sb-Hg. The first group of metals in surface waters is consistent with the typical association of the ore Zn-Pb-Cd-(Tl), the second includes Ag-Sb-Hg, and the third includes the additives in the zinc and lead ore Co-Ni-Mo-Mn: [formula]. Depending on the pH-Eh conditions, metals and metalloids precipitate out of the solution or sorb on solid particles. The concentrations of individual groups of metals are interdependent but show different environmental fates along the river course. The natural process of the enrichment of surface waters with Zn-Pb-Cd-(Tl) is by water circulation in a rock matrix naturally rich in the metals and draining groundwaters by the river. Under oxidizing and slightly alkaline conditions, Ag-Sb-Hg incorporated into the soluted chemical compounds, may, when the physicochemical parameters of the waters change, be adsorbed and/or precipitated. The presence and ratio of concentrations of Co-Ni-Mo-Mn with respect to zinc are almost identical, differing only in concentration.

19

Removal of Cadmium using Alkaline-Treated Activated Carbon from Leucaena Leucocephala Biomass

Ibrahim W. M. H. W., Sulaiman Nurul Syuhada, Amini Mohd Hazim Mohammad, Kadir W. R. A., Mohamed Mazlan, Ramle Sitti Fatimah Mhd, Bilgin Ugur, Rahman Wan

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 3

1033--1036

EN

Water contamination that caused by heavy metals is a very common phenomenon in the industrial age. One of the popular way to treat metal contaminated water is by adsorption process using activated carbon as the adsorbent. This paper works on producing activated carbon by chemical means with impregnation ratios of NaOH:char (w/w) was predetermined at 1:1 (ACT1-1), 2:1 (ACT2-1) and 3:1 (ACT3-1) under activation temperature of 700°C. Considering the Leucaena leucocephala is a wildly, easy and fast grown species, with the availability throught the year, it was chosen to be used as the precursor. The properties of these activated carbons and its potential for cadmium removal from aqueus solution was analyzed. It was found that the highest surface area was recorded at 662.76 m²/g. Four parameters were studied which are contact time, the effect of pH, initial concentration of adsorbate and temperature. The equilibrium time was achieved in 40 min treatment at initial concentrations of 30 mg/l. The adsorbent exhibited good sorption potential for cadmium at pH 8.0 and equilibrium temperature of 30℃. Based on the results, this study had proved that activated carbon from Leucaena leucocephala biomass have the good potential to be used for removal of cadmium from wastewater.

20

The Use of Algae in the Process of Cadmium and Lead Ions Removal from Wastewater

Cygnarowska Katarzyna

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2021

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Tom 23

823--834

EN

The study presents the possibility of using chlorophyta in the removal of cadmium and lead ions from industrial wastewater produced after the washing of equipment used in the manufacture of battery and batteries. The process was conducted with the use of two algal cultures: Raphidocelis subcapitata produced in laboratory conditions, and a mixed chlorophyta population collected from a natural, eutrophicated water reservoir with heavy metal ions present in the water and sludge. The study showed that the effectiveness of a pure algal culture is comparable to that of a mixed chlorophyta population, characterized by greater diversity of functional groups at binding sites and higher resistance to stress that may occur in the wastewater environment. The maximum effectiveness of ions sorption was 64% for cadmium (mixed algal population) and 60% for lead (Raphidocelis subcapitata).