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1

The impact of the Covid-19 virus on the economic situation of enterprises in EU countries

Luty Lidia, Zioło Monika, Zuzek Dagmara

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

|

2025

|

z. 215

283--296

EN

Purpose: The aim of this article is to present the diversity of EU countries in terms of the economic situation of enterprises, characterised by key indicators describing, among other things, turnover per employee, employment growth and investment growth per employee. In addition to presenting the differentiation of EU countries in terms of the economic situation of enterprises, the dynamics of change of the selected indicators in 2020 compared to 2015 and in 2015 compared to 2010 are also presented. Methodology: The economic situation of enterprises in EU countries was assessed using annual data from 2010 to 2020. Increase rates were used to describe the time series. In a second step, EU countries were classified by the economic situation of enterprises using a synthetic variable. Findings: Based on the results obtained, it can be seen that the country with the highest investment per worker in recent years is Ireland, which has the most favorable values of the analyzed indicators and is in the first position in the ranking. Ireland's economy is characterized by significant foreign investment in the booming technology sector. However Germany, thanks to its strong economy, regularly increases its investment per employee, which supports its longterm growth. Lithuania has also recorded a significant increase in investment per employee, which may be due to the country's dynamic economic development. Countries with relatively low labour costs, such as Poland and Slovakia, are dominated by industrial sectors where the share of labour costs (W3 and W4) is relatively low compared to the value of production. In contrast, in countries such as Austria and France, high labour costs, extensive social systems and more labour-intensive sectors make personnel costs a larger share of total production costs. The transition to remote working caused by the COVID-19 pandemic meant a reduction in employment, automation and digitisation of business processes, which negatively affected the value of W5 in 25 of the 27 countries analysed and caused a reduction in employment in these countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a diverse impact on businesses in the EU. Although many companies struggled with the crisis and the decline in turnover and the need to reduce staff, some sectors managed to adapt and even develop. In the long term, the pandemic accelerated digital transformation processes and the need to invest in the automation. Originality/value: The impact of the Covid 19 pandemic on employment has been of great importance. Therefore, an innovative approach to analyzing this issue becomes essential for current and future research in this area. This is confirmed by the presented research.

2

Długoterminowe strategie renowacji budynków w wybranych krajach Unii Europejskiej

Plebankiewicz Edyta, Karcińska Patrycja, Grącki Jakub

Przegląd Budowlany

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2025

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R. 96, nr 2

160--162

PL

Sektor budowlany odpowiada za około 28% emisji CO2 związanej z energią, dlatego kluczowym elementem dekarbonizacji Unii Europejskiej (UE) jest renowacja energetyczna budynków. Komisja Europejska, podkreślając rangę tego problemu, wprowadza wiele działań zmierzających do polepszenia efektywności energetycznej budynków w krajach członkowskich UE, m.in. rygorystyczne egzekwowanie przepisów dotyczących charakterystyki energetycznej budynków, zaczynając od oceny krajowych długoterminowych strategii renowacji (LTRS) państw członkowskich. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono dane dotyczące celów i zobowiązań zawartych w LTRS w poszczególnych krajach UE oraz podsumowano planowane strategie działania w Polsce wraz ze wskazaniem możliwych momentów aktywacji procesu renowacji.

EN

The building sector is responsible for approximately 28% of energy-related CO2 emissions, so a key element of the decarbonization of the European Union (EU) is the energy renovation of buildings. The European Commission, emphasizing the importance of this problem, is introducing many actions aimed at improving the energy efficiency of buildings in EU member states, including: rigorous enforcement of energy performance of buildings regulations, starting with an assessment of Member States’ national long-term renovation strategies (LTRS). This article presents data on the goals and obligations contained in the LTRS in individual EU countries and summarizes the planned action strategies in Poland together with an indication of possible moments of renovation process activation.

3

Work engagement and work life-balance across European union countries

Wieczorek-Szymańska Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 195

617--629

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to explore the link between WE and WLB at the country level in European countries. Design/methodology/approach: The current paper uses data from several sources. The theoretical part of the paper is based on the literature review. The empirical part is based on the data collected through secondary data analysis. The secondary data were mainly collected through related research articles, reports and websites. Findings: The main finding of the research is that there are differences between EU countries in terms of both levels of work engagement and work-life balance. European employees are the most satisfied with the level of work-life balance and at the same time they are the least engaged compared to other regions of the world. One explanation for the low level of engagement with a high level of work-life balance indicator is the inadequate leadership in European companies. Research limitations/implications: The current paper is limited in that it only discusses the link between the levels of WE and WLB across EU countries without explaining the reasons for the relationship. Therefore, further research is needed to identify the factors that shape this mutual relation. Practical implications: The article is interesting from the practical point of view, as low employee engagement is a significant challenge, with one in five workers worldwide planning to quit their jobs. The situation appears to be even worse in Europe, where one in three workers are considering leaving their company. For this reason it is crucial to analyze the reasons of low engagement. Social implications: The paper refers to very important social issue of employees’ well-being. It helps in better understanding the meaning of work-life balance for work engagement. It might affect the quality of life by promoting more balanced work-environment and the idea of corporate social responsibility. Originality/value: Currently, studies are limited and often examine WE and WLB separately. So the novelty of the article is that the author discusses the link between WE and WLB. Additionally the article presents cross-national studies on relationship between WE and WLB. The results presented in the article can be important for the scientific discussion on the cross country differences in WE and WLB.

4

Digital competencies in EU countries – adaptability to the “the future of work” paradigm

Rollnik-Sadowska Ewa, Bartkutė-Norkūnienė Vaida, Grabińska Violetta

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 201

303--317

EN

Purpose: The main objective of this paper is to identify and compare the level of digital competences at the country level in the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach: The data connected with digital competences of inhabitants were adopted from the Eurostat database. There were 19 selected variables, which refer to the last available official data for 2023. The grouping of the EU countries into clusters was provided by the K-Means method, and the ranking of EU countries by digital competence development was done using the TOPSIS method. ANOVA test was used to determine whether there are statistically significant differences in the averages of digital competency variables across the clusters, thereby validating the effectiveness of the clustering method. Findings: The EU countries which can be treated as benchmarks for others in terms of digital competences are the Netherlands and the Nordic countries. At the same time, a very low level of digital competences is noticeable in Bulgaria and Romania. Research limitations/implications: Beside the EU cross-country comparisons in terms of digital competences, another important issue is the change in the level of these competences over the years. This issue was not addressed due to the limited volume of the article, but it may be a direction for future research. Practical implications: The analysis allowed for the identification of benchmark EU countries which can serve as samples for good practices analysis. Social implications: Analyzing benchmarks can provide identification of the reasons (social and economic policy solutions) for the high level of digital competences in these countries. Originality/value: There is a gap in scientific research concerning analyses of the level of digital competences at the macroeconomic level and cross-country comparisons.

5

Analiza liczby zainstalowanych pomp ciepła w krajach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej

Noga Bogdan

Budownictwo i Prawo

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2024

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R. 27, nr 3

27--30

PL

W artykule przedstawiono stan zainstalowanych pomp ciepła na terenie krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej w roku 2020. Analizę przedstawiono zarówno w liczbach bezwzględnych, jak i odnosząc liczbę zainstalowanych pomp ciepła do powierzchni i populacji poszczególnych krajów członkowskich. Analizę liczby zainstalowanych pomp ciepła przeprowadzono również w podziale na powietrzne i gruntowe pompy ciepła. Według ogólnie dostępnych danych w 2020 r. na terenie krajów członkowskich było zainstalowanych 41 931 250 pomp ciepła. Zdecydowaną większość z nich (95,7%) stanowią powietrzne pompy ciepła (40 145 584 zainstalowanych sztuk). Gruntowe pompy ciepła stanowią 4,3% ogólnego rynku pomp ciepła (1 785 666 zainstalowanych sztuk). Analizując liczbę zainstalowanych pomp ciepła w liczbach bezwzględnych, zauważamy, że najwięcej instalacji jest we Włoszech. Biorąc jednak pod uwagę liczbę zainstalowanych pomp ciepła w danym kraju i odnosząc ją do powierzchni i populacji tego kraju, zaważamy, że liderem w tych rankingach jest Malta. To tutaj na 1 km2 powierzchni jest zainstalowanych 1535,72 pomp ciepła, podczas gdy w Polsce ten wskaźnik wynosi 0,75. Analizując liczbę osób przypadających na 1 zainstalowaną pompę ciepła, stwierdzono, że na terenie Malty wskaźnik ten wynosi 1,12, podczas gdy na terenie polski na 1 zainstalowaną pompę ciepła przypada 157,81 osób.

EN

The article presents the status of installed heat pumps in EU Member States in 2020, analysing both the absolute numbers and the number of installed heat pumps in relation to the surface area and population of each Member State. An analysis of the number of installed heat pumps was also made by air-source and ground-source heat pumps. According to publicly available data, 41,931,250 heat pumps were installed in the member states in 2020. The vast majority of these, representing 95.7%, are air source heat pumps (40 145 584 units installed). Ground source heat pumps account for 4.3% of the total heat pump market (1,785,666 installed units). When analysing the number of heat pumps installed in absolute numbers, we note that Italy has the highest number of installations. However, if we relate the number of installed heat pumps per country and relate this number to the area and population of that country, we note that the leader in these ran-kings is Malta. Here, 1,535.72 heat pumps are installed per 1 km2 of surface area, compared to 0.75 in Poland. When analysing the number of people per 1 installed heat pump, it was found that Malta has a ratio of 1.12, while in Poland there are 157.81 people per 1 installed heat pump.

6

Przegląd implementacji dyrektyw o charakterystyce energetycznej budynków w Polsce oraz wybranych krajach UE

Węglarz Arkadiusz, Fedorczak-Cisak Małgorzata

Materiały Budowlane

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2023

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nr 1

49--52

7

Partnerstwo publiczno-społeczne w sferze edukacji i szkoleń dla budownictwa - europejski standard

Pawłowski Zbigniew

Materiały Budowlane

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2023

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nr 4

75--76

8

Wymagania prawne wybranych krajów europejskich dotyczące obliczania śladu węglowego budynków

Gilewski Paweł, Pierzchalski Michał, Węglarz Arkadiusz

Budownictwo i Prawo

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2023

|

R. 26, nr 2

3--7

PL

Pełna neutralność klimatyczna oraz dekarbonizacja gospodarki, to kluczowe cele Unii Europejskiej do 2050 roku. Sektor budowlany jest jednym z najważniejszych elementów w drodze do osiągnięcia tych celów, z uwagi na to, że odpowiada za 36% emisji gazów cieplarnianych powiązanych ze zużyciem energii. Efektywnym narzędziem służącym do monitorowania emisji gazów cieplarnianych w sektorze budownictwa jest ślad węglowy. W artykule poddano analizie wymagania prawne dotyczące obliczania śladu węglowego budynków w krajach, które posiadają szczegółowe przepisy w tym zakresie - Danii, Finlandii, Francji, Holandii i Szwecji.

EN

Full climate neutrality and decarbonization of the economy are key goals of the European Union by 2050. The construction sector is one of the most important elements on the way to achieving these goals, given that it accounts for 36% of greenhouse gas emissions linked to energy consumption. An effective tool for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions in the construction sector is the carbon footprint. The article analyzes the legal requirements for calculating the carbon footprint of buildings in countries that have specific regulations in this regard - Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands and Sweden.

9

Trends of change in the development of sustainable cities and communities in Poland in comparison with European Union countries

Murawska Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 156

303--320

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to present the diversity and trends of changes taking place in cities and communities in Poland and in other European Union countries with respect of implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Design/methodology/approach: The indicators included in Eurostat, which are collected to analyse the implementation of Objective 11: Sustainable cities and communities, have been used to assess the problem. 10 indicators and 27 European Union countries were analysed. The research period was 2010-2019 and the data was statistically analysed. Variations and distances between countries, trends in the changes taking place, ranking of countries, and relationships between the analysed indicators and the scale of their changes were calculated. Findings: EU Member States (27) are significantly differentiated in terms of household living conditions, environmental conditions, and safety at home. In Poland, dwellings are overcrowded but in relatively good condition. The Polish population is more often exposed to noise and air pollution, and they are at a higher risk of dying in a traffic accident, but they are less likely to report the occurrence of crime and vandalism. The results of the study confirmed important trends towards the development of sustainable cities and communities in Poland and in other EU countries. Research limitations/implications: The study resulted in a confirmation of the hypothesis that sustainable cities and communities have developed in EU countries in the last decade. There has been an improvement in the living conditions, safety, and environment of the population, especially in those countries where 10 years ago the variables describing sustainable cities and communities were the lowest. One of the countries where sustainable development was a priority was Poland, where the dynamics of improvement of almost every indicator was higher than the EU average. Practical implications: The conclusions may be useful for managers of economic entities for making more effective decisions regarding allocation of financial resources and making investments in social and technical infrastructure or safety regarding sustainable development of cities and communities. Social implications: The paper provides useful information for city and community managers and citizens of EU countries and cities about living conditions, quality of life, and safety of inhabitants. Originality/value: The article presents the latest information regarding the conditions of cities and communities in EU countries and compares that data with indicators from previous years. The value of the article lies in identifying and recognising the significance of differences between EU countries and in verifying whether any positive changes towards sustainable development of cities and communities are occurring.

10

The Efficiency of Health Systems in Response to the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from the EU Countries

Rađenović Tamara, Radivojević Vladimir, Krstić Bojan, Stanišić Tanja, Živković Snežana

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

|

Vol. 17, nr 1

7--15

EN

The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the insufficient capacities and capabilities of countries around the world to deal with global infectious diseases and stressed the need to improve the international health security framework. An efficient and comprehensive health system that is able to cope with public health emergencies is an essential prerequisite for strengthening health security. The paper analyzes the efficiency of health systems in the European Union (EU) countries and their responsiveness to the COVID-19 pandemic. The research covers 27 EU countries and it is based on the secondary data contained in the 2019 Global Health Security Index Report. The aim of the paper is to identify key determinants for improving the efficiency of health systems in the EU, as well as to examine the interdependence between health expenditures and the efficiency of health system in this sample of countries. The research is conducted through descriptive statistics and correlation and regression analysis. The conclusions can be useful for the EU policy makers in formulating a strategy to improve the efficiency of Member States’ health systems and preparedness for possible new pandemics.

PL

Pandemia COVID-19 ujawniła niewystarczające zasoby krajów na całym świecie do radzenia sobie z globalnymi chorobami zakaźnymi i podkreśliła potrzebę poprawy międzynarodowych ram bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego. Wydajny i kompleksowy system opieki zdrowotnej, który jest w stanie poradzić sobie z sytuacjami kryzysowymi dotyczącymi zdrowia publicznego, jest niezbędnym warunkiem wzmocnienia bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego. Artykuł analizuje efektywność systemów opieki zdrowotnej w krajach Unii Europejskiej (UE) i ich reakcję na pandemię COVID-19. Badanie obejmuje 27 krajów UE i opiera się na danych wtórnych zawartych w raporcie Global Health Security Index 2019. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja kluczowych determinant poprawy efektywności systemów ochrony zdrowia w UE oraz zbadanie współzależności między wydatkami na zdrowie a efektywnością systemu ochrony zdrowia w tej grupie krajów. Badania uwzględniają statystyki opisowe oraz analizę korelacji i regresji. Wnioski mogą być przydatne dla decydentów UE przy formułowaniu strategii poprawy efektywności systemów opieki zdrowotnej państw członkowskich oraz gotowości na ewentualne nowe pandemie.

11

Natural Resources in Function of Sustainable and Competitive Toursim Development of the EU Countries

Stanišić Tanja, Milićević Snežana, Krstić Bojan

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

|

Vol. 17, nr 1

64--70

EN

Natural resources are the base of tourism development and competitive position in the tourism market of many tourist destinations. At the same time, the issue of their use in the function of tourism development is very complex and must be based on the idea of sustainability. The paper examines the importance of natural resources for the competitiveness of tourism in the European Union (EU). The aim of this paper is to consider the relationship of natural resources and tourism competitiveness in the EU countries, as well as to identify countries of good practice, but also countries that require improvement of natural tourism attractions and their activation in function of competitive and sustainable tourism development. In accordance with the defined aim of the research, correlation and cluster analysis are applied in the paper. The results of the research can benefit the creators of tourism development policy, because they enable the selection of indicators of availability and attractiveness of natural resources that can be improved, as well as countries in which special attention should be paid to more successful tourism valorization of natural resources.

PL

Zasoby naturalne są podstawą rozwoju turystyki i pozycji konkurencyjnej na rynku turystycznym wielu destynacji turystycznych. Jednocześnie kwestia ich wykorzystania w funkcji rozwoju turystyki jest bardzo złożona i musi zgodna z ideą zrównoważonego rozwoju. Artykuł analizuje znaczenie zasobów naturalnych dla konkurencyjności turystyki w krajach Unii Europejskiej (UE). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest rozważenie relacji zasobów naturalnych i konkurencyjności turystycznej w krajach UE, a także wskazanie krajów dobrych praktyk, ale także krajów, które wymagają zmian w traktowaniu przyrodniczych atrakcji turystycznych i ich aktywizacji w funkcji konkurencyjnej i zrównoważonej rozwój turystyki. Zgodnie z wyznaczonym celem badań w pracy zastosowano analizę korelacji i skupień. Wyniki badań mogą przynieść korzyści twórcom polityki rozwoju turystyki, ponieważ pozwalają na dobór wskaźników dostępności i atrakcyjności zasobów przyrodniczych, które można poprawić, a także krajów, w których należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę na skuteczniejszą waloryzację turystyczną zasobów naturalnych.

12

Evaluation of Social Protection Performance in EU Countries: Multiple-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

Marković Milan, Stanković Jelena J., Digkoglou Panagiota, Marjanović Ivana

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2022

|

Vol. 17, nr 2

124--132

EN

The paper aims to rank European Union (EU) countries according to the composite index, which uses selected social protection indicators from the relevant database at EU level – Eurostat. The total score of social performance for 2020 was determined using the CRITIC-TOPSIS framework. The study showed that Austria, Luxembourg and Germany, respectively, had the best level of social protection, while Latvia, Romania and Spain were at the bottom, as the countries with the worst values of indicators. The importance of research is reflected in the fact that the social component of sustainable development is still not sufficiently researched, especially when it comes to the application of multi-criteria analysis methods in the empirical analysis of social sustainability. In this regard, depending on the obtained performance values, socio-economic policymakers can redesign existing measures and programs, as well as the amounts of social transfers to certain EU member states. The authors expect that the results of the study will help build higher social standards and well-being in the EU.

13

Determinants of public debt in EU countries

Toth Peter, Tkacova Andrea, Gavurova Beata, Pechova Victoria

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2022

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

406--424

EN

Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, governments must support their economy to prevent a possible recession which will lead to an increase in public debt. Therefore, it is necessary to know important determinants of public debt. This paper provides an analysis of public debt determinants. The main aim of the article is to identify the impact of specific variables on the level of public debt in EU countries by using econometric methods. The article analyses studies that focus on determinants of public debt, and it defines ten fundamental independent (explanatory) variables. Panel data regression model is used to monitor the impact of these variables on an independent variable - public debt, while it uses data from 1999 to 2019. The model’s results show that the growth of variables, such as current account balance of payments, budget balance, public administration investments, inflation rate, and GDP growth, lead to reducing public debt in EU countries. On the other hand, the increase in variables, such as annual population density change and budget expenditure, leads to public debt growth. The impact of both, unemployment rate and purchasing power parity, on public debt is insignificant based on the study results.

PL

W związku z pandemią Covid-19 rządy muszą wspierać swoją gospodarkę, aby zapobiec ewentualnej recesji, która doprowadzi do wzrostu długu publicznego. Dlatego konieczna jest znajomość ważnych determinant długu publicznego. Artykuł zawiera analizę determinant długu publicznego. Głównym celem artykułu jest identyfikacja wpływu poszczególnych zmiennych na poziom długu publicznego w krajach UE za pomocą metod ekonometrycznych. Artykuł analizuje badania, które koncentrują się na determinantach długu publicznego i definiuje dziesięć podstawowych zmiennych niezależnych (objaśniających). Panelowy model regresji danych służy do monitorowania wpływu tych zmiennych na zmienną niezależną - dług publiczny, natomiast wykorzystuje dane z lat 1999- 2019. Wyniki modelu pokazują, że wzrost zmiennych, takich jak bilans płatniczy obrotów bieżących, saldo budżetowe , inwestycje administracji publicznej, inflacja i wzrost PKB prowadzą do redukcji długu publicznego w krajach UE. Z drugiej strony wzrost zmiennych, takich jak roczna zmiana gęstości zaludnienia i wydatki budżetowe, prowadzi do wzrostu długu publicznego. Wpływ zarówno stopy bezrobocia, jak i parytetu siły nabywczej na dług publiczny jest, jak wynika z wyników badań, nieznaczny.

14

Gospodarka odpadami budowlanymi i rozbiórkowymi w europejskiej strategii zrównoważonego rozwoju - stan i perspektywa

Ulewicz Małgorzata

Przegląd Budowlany

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2021

|

R. 92, nr 10

49--53

PL

Sektor budowlany generuje duże ilości odpadów, które powstają zarówno na etapie wznoszenia obiektów budowlanych, jak i podczas ich demontażu. W krajach Unii Europejskiej w 2018 roku wytworzono ponad 834 mln Mg odpadów budowlanych i rozbiórkowych, co stanowiło 36% wszystkich wytworzonych odpadów. Gospodarka tymi odpadami w poszczególnych krajach UE jest bardzo zróżnicowana, a średni poziom recyklingu tych odpadów mieści się w granicach 10-90%. W artykule scharakteryzowano najważniejsze europejskie akty prawne pozwalające na realizację strategii budownictwa zrównoważonego oraz zidentyfikowano przeszkody dla efektywnego procesu recyklingu. Ponadto przedstawiono analizę poziomu generowanych odpadów budowlanych i rozbiórkowych w krajach UE ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odpadów wytwarzanych w Polsce.

EN

The construction sector generates large amounts of waste, which is generated both at the stage of bringing in construction objects and during their dismantling. In 2018, over 834 million Mg of construction and demolition waste was generated in the European Union countries, which accounted for 36% of all generated waste. The management of this waste in individual EU countries is very diversified, and the average level of recycling of this waste ranges from 10 to 90%. The article describes the most important European legal acts enabling the implementation of the sustainable building strategy and identifies obstacles to an effective recycling process. In addition, an analysis of the level of construction and demolition waste generated in EU countries was presented, with particular emphasis on waste generated in Poland.

15

Tutak Magdalena

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 4, Iss. 1

86--96

EN

Energy and climate issues are an essential part of the sustainable development process of the EU countries. They are also one of the primary objectives of international policy, as evidenced by their inclusion in Agenda 2030, adopted by the UN in 2015 among the Sustainable Development Goals. The implementation of these goals is also taking place in the EU countries. Although climate protection and energy transition activities have been undertaken in the EU for years, individual countries significantly vary in this regard. The aim of the research, the results of which are presented in this paper, was to analyze similarities between the EU countries in terms of sustainable energy and climate development. The analysis was conducted for all EU countries, based on 14 indicators characterizing energy and climate sustainability, in energy, climate, social and economic dimensions. Kohonen’s artificial neural networks were used for analysis. The research was conducted for data from the period between 2009-2018. The results showed that in the studied period (10 years), significant differences were found between the EU countries. A high level of energy and climate development was reported for Sweden, Denmark, Austria and France, among other states, and a low level for e.g., the Czech Republic, Poland and Bulgaria.

16

Podejście normowe dotyczące napowietrzenia mieszanki betonowej na podstawie wymagań różnych krajów

Kaprzyk Przemysław

Materiały Budowlane

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2021

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nr 10

42--43

17

Assessment of the competitiveness of the furniture industry – a lesson from the largest exporting EU countries

Grzegorzewska Emilia

Drewno : prace naukowe, doniesienia, komunikaty

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2021

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vol. 64, nr 208

149--168

EN

A study was carried out to determine the level of competitiveness of the furniture industry in selected EU countries, using result-oriented indicators. The analysis of international competitiveness covered individual product groups, which allowed investigation of the situation of not only the entire furniture industry, but also its particular branches. The research showed that Poland and Italy have achieved the highest comparative advantages in trade in furniture, and in the case of the Polish furniture industry, positive development trends were observed. Germany – the largest furniture exporter in the EU – demonstrated a much lower level of competitiveness, and the significant value of furniture industry products imported to that country results in a growing foreign trade deficit. Unfavourable values of the competitiveness indicators and generally negative tendencies during the analysed period were obtained for almost all of the distinguished groups of furniture in the case of the UK, which was a net importer in this area.

18

The importance of large enterprises for the development of the furniture industry in the selected EU countries

Grzegorzewska Emilia

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2020

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No. 109

116--125

EN

The importance of large enterprises for the development of the furniture industry in the selected EU countries. In theoretical and empirical research, the role of small and medium-sized enterprises in the economic development of the country is usually explicitly emphasized, highlighting their importance for innovation and competitiveness of the economy. However, despite the small percentage of companies employing over 249 persons in most industries, these enterprises generate a significant value of industrial production and to a large extent create jobs. The main purpose of the research was to assess the importance of large companies for the development of the furniture industry in the selected EU countries. Five European Community countries were selected for the research, which are among the largest furniture manufacturers (Italy, Germany, Poland, Great Britain and France). A comparative analysis was carried out against all Member States of the Community, and the time range of the research covered the years 2010-2017. The analysis shows that overall, the importance of large enterprises for the development of the EU furniture industry has increased, although these trends were varied in analysed countries. The countries selected for the analysis play a significant role in creating value in production and jobs in the EU furniture industry. Enterprises with the highest level of employment are of great importance for the increase in production and the development of the labour market in this industry. These economic entities constituted less than 1% of the total functioning enterprises. The added value per employee in enterprises employing over 249 persons in the EU was clearly higher than the average for business entities in general.

PL

Znaczenie dużych przedsiębiorstw dla rozwoju branży meblarskiej w wybranych krajach UE. W badaniach teoretyczno-empirycznych zazwyczaj wyraźnie akcentuje się rolę małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w rozwoju gospodarczym kraju, podkreślając ich znaczenie dla innowacyjności i konkurencyjności gospodarki. Jednak, pomimo niewielkiego odsetka firm zatrudniających powyżej 249 osób w większości gałęzi przemysłu, przedsiębiorstwa te generują znaczną wartość produkcji przemysłowej i w dużym stopniu kreują miejsca pracy Głównym celem prowadzonych badań było przeprowadzenie oceny znaczenia dużych firm dla rozwoju branży meblarskiej wybranych krajów UE. Do badań wybrano pięć krajów Wspólnoty Europejskiej zaliczanych do największych producentów mebli (Włochy, Niemcy, Polskę, Wielką Brytanię i Francję). Analizę porównawczą przeprowadzono na tle wszystkich państw członkowskich Wspólnoty, a zakres czasowy badań przyjęto na lata 2010-2017. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że tendencje te można zaobserwować w przemyśle meblarskim, chociaż wpływ dużych przedsiębiorstw na rozwój tej branży był zróżnicowany. Wybrane do analizy kraje odgrywają znaczącą rolę w tworzeniu wartości produkcji i kreowaniu miejsc pracy w przemyśle meblarskim UE. Duże znaczenie dla wzrostu produkcji i rozwoju rynku pracy w tej branży mają przedsiębiorstwa o największym poziomie zatrudnienia. Te podmioty gospodarcze stanowiły mniej niż 1% ogółu funkcjonujących przedsiębiorstw. Wartość dodana w przeliczeniu na zatrudnionego w przedsiębiorstwach zatrudniających powyżej 249 osób w UE była wyraźnie wyższa niż średnio w podmiotach gospodarczych.

19

Business activity intensification processes in European Union member states, including Poland

Adamczyk-Łojewska Grażyna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2019

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z. 139

9--23

EN

The article presents results of research covering a fourteen-year time period (2004-2018) in which changes of the labour productivity level occurring in EU Member States were analysed. The results of the said research characterise progress of these countries in the business activity intensification process, i.e. improvement of applied technical and organisational methods, and the economic structure. Labour productivity was analysed in the paper from the macroeconomic perspective, i.e. measured with gross value added (GVA) per worker in the total economy, including three sectors: agricultural, industry and construction, and services. A scale of a labour productivity change as part of the Community and a group of 15 countries of the former EU, and a group of 12 new Member States and individual countries, were determined in this range. Tendencies of changes taking place in the years 2004-2018 with regard to the productivity diversity across 28 EU Member States and the development of cross-sectoral productivity relations, as well as changes in positions of respective countries as part of the Community in terms of the productivity level were determined.

20

Challenges and opportunities of the Maritime Silk Road initiative for EU countries

Oziewicz Ewa, Bednarz Joanna

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2019

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nr 59 (131)

110--119

EN

The Maritime Silk Road of the 21st Century (MSR) is one of the two largest and most ambitious projects announced by Xi Jinping in 2013, under the current name, the Belt and Road Initiative. The main aim of this paper is to assess the opportunities and risks of the maritime portion of this project for EU countries. The authors would like to draw the attention of readers to the possible goals behind the MSR, especially now, when numerous doubts connected with the Chinese initiative have risen. The authors analyze the situation and the consequences of the MSR Initiative for European ports and shipping companies, as well as for other infrastructure and sectors connected with seaborne trade as a part of the blue economy. The MSR creates not only opportunities for developing a blue economy in EU countries, but also competitive risks. EU countries should keep in mind the growing importance of the blue economy for China (including marine industries, the exploitation of ocean resources, and services such as tourism and transport), especially since it already currently represents around 10% of Chinese GDP. It is also worth highlighting that the sea lanes of communication from China to Europe through the Malacca-Suez route are among the busiest in the world. Twenty-five percent of world trade passes through the Malacca Strait alone. This should convince EU countries to pay more attention to China’s activity at sea.