Produkcja, spełnienie wymagań – wprowadzenie na rynek, użytkowanie, degradacja i wycofanie z użytkowania. To cykl życia produktu. W artykule zatrzymamy się nad problematyką oceny stanu technicznego kamizelek ochronnych o intensywnej widzialności zwanych również „odblaskowymi”. Wynikiem tej oceny może być decyzja o dalszym użytkowaniu lub wycofaniu z użycia. Niestety kamizelki ochronne, jako warstwa wierzchnia są narażone na oddziaływanie czynników niszczących (degradujących). Ich trwałość jest ograniczona głównie trwałością taśm odblaskowych, których właściwości znacząco obniżają się w wyniku narażenia na warunki środowiskowe szczególnie w przypadku warunków pracy na zewnątrz. Czynnikami wpływającymi na przyśpieszone starzenie i skrócenie czasu przydatności są: promieniowanie słoneczne, woda deszczowa, śnieg, ujemne i dodatnie temperatury, czynniki mechaniczne związane z wykonywaną pracą fizyczną oraz powyższe czynniki występujące jednocześnie. Długość czasu przydatności, postepowanie podczas użytkowania, konserwacji, przechowywania, wytyczne dotyczące oceny stanu technicznego odzieży ochronnej o intensywnej widzialności powinny być określone w instrukcji użytkowania. Przeprowadzono analizę informacji udostępnianych w instrukcjach przez 10 producentów kamizelek ostrzegawczych. Uzyskane wnioski pozwolą producentom na poszerzenie wiedzy i weryfikację zapisów publikowanych w instrukcji oraz podniesienie świadomości użytkowników odzieży o intensywnej widzialności.
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Production, compliance with requirements, introduction to the market, use, degradation and withdrawing from use. This is the product life cycle. The article will focus on assessing the technical condition of high-visibility protective vests. This assessment may result in a decision regarding continued use or withdrawing. Unfortunately, protective vests, as a top layer clothing, are exposed to destructive (degrading) factors. Their durability is limited primarily by the durability of the reflective tapes, whose properties significantly decrease as a result of exposure to environmental conditions, especially in outdoor works. Factors influencing accelerated aging and reduced the expiration date include: solar radiation, rainwater, snow, negative and positive temperatures, mechanical factors related to physical work, and the above factors occurring simultaneously. The length of expiration time, use conditions, maintenance, storage, and guidelines for assessing the technical condition of high-visibility protective clothing should be specified in the user manual. An analysis of information provided in manuals by 10 reflective vest manufacturers was conducted. The obtained conclusions will allow manufacturers to expand their knowledge and verify the provisions published in the manuals, as well as to raise awareness among users of high-visibility clothing.
Materia organiczna gleby decyduje o żyzności i trwałości ekosystemów rolniczych. Stanowi od 1% do 6% masy gleby i obejmuje resztki roślinne, zwierzęce wraz z produktami ich mikrobiologicznego rozkładu, wśród których przeważają stabilne związki humusowe bogate w węgiel organiczny. Intensyfikacja użytkowania pól uprawnych i zachodzące zmiany klimatyczne powodują zubażanie gleby w materię organiczną, czego skutkiem jest degradacja gleb: spadek retencji wodnej, erozja i niedobory składników pokarmowych. W Polsce, IUNG na zlecenie GIOŚ prowadzi monitoring (1995-2020) stanu gleb, które wykazują silne zróżnicowanie regionalne ze względu na średnią zawartość próchnicy w glebie.
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Soil organic matter determines the fertility and stability of agricultural ecosystems. It constitutes from 1% to 6% of soil mass and includes plant and animal residues together with the products of their microbiological decomposition, among which stable humus compounds rich in organic carbon predominate. The intensification of arable land use and ongoing climate change lead to the depletion of soil organic matter, resulting in soil degradation: decreased water retention, erosion, and nutrient deficiencies. In Poland, the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation (IUNG), commissioned by the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (GIOŚ), has been conducting soil monitoring (1995-2020), which shows strong regional differentiation in terms of the average humus content in soils.
Ocena stanu konstrukcji wielkopłytowych jest niezbędna do zapewnienia bezpiecznej eksploatacji oraz określenia właściwych sposobów prac remontowych i modernizacyjnych. Ze względu na dużą liczbę obiektów metodyka badawcza powinna dostarczać danych potrzebnych do podjęcia decyzji w sposób szybki i jednocześnie wystarczająco dokładny. W artykule przedstawiono podsumowanie dotychczasowych analiz związanych z oceną przydatności różnych metod badawczych do badań budynków wielkopłytowych. W oparciu o te badania sformułowano praktyczne zalecenia, proponując konkretne metodyki badawcze. Dodatkowo przedstawiono przykłady analizy wpływu typowych wad na pracę konstrukcji i wzrost naprężeń występujących w elementach konstrukcyjnych.
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The condition assessment of large-panel structures is necessary to ensure safe operation and to determine the appropriate ways of repair and retrofitting works. Due to the large number of structures, the testing methodology should provide the data needed to make decisions quickly and, at the same time, with sufficient accuracy. The paper presents a summary of analyses to date related to the assessment of the suitability of various survey methods for the investigation of large-panel buildings. Based on these studies, practical recommendations were formulated by proposing specific research methodologies. Additionally, examples of the analysis of the impact of typical degradation on the structure’s work were provided.
This article presents a literature review on the carbonization of plastic waste as a modern approach to waste recycling and a source of renewable energy. The second part of the review discusses the thermal stability of carbonized products, including PE, PP, PS, and PET. This paper also provides potential future applications of carbonized plastic waste.
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W artykule przedstawiono przegląd literatury na temat karbonizacji odpadów z tworzyw sztucznych jako nowoczesnego podejścia do recyklingu odpadów i źródła energii odnawialnej. W drugiej części przeglądu omówiono właściwości termiczne karbonizowanych materiałów polimerowych m.in. PE, PP, PS i PET.
Nevertheless, no comprehensive studies have been conducted thus far to evaluate the influence of environmental factors on the mechanical performance of sandstones quarried and used as façade materials in Poland. Experimental investigations carried out on sandstones from Śmiłów, Żerkowice, and Skała, extracted from existing building façades, revealed substantial degradation in their mechanical strength. The findings also highlighted deficiencies in current evaluation protocols for natural stone materials intended for use in ventilated façade systems. Petrographic and microscopic analyses demonstrated that the loss of structural integrity in the examined sandstones is primarily due to the development of multidirectional microcracks propagating through mineral grains, and, in near‑surface zones, the breakdown of grain‑to‑grain contacts leading to granular disintegration. These deterioration mechanisms were initiated and accelerated by repeated freeze‑thaw cycles associated with the infiltration of meteoric water. The ingress of water was facilitated by the high total porosity of the material, exceeding 20%, as well as by the presence of an interconnected pore network, which significantly enhanced water permeability and retention within the stone matrix.
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Dotychczas nie przeprowadzono badań wpływu środowiska na parametry wytrzymałościowe piaskowców wydobywanych i stosowanych na elewacje w Polsce. Wyniki badań piaskowców Śmiłów, Żerkowice i Skała, pochodzących z elewacji budynków, wykazały znaczne zmniejszenie ich wytrzymałości na zginanie oraz braki w stosowanych metodach weryfikacji materiałów kamiennych, stanowiących podstawę do ich stosowania jako materiału okładzinowego w elewacjach wentylowanych. Badania mikroskopowe wykazały, że powodem obniżenia zwięzłości piaskowców jest powstanie w ich wnętrzu wielokierunkowych spękań obejmujących ziarna, a w ich zewnętrznej części, zerwanie połączeń między ziarnami i ich wykruszanie się. Zmiany te zostały wywołane cyklicznym zamarzaniem i rozmarzaniem wody pochodzącej z opadów atmosferycznych. Jej wnikaniu w głąb kamieni sprzyjała ich znaczna porowatość, wynosząca ponad 20% oraz system połączonych porów.
Fluvial sedimentation refers to the deposition of materials transported by water along the river, which can reduce the river’s holding capacity. Over time, the process has become a serious global issue, significantly contributing to recurrent flooding. This study aims to develop a sediment rating curve and transport model to address the high sedimentation in the Krueng Langsa River, an issue requiring urgent action. The data set includes bedload measurements using a grab sampler, suspended load collected using a 1-dm3 scale plastic bottle, hydrometric measurements using a currentmeter, as well as planned flood discharge, river geometry, and roughness. Sediment transport was modelled using the HEC-RAS 6.1 application. The results indicated sediment transport and movement (τ0 > τc). Based on the sediment rating curve, the regression equations were: Qs = 0.0707Qw2 + 109.72Qw (upstream), Qs = 0.0075Qw2 + 122.25Qw (midstream), and Qs = 0.0043Qw2 + 103.97Qw (downstream), where Qs is the sediment discharge and Qw is the water discharge. The coefficient of determination (R2) values were 0.9761 (upstream), 0.9782 (midstream), and 0.9796 (downstream), indicating an excellent correlation close to 1. The sediment transport model revealed changes in the riverbed due to sediment movement, with degradation of 0.365 m at the upstream review point (RS 346), aggradation of 1.655 m at the midstream point (RS 270), and aggradation of 0.218 m at the downstream point (RS 209). Extreme aggradation occurred at RS 364 (2.08 m), while extreme degradation occurred at RS 271 (0.482 m). The sediment rating curve and transport model provide valuable river improvement and management insights, offering a potential solution for mitigating recurrent flooding.
Obniżona czystość zasysanego powietrza ma bezpośredni wpływ na procesy przyśpieszonego zużycia elementów krytycznych silnika, jego niezawodność i bezpieczeństwo wykonywania misji lotniczej. Omawiana tematyka została zobrazowana przykładami, m.in. wpływu pyłu wulkanicznego i piasku na erozję łopatek wentylatora, sprężarki i turbiny oraz wpływu zanieczyszczenia traktu gazodynamicznego na przebieg wybranych parametrów pracy silnika turbowentylatorowego. W artykule wykonano analizę przepisów lotniczych i instrukcji eksploatacji statków powietrznych oraz rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych w za-kresie przeciwdziałania potencjalnym zagrożeniom związanym z negatywnym oddziaływaniem zapylenia. Dokonano przeglądu doświadczeń eksploatacyjnych różnych użytkowników statków powietrznych oraz wykorzystano w ramach badań własnych wyniki przeglądów endoskopowych turbinowych silników śmigłowcowych.
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Reduced purity of the intake air has a direct impact on the processes of accelerated wear and tear of critical engine elements, its reliability and the safety of performing the aviation mission. The topics discussed were illustrated with examples, including the impact of volcanic dust and sand on the erosion of fan, compressor and turbine blades, and the impact of gasodynamic tract contamination on the performance of selected parameters of a turbofan engine. The article performs an analysis of aviation regulations and aircraft operating instructions, as well as design solutions for counteracting potential hazards related to the negative impact of dust. The operational experience of various aircraft users was reviewed and the results of endoscopic inspections of helicopter turbine engines were used as part of own research.
Climate change has a significant impact on soil physicochemical properties due to elevated temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns. The physical and chemical analysis of six topsoil types in the buffer zone of Tram Chim National Park indicated that the soil texture is primarily clay, with percentages greater than 40%, bulk density ranges from 0.62 to 1.18 (g/cm3 ), followed by silt (28.50 - 37.90%) and sand (19.40 - 28.93%). There is no significant difference in the pH of all topsoil types, which ranges from acidic to slightly acidic (pHKCl: 3.81 – 4.78). The cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil is medium to high (17.88 - 27.83 meq/100g of soil) and nutrients including organic matters (OM) and total nitrogen (N), are rich to very rich (OM: 4.24 - 19.05%; N: 0.21 - 0.37%). These topsoil types are good at adsorbing plant nutrient cations. However, total potassium (K20) and total phosphorus (P205) are low, and total sulfur (SO4 2- ) is at low - medium levels (approximately 0.042-0.08%), which is toxic and harmful to plants. Total soluble salts (TSS) of all samples are at a very low level (< 0.16%). In contrast, for Gleyic Acrisols (Xf), the percentage of sand is the highest, and clay is the lowest. Its cation-exchange capacity and nutrients are almost lower than those of the analyzed topsoil samples in the study. With increasing temperature, drought, and decreasing rainfall in both amount and frequency, the topsoil layer is more frequently exposed to high surface temperatures, leading to heavy acidification, nutrient reduction, and soil degradation.
The paper presents the reliability study of field-aged photovoltaic connectors of different makes, collected from utility and rooftop solar plants across India, exposed to diverse climatic conditions with operational life of two to ten years. Tests conforming to IEC 62852 are conducted on both field-aged and control samples including Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM) to elucidate aging mechanisms, failure modes, potential hazards, and changes in electrical and mechanical performance due to environmental and operational stresses. On-site field survey and testing reveal poor workmanship and maintenance of connectors. Laboratory testing reveals that samples with less than six years of operational life have a low contact resistance and remain relatively stable or have a marginal linear increase after undergoing thermal and damp heat testing. However, samples with operational life of six years or more sampled from regions with extreme climatic regions have shown a high contact resistance in a nonlinear pattern increasing to 300% in the thermal cycle and up to 600% in damp heat test, beyond the permissible limits of 150% from the initial value. In SEM analysis fretting was observed on connectors which had shown high contact resistance with marginal polymer deterioration.
Tetracycline contamination adversely affects aquatic ecosystems and increases the likelihood of antibiotic-resistant bacterium development, posing substantial risks to both environmental and human health. Consequently, there is a pressing need for efficient technologies to break down and eliminate tetracycline from water sources. This study aimed to synthesis a Fe3O4 /Chi-PVA@NiO composite for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline. Crosslinked chitosan (Chi) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were applied to enhance the mechanical strength and increasing the physical and chemical stability of composites. XRD, UV-DRS, SEM-EDS, VSM, and FTIR were employed for characterization. The composite material exhibits magnetic characteristic, evidenced by a saturation magnetization of 67.13 emu/g and a band gap measuring 1.86 eV. The magnetic characteristics enhance the separation efficiency of the composite following the photocatalytic process with an external magnet and low band gap values, which enable degradation to occur under visible light radiation. The maximum degradation efficiency was attained at a pH of 5, a tetracycline concentration of 20 mg/L, a composite dosage of 0.5 g/L, and an irradiation time of 100 min with a degradation efficiency of 98.20%. The rate of degradation kinetics approximates a pseudo-first-order model in which the value of the degradation constant decreases as the concentration of tetracycline increases. The catalyst exhibited outstanding stability and reusability, achieving a high degradation efficiency of 94.10% over five consecutive cycles. The FTIR analysis revealed no notable alterations in the functional groups of the composite both prior and following the photocatalytic degradation process. This research offers an efficient and eco-friendly approach for removing tetracycline contaminants from the environment.
Linpan settlements are characterized by rich biodiversity and play a critical role in the region's ecological and economic systems. They are significant carrier of agricultural civilization in the Chengdu Plain. However, rapid urbanization has resulted in the degradation of Linpan settlements, with the gradual reduction and even disappearance of natural landscape elements such as traditional agricultural land, woodlands, and water systems. Hence, this paper aims to explore the relationship between Linpan settlements and plant diversity to identify how plant diversity influences Linpan elements and supports biodiversity. This study investigates the distribution characteristics of Linpans in the Chengdu Plain by selecting 60 representative Linpans, categorized into four types: ecological, agricultural, agritourism, and functional industrial. Moreover, plant diversity and landscape unit characteristics were examined, and plant communities were analyzed using the Margalef richness index, Hurlbert diversity index, and Pielou evenness index. The findings indicate the agricultural Linpans exhibit significant advantages in species diversity, plant variety, and community structural integrity. Functional industrial and agritourism Linpans demonstrate lower vegetation coverage and simplified community structures, primarily due to anthropogenic disturbances. Additionally, the complexity of landscape unit structures positively influences the stability and diversity of plant communities. However, rational adjustments to land use patterns and an increased proportion of natural landscape elements are essential to improving landscape continuity and enhancing ecological functionality. Finally, the findings emphasize the number of landscape elements has a measurable impact on species diversity indices, relatively complex landscape structures promote the stable development of plant communities and Linpan settlements.
This article discusses the state of preservation of one of the military facilities of the Klodzko Fortress. Fort Owcza Góra, was built in the 18th century on the opposite shore of the Nysa Klodzka River. The White Barracks, which are part of Owcza Góra Fort, were built at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. Over the years they changed their function and use. In the second half of the 20th century, the facility was abandoned and was subject to a process of degradation over the next few decades. In 2018, the barracks underwent a detailed inventory and technical condition assessment. The documentation allowed a precise estimation of the scale of damage and the location of the damage, making it possible to plan appropriate conservation and repair measures. In the next stage, a project was developed to revalue the White Barracks for service purposes, while preserving the historic form and character of the building. The project was carried out by the ARCHI-S design studio. The investment was completed and the building was put into use in 2023.
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W niniejszym artykule omówiona została problematyka stanu zachowania jednego z obiektów militarnych Twierdzy Kłodzko. Fort Owcza Góra został wzniesiony w XVIII w. na przeciwległym brzegu Nysy Kłodzkiej. Koszary Białe, będące częścią Fortu Owcza Góra, zostały wybudowane na przełomie XVIII i XIX w. Na przestrzeni lat zmieniały swoją funkcję i sposób użytkowania, pierwotne zakwaterowanie dla żołnierzy przekształcono kolejno w składy i magazyny wojskowe, więzienie, zaplecze techniczne oraz siedziby hurtowni. W II poł. XX w. obiekt został opuszczony i przez kolejne kilkadziesiąt lat podlegał procesom degradacji. W 2018 r. koszary poddano szczegółowej inwentaryzacji i ocenie stanu technicznego. Dokumentacja pozwoliła na precyzyjne oszacowanie skali zniszczeń oraz lokalizację uszkodzeń, umożliwiając planowanie odpowiednich działań konserwatorskich i naprawczych. Na kolejnym etapie opracowano projekt rewaloryzacji Koszar Białych na cele usługowe, przy zachowaniu historycznej formy, i przywrócenia pierwotnego charakteru budynku. Projekt został wykonany przez pracownię ARCHI-S. Inwestycję zrealizowano i w 2023 r. obiekt oddano do użytku.
Aluminum alloys (AAs) are pivotal materials in modern aircraft due to their superior mechanical properties and low weight. The structural integrity of these alloys, crucial for aircraft safety, heavily depends on heat treatment processes that alter their mechanical characteristics. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, such as eddy current (EC) conductivity measurements, play a vital role in assessing these alloys throughout their lifecycle. EC methods enable the measurement of electrical conductivity, a structure-sensitive parameter that correlates with mechanical properties affected by heat treatments and operational stresses. This paper reviews the application of EC conductivity measurements in the aerospace industry, focusing on their role in assessing AA structural integrity. It discusses how EC methods can penetrate non-conductive coatings, crucial for in-service measurements without surface removal. Recent developments include a novel small-size EC probe and signal processing algorithms aimed at enhancing sensitivity to conductivity changes through dielectric coatings, up to 0.5 mm thick, commonly found in aircraft structures. Key findings include analyses of specific electrical conductivity (SEC) changes in AAs due to heat treatment deviations and long-term operational stresses, crucial for predicting residual life and maintaining safety standards. Case studies on aircraft wing skins and helicopter rotor blades demonstrate the practical application of EC conductivity meters in identifying critical damage zones. The methodology proves effective in evaluating localized degradation based on SEC distributions, thereby enhancing maintenance efficiency and aircraft safety. Overall, this research underscores the significance of EC conductivity measurements in advancing NDE practices for AAs in aircraft applications. The methodologies and findings presented aim to improve safety, durability assessment, and maintenance efficiency in the aerospace industry.
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Markets and squares are one of the most important urban spaces, both in terms of function and and urban layout. Through changes over the years in their functioning, many of them have begun to lose their attractiveness. Unfortunately, in many cases, efforts to restore the former splendor of urban layouts result in the deepening of progressive degradation. Through the use of comparative analysis, it was decided to show how the markets and squares in the Wielkopolska region have changed in recent years and to identify the directions of revitalization activities that negatively affect both space and the environment.
In the quest for sustainable water purification methods, electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) emerge as pivotal strategies against organic pollutants. This study delves into the efficacy of the Electro-Fenton process, a distinguished AOP that leverages the in-situ generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via the electrochemical reduction of oxygen. By conducting systematic experiments in deionized water, we evaluate the influence of catalyst concentration, applied current density, and cathode material selection on the degradation kinetics of marbofloxacin – a model pharmaceutical pollutant. Employing advanced statistical and kinetic modeling, our investigation reveals critical insights into the process dynamics, uncovering the nuanced interplay between operational parameters and degradation efficiency. The findings substantiate the Electro-Fenton process as an environmentally advantageous and effective solution for water decontamination and advancing the field of water purification technology.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań in situ oraz laboratoryjnych niemetalicznych powłok ochronnych zabezpieczających stalowe elementy konstrukcyjne istniejącego i obecnie eksploatowanego mostu wantowego. Zakres badań in situ obejmował określenie stopnia zardzewienia, skredowania oraz przyczepności tych powłok. Natomiast badania laboratoryjne obejmowały obserwacje mikrostrukturalne pobranych powłok malarskich. Uzyskane wyniki badań wykazały całkowitą degradację przedmiotowych powłok ochronnych.
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The article presents the results of in situ and laboratory testing of non-metallic protective coatings protecting the for the structural steel components of the existing and currently operated cable-stayed bridge. The scope of the in situ testing included determining the degree of rusting, chalking and adhesion of these coatings. Laboratory testing included microstructural observations of the paint coatings taken. The obtained test results showed complete degradation of the protective coatings in question.
In this study, a film was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) via the casting method. Nanoparticles were added to PVA biopolymer to create reinforced biocomposite films with different loading contents (2, 4, and 6 wt.%), and they were tested by performing the following assays: the FTIR test, the antibacterial, soil burial test, DSC, AFM, and SEM. The results showed an improvement of the membranes in the antibacterial properties for both Escherichia coli (E. coli, Gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, Gram-positive) when nano-ZnO was added. The biodegradation through weight loss was observed for all samples, and the results showed that the weight loss increased with the increase in ZnO nanoparticle content from 2% to 6% wt. The DSC results showed that the addition of ZnO led to an increase in Tg, and increasing the degree of glass transition led to an increase in the degradation rate. In the FTIR results, only physical interference was observed; no chemical interference was evident. The AFM results showed some agglomerations of nano-ZnO in the PVA matrix led to an increase in the surface roughness of the PVA/nano-ZnO film.
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Dobrej jakości, żyzne gleby są podstawowym elementem środowiska przyrodniczego, w glebie zaczyna się i kończy proces krążenia materii i przepływu energii. Jest ona miejscem gdzie złożone elementy przyrody ożywionej (bioróżnorodność) i nieożywionej spełniają liczne świadczenia ekosystemowe dla wieloelementowej i wielopoziomowej biosfery - w tym człowieka. Zdrowa gleba to zdrowy pokarm i zdrowy człowiek. Gleby, będąc także środkiem infrastruktury dla produkcji rolnej, mają ogromne znaczenie społeczno-gospodarcze. Celem opracowania było pokazanie wybranych charakterystyk gleby i jej roli a także określenie podstawowych działań koniecznych do podjęcia w celu spowolnienia zagrożeń dla jej złożonych funkcji.
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Good quality, fertile soils are a fundamental element of the natural environment, in the soil the process of matter circulation and energy flow begins and ends. It is a place where complex elements of animate nature (biodiversity) and inanimate nature provide numerous ecosystem services for the multi-element and multi-level biosphere - including humans. Healthy soil means healthy food and a healthy human. Soils, being also a means of infrastructure for agricultural production, are of great socio-economic importance. The aim of the study was to show selected characteristics of soil and its role, as well as to determine the basic actions necessary to be taken in order to slow down threats to its complex functions.
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