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1

Mining method selection based on hierarchical clustering and correspondence analysis

Kaykov Dimitar, Mijalkovski Stojance, Arsova-Borisova Kremena

Mining Science

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2025

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Vol. 32

105--117

EN

Selecting an optimal mining method is a complex and critical decision in underground mining, influenced by multiple geological, technical, and economic parameters. This study introduces a novel frame-work that combines Hierarchical Clustering (HC) and Correspondence Analysis (CA) to enhance the selection process by evaluating the consistency and similarity among outcomes from both first-pass methods (UBC and Nicholas) and several multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques (including AHP, EDAS, PROMETHEE II, AHP-PROMETHEE, TOPSIS, and VIKOR). The proposed HC-CA approach identifies consistent conflicts among the considered mining methods and quantifies the agreement among the initial assumptions of the adopted selection procedures. A case study of a Pb-Zn deposit demonstrates that the framework can effectively detect consistent and co-occurring (i.e., conflicting) solutions, such as Cut-and-Fill Stoping, Shrinkage Stoping, and Sublevel Stoping. The results show that the adopted design criteria align more closely with the UBC selection method, compared to the Nicholas selection procedure for the considered deposit. Additionally, applying the HC-CA approach to the input matrices prior to applying the MCDM methods can yield different results, compared to subjecting the MCDM output scores to the proposed framework. This integrative approach extends traditional selection procedures and links them with commonly used MCDM methodologies and unsupervised machine learning methods by enabling flexible strategy development, with the inclusion of considering mixed-mining-method scenarios tailored to the deposit. Additionally, the approach offers improved decision support in early project stages by visualizing affinities among different assumptions and hence potentially mitigating biases during the following design stage.

2

The Multifactorial Approach to Power Quality Analysis in Underground Mining

Beridze Tetiana, Mykhailenko Oleksii, Sinchuk Ihor, Kotiakova Maryna, Rogoza Mykhailo, Jamiński Maciej

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 1, no. 1

133--145

EN

This research presents the development of a multifactorial static multiplicative model for analysing power quality in underground mining power systems. The objective is to synthesize a generalized indicator of power quality by integrating key parameters such as voltage dips and sags, frequency deviations, harmonic distortion, and other critical indicators that influence the energy efficiency and reliability of the electrical network. The proposed model structure was developed using the synthesis method, with its parameters identified through a maladaptive approach based on the least squares method. To validate the model's accuracy, mathematical statistics techniques were employed. As a result, mathematical relationships were derived to evaluate a generalized power quality index using data on voltage drop, frequency deviation, and harmonic distortion. The model, characterized as static and multiplicative, requires full-spectrum quality data for parameter identification via a non-adaptive approach. Comparative accuracy analysis between a single-factor model and the proposed three-factor model revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.951 for the former and 0.923 for the latter. While the multifactor model demonstrates a 2.94% reduction in statistical accuracy, both models qualify as having "very high" reliability according to the Chaddock scale. This confirms the practical applicability of the multifactor approach in real-world mining energy systems. The scientific novelty lies in the improved multifactor model structure that synthesizes multiple quality indicators into a unified framework. Its practical value is evident in applications for managing power flow within industrial microgrids in underground mines, particularly those integrating local power generation sources.

PL

Niniejsze badania przedstawiają opracowanie wieloczynnikowego statycznego modelu multiplikatywnego do analizy jakości energii elektrycznej w podziemnych systemach energetycznych górnictwa. Celem jest synteza uogólnionego wskaźnika jakości energii elektrycznej poprzez integrację kluczowych parametrów, takich jak spadki i zapady napięcia, odchylenia częstotliwości, zniekształcenia harmoniczne i inne krytyczne wskaźniki wpływające na efektywność energetyczną i niezawodność sieci elektrycznej. Proponowaną strukturę modelu opracowano z wykorzystaniem metody syntezy, a jej parametry zidentyfikowano za pomocą podejścia maladaptacyjnego opartego na metodzie najmniejszych kwadratów. Aby zweryfikować dokładność modelu, wykorzystano techniki statystyki matematycznej. W rezultacie wyprowadzono zależności matematyczne do oceny uogólnionego wskaźnika jakości energii elektrycznej, wykorzystując dane dotyczące spadku napięcia, odchylenia częstotliwości i zniekształceń harmonicznych. Model, scharakteryzowany jako statyczny i multiplikatywny, wymaga pełnego spektrum danych jakościowych do identyfikacji parametrów za pomocą podejścia nieadaptacyjnego. Porównawcza analiza dokładności między modelem jednoczynnikowym a proponowanym modelem trójczynnikowym wykazała współczynnik korelacji wynoszący 0,951 dla pierwszego i 0,923 dla drugiego. Chociaż model wieloczynnikowy wykazuje spadek dokładności statystycznej o 2,94%, oba modele charakteryzują się „bardzo wysoką” niezawodnością według skali Chaddocka. Potwierdza to praktyczną przydatność podejścia wieloczynnikowego w rzeczywistych systemach energetycznych górnictwa. Nowość naukowa tkwi w ulepszonej strukturze modelu wieloczynnikowego, która syntetyzuje wiele wskaźników jakości w ujednolicone ramy. Jego praktyczna wartość jest widoczna w zastosowaniach do zarządzania przepływem energii w przemysłowych mikrosieciach w kopalniach podziemnych, zwłaszcza tych integrujących lokalne źródła energii.

3

Bezpieczne i efektywne wydobycie złoża techniką strzałową w warunkach kopalń KGHM Polska Miedź S.A.

Mertuszka Piotr

Cuprum : czasopismo naukowo-techniczne górnictwa rud

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2025

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nr 1-2

43--59

PL

Do pozyskiwania urobku w kopalniach rud miedzi w rejonie Legnicko-Głogowskiego Okręgu Miedziowego, od momentu rozpoczęcia eksploatacji, stosuje się materiały wybuchowe. W oparciu o ponad 50-letnie doświadczenie można wnioskować, że zastąpienie tej techno-logii innymi rozwiązaniami nie będzie w najbliższym czasie możliwe, zarówno z przyczyn ekonomicznych, jak i z uwagi na występowanie coraz trudniejszych warunków górniczo-geologicznych. Obecnie największą grupę materiałów wybuchowych pod względem zużycia stanowią materiały wybuchowe emulsyjne luzem, których stosowanie na skalę przemysłową wdrożono w kopalniach KGHM Polska Miedź S.A. już w roku 2004. Niestety, parametry termodynamiczne tego typu materiałów wybuchowych zależą od szeregu czynników związanych z przyjętą technologią wydobycia. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki wieloletnich badań materiałów wybuchowych emulsyjnych, które potwierdziły, że wiele parametrów robót strzałowych w polskich kopalniach rud miedzi nie zostało jak dotąd zoptymalizowanych i część ładunków odpalanych jest w warunkach, które nie gwarantują odpowiednio dużej efektywności robót strzałowych. Dotyczy to zarówno przebiegu reakcji uczulania materiałów wybuchowych emulsyjnych luzem, jak i wpływu wybranych czynników technologicznych na prędkość detonacji, spośród których wyróżnić należy średnice otworów strzałowych, rodzaj środków inicjujących, temperaturę ładunków czy też czas, który upłynął po-między załadowaniem materiału wybuchowego do otworów strzałowych a odpaleniem. W rezultacie, sformułowano wnioski i zalecenia dotyczące bezpiecznego i efektywnego wydobycia złoża techniką strzałową w warunkach kopalń rud miedzi Legnicko-Głogowskiego Okręgu Miedziowego.

EN

Explosives have been used to extract the deposit from copper mines in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District since the beginning of exploitation. Based on over 50 years of experience, it can be concluded that replacing this technology with other solutions will not be possible soon, both for economic reasons and due to the more and more difficult mining and geologic conditions. Currently, the biggest group of explosives in terms of consumption are bulk emulsion explosives, the use of which on an industrial scale was implemented in the KGHM mines already in 2004. Unfortunately, the thermodynamic parameters of this type of explosive depend on several factors related to the adopted mining method. The article presents the results of many years of research on emulsion explosives, which confirmed that several parameters of blasting operations in the Polish copper mines have not been optimized so far and some of the charges are fired in conditions that do not guarantee sufficiently high blasting efficiency. This applies both to the process of the sensitization reaction of bulk emulsion explosives and to the influence of selected technological factors on the detonation velocity, including the diameter of the blastholes, the type of initiation, the temperature of the charges, and the time that elapsed between loading the explosive into the blastholes and the detonation. As a result, conclusions and recommendations were formulated regarding the safe and efficient extraction of deposits using blasting in the conditions of copper mines in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District.

4

Production Monitoring and Machine Tracking in Underground Mines Based on a Collision Avoidance System: A Case Study

Skoczylas Artur, Duda-Mróz Natalia, Koperska Wioletta, Stefaniak Paweł, Śliwiński Paweł

Computer Assisted Methods in Engineering and Science

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2025

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Vol. 32, no. 2

119--153

EN

In the era of Industry 4.0, one of the key challenges facing underground mines is the real-time tracking of both the production process and machinery movements. Significant emphasis is placed on comprehensive monitoring to achieve situational awareness to ensure informational continuity of operations in dispersed organizations. This knowledge is fundamental for safe and efficient extraction, current production reconciliation, and all operational and planning activities, particularly when considering specialized simulation environments for production optimization. So far, implementations of such solutions on an industrial scale have primarily been encountered in open-pit mines or smaller underground mines. This article presents a solution for machine monitoring and tracking based on data from a collision avoidance system, specifically designed for multi-site underground mining enterprises, where the scale of implementation is incomparably more challenging. This anti-collision system was originally designed for detecting machine-to-machine or machine-to-worker collisions. Consequently, the development of validation algorithms, including error correction and adaptive filtering, was imperative. This also required integration with enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Moreover, it was also essential to enhance the system infrastructure with additional sensors to enable the registration of machine localization in specified mining zones (e.g., heavy machinery chamber, mining area, loading and unloading point). As part of this study, several analytical models (enhanced by machine learning techniques) were developed to identify movement patterns and cooperation among wheeled transport machinery, as well as the entire course of ore logistics within the mining area. Finally, the process of implementing the system in the target environment is presented, along with a description of the user interface, which features manager dashboards for production visualization.

5

Elektric rotary-percussion drilling machine of high power –feasibility study

Kozłowski Artur, Bołoz Łukasz, Smyła Jarosław, Ostapów Lesław

Mining Machines

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2024

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vol. 42, iss. 3

206--218

EN

Rotary-percussion drilling machines are commonly used for drilling hard-to-cut and abrasive rocks. Currently, in underground mining, drilling jumboswith hydraulic drilling machinesand rotary percussion drilling machines are used in chamber-and-pillar systems. The article presents results ofthework aimed at assessing the technical possibilities of creating an electric rotary-percussion drilling machinewith the parameters of currently used hydraulic drills. The biggest challenge is to obtain high impact energy and frequency as well as rotation speed and torque while limiting the weight and size of the drilling machine. The required parameters of the electric drilling machinewere the parametersof thehydraulic drilling machines used at KGHM Polska MiedźS.A.Known and applicable design solutions for electric drilling machines were analysedincluding thereported inventions in Poland and abroad. Then, three design solutions were selected and dynamic model tests were carried out, the main goal of which was to estimate the required torque, which, combined with the rotation speed, determines the power of the electric motor. As a result, thesolution was obtained, which in terms of weight and dimensions does not differ significantly from the hydraulic drilling machines, while at the same time enabling the achievement of similar operational parameters that determine the mechanical drilling speed.

6

Experimental study of stemming applicability in underground hard rock mining

Mertuszka Piotr, Pytlik Mateusz

Materiały Wysokoenergetyczne

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2024

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T. 16

141--150

EN

In this paper, results of experimental studies of stemming applicability for hard rock underground mining are presented. Different stemming materials were examined, including clay, sand, cement slurry, adhesive charge and two types of montage foam. The results of the small scale investigations were evaluated based on the Trauzl lead block test and indicated that cement slurry and clay stemming produced the greatest expansion. Therefore, due to relatively small differences in expansion and the semi-liquid form of the former, the latter was tested underground. However, in situ tests of clay stemming did not provide clear conclusions confirming or rejecting its usefulness for improvement of blasting effectiveness.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań eksperymentalnych dotyczących możliwości zastosowania przybitki w kopalniach podziemnych skał zwięzłych. Przeanalizowano różne rodzaje przybitek, w tym glinę, piasek, zawiesinę cementową, ładunek klejowy i dwa rodzaje piany montażowej. Wyniki badań stanowiskowych ocenione z wykorzystaniem metody bloku ołowianego Trauzla wykazały, że zawiesina cementowa oraz przybitka gliniana spowodowały największe wydęcie. Dlatego też, z uwagi na stosunkowo niewielkie różnice i półpłynną postać pierwszej, druga z nich została przebadana pod ziemią. Wyniki badań przybitki glinianej in situ nie wykazały jednak jednoznacznie jej przydatności w poprawie efektywności robót strzałowych.

7

Application of modern machine diagnostic systems to improve safety in the underground mining proces

Trzop Konrad, Kuric Ivan, Brodny Jarosław, Tutak Magdalena

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2024

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nr 4 (32)

474--483

EN

Currently used machine diagnostic systems are based on very modern solutions based on the acquisition and recording of their operating parameters in real time. Increasingly available and high-tech sensor systems mean that the number of recorded parameters is increasing and their quality is improving. These data are mainly used to assess the technical condition of machines and the processes they perform. In mining, these data can also be used to assess and, at a later stage, improve the safety of the underground mining process. Referring to this issue, the paper presents examples of the use of diagnostic systems for powered roof supports and longwall shearers to assess the safety status of the underground hard coal mining process. In the case of the wall support, the focus was on measuring the pressures in the stands of its individual sections. Temporary changes in the values of these pressures constitute a valuable source of information regarding the interaction of the support with the rock mass. In particular, this concerns the identification of the effects of the informational impact of the rock mass on the longwall excavation protected by the support. The research results presented in the paper, especially in the case of very dangerous dynamic impacts, indicate the possibility of both diagnosing the operating condition of the section and identifying symptoms of exposure to such events. This undoubtedly significantly expands the possibilities of using the measured pressures. Diagnostic signals from a longwall shearer are also widely used. The current intensities drawn by its motors while cutting the rock mass, as well as the advance speed and its position in the wall make it possible to analyze these parameters and their changes before, during and after the occurrence of various types of events. These data enable the assessment of the effects of the rock mass on its operational efficiency and safety status. It also enables the identification of symptoms that precede the occurrence of such events. The presented examples indicate the need for a broader and more holistic approach to the use of diagnostic parameters of mining machines. In particular, this concerns the study of the cooperation between the support and the rock mass and its influence on the efficiency and safety of the rock mass mining process. The subject matter addressed relates to very important and current issues, and the developed methodology and obtained results should be applied in practice as soon as possible.

8

Method of Predicting Surface Subsidence Caused by Underground Mining: A Review

Nguyen Huy Dinh, Tran Trong Dinh, Le Canh Van

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 2, no. 1

41--46

EN

In recent years, there has been a global increase in energy demand, with the extraction of underground mineral energy sources such as coal playing a significant role in the energy supply. However, the extraction of these natural resources always faces many challenges and risks. This process has created large voids, causing an imbalance in the original stress state within the earth and resulting in surface terrain deformations. Therefore, ensuring efficient extraction must be accompanied by safety measures. Among these, predicting surface subsidence due to underground mining is a crucial task. This paper presents an overview of the current method of predicting mining subsidence and their application scope. The result synthesizes various methodologies applied to different regions worldwide. Finally, the findings of this research can provide guidelines for establishing essential requirements for the application of surface displacement forecasting technologies due to underground mining.

PL

W ostatnich latach nastąpił globalny wzrost zapotrzebowania na energię, a wydobycie podziemnych mineralnych źródeł energii, takich jak węgiel, odgrywa znaczącą rolę w zaopatrzeniu w energię. Jednak wydobycie tych zasobów naturalnych zawsze wiąże się z wieloma wyzwaniami i ryzykiem. W procesie tym powstały duże puste przestrzenie, powodując brak równowagi pierwotnego stanu naprężeń w ziemi i powodując deformacje terenu na powierzchni. Dlatego zapewnieniu skutecznej ekstrakcji muszą towarzyszyć środki bezpieczeństwa. Wśród nich kluczowym zadaniem jest przewidywanie osiadań powierzchni na skutek eksploatacji podziem-nej. W artykule przedstawiono przegląd dotychczasowych metod prognozowania osiadań górniczych oraz zakres ich zastosowania. W rezultacie dokonano syntezy różnych metodologii stosowanych w różnych regionach świata. Wreszcie, wyniki tych badań mogą dostarczyć wskazówek do ustalenia zasadniczych wymagań dotyczących stosowania technologii prognozowania przemieszczeń powierzchni w wyniku górnictwa podziemnego.

9

Marking of escape routes in mining excavations – results of pilot test

Grodzicka Aneta, Plewa Franciszek, Krause Marcin, Rozmus Magdalena, Michalak Dariusz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 176

129--152

EN

Purpose: The publication cancers one of problems related with safety in mining industry -the marking of escape routes in mining excavations. A review of literature on the subject and applicable legal regulations and standards, and authors’ study on the subject covering use of color-lighted signs created by them are presented. Design/methodology/approach: Literature studies were conducted: 1) to identify methods and findings in researches on marking of escape routes, described in scientific publications; 2) to define the requirements set out in legal acts and standards. The field study of the marking of escape routes was carried out in a training mine gallery in which there are conditions reflecting the real ones in underground mining excavations. The observations and questionnaire research were conducted during a training of a group of 20 professional mine rescuers. The following variables were set for the experiment: distance (5, 10 and 15 m), color (white, green, blue, red), shape (square, arrow). Findings: The article presents the results of pilot test in the field of the marking of escape routes in mine excavations. Different colors and shapes of the signs, and different distances of observation were taken into account. White color was found best to assure signs detectability but least appropriate if shape identification is required. Red and green colors were indicated as recommended if the shape identification is the evaluation criterion. Research limitations/implications: The research was dedicated to the underground mining industry, but can be adapted to other working sites where the evacuation takes place in similar conditions (lack of visibility and smoke). Practical implications: The research revealed among others that: 1) Polish regulations do not imply detailed rules as regards signage of escape routes in underground coal mines, which gives floor for development of new concepts and designs, 2) it is possible to propose color-lighted signs for effective marking escape routes in underground coal mines. Originality/value: The publication contains the original results of pilot test in the field of the marking of escape routes in mining excavations, and they can be addressed to persons managing mining plants and managers of mining supervision authorities.

10

Assessing risky behavior based on survey research among mine rescuers

Grodzicka Aneta

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2023

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z. 172

253--269

EN

Purpose: The aim of the paper was to analyze risky behavior in the mining industry on the example of survey research among mine rescuers. Design/methodology/approach: The analysis of risky behaviors concerned the mine rescue service crew in a selected hard coal mine. The author's method of synthetic assessment of risky behaviors was used for the research. The surveys was conducted during rescue training on a group of 30 mine rescuers, which accounted for 25% of the crew's record. Findings: The article presents the results of a study of synthetic assessment of mine rescuers according to six problem areas (assessment parameters). The synthetic assessment of risky behavior is a method that allows individual assessment for each respondent in all areas. If one of the areas receives an abnormal rank, only one selected area can be re-evaluated after applying suggestions for improvement. Survey questionnaires consisting of closed-ended questions were used for each area. All respondents were given an option to give either affirmative or negative responses. Having obtained the sum of the assessment criterion ranks for each area, a synthetic assessment of risky behavior was interpreted for the surveyed mine rescuers. The summative assessment was then interpreted on a four-point scale: outstanding, satisfactory, normal, and abnormal. Out of the entire study group, only two subjects received an abnormal rating, each in one of the areas; the first respondent in the area of risky behavior, the second respondent in the area of risky behavior in situations of unbreathable air. For these two mine rescuers, detailed results for all areas were presented. Research limitations/implications: The research was dedicated to working conditions underground, but they can be adapted to working conditions on the surface, as well as to the specificity of other rescue services (e.g. firefighters, rescuers). Practical implications: The results of the research can be used as criteria for the selection of mine rescuers for the mine rescue service (rescue emergencies, rescue teams). Originality/value: The publication contains original results of research on risky behavior of mine rescuers, and they are addressed to the management of mining plants.

11

Zastosowanie układu pomiarowego rejestrującego parametry pracy obudowy zmechanizowanej z wykorzystaniem technologii MEMS

Trzop Konrad

Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering

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2023

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R. 61, nr 2

38--44

PL

Stosowanie innowacyjnych technologii w procesie produkcji węgla kamiennego jest nieodzownym elementem budowania przedsiębiorstwa na miarę współczesnych czasów. Tempo zachodzących zmian środowiskowych i społecznych powoduje potrzebę ciągłego doskonalenia procesu produkcyjnego, którego najważniejszym elementem są maszyny i urządzenia. Wymagają one stałego monitorowania ich parametrów pracy w celu zapewnienia ciągłości produkcyjnej oraz bezpieczeństwa. Propozycją rozwiązania tego problemu jest układ pomiarowy rejestrujący parametry pracy obudowy zmechanizowanej, wykorzystujący technologię MEMS do pomiaru zmian nachylenia poprzecznego i podłużnego elementów oraz wysokości obudowy. Praca układu pozwala określić parametry pracy zmechanizowanej obudowy w ścianie wydobywczej. W artykule przedstawiono przykład wykorzystania technologii MEMS w czujnikach układu pomiarowego oraz etapy badań zrealizowanych w celu przystosowania obudowy zmechanizowanej do wdrożenia przedstawionego rozwiązania w warunkach rzeczywistych.

EN

Innovative technologies in hard coal production are indispensable for building a modern business enterprise. The pace of environmental and social changes inspires the need for continuous improvement of the coal mining process. The domain of machinery and equipment is the most important element of the entire production process. Machines and equipment require the constant monitoring of their operating parameters to ensure production continuity and safety. A solution addressing those needs is a measuring system that records the parameters of the powered roof support. The constructed measuring system uses MEMS technologies to measure changes in the transverse and longitudinal inclination of the elements and the height of the powered roof support. The measuring system allows for determining the parameters of the powered roof support's operation in the mining wall. The following paper presents an example of the use of MEMS technology in the measuring system sensors, as well as the stages of real-life research on adapting the powered roof support to the measuring system.

12

Application of a measuring and recording system with MEMS technology for a powered roof support

Trzop Konrad

Mining – Informatics, Automation and Electrical Engineering

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2023

|

R. 61, nr 2

31--37

EN

Innovative technologies in hard coal production are indispensable for building a modern business enterprise. The pace of environmental and social changes inspires the need for continuous improvement of the coal mining process. The domain of machinery and equipment is the most important element of the entire production process. Machines and equipment require the constant monitoring of their operating parameters to ensure production continuity and safety. A solution addressing those needs is a measuring system that records the parameters of the powered roof support. The constructed measuring system uses MEMS technologies to measure changes in the transverse and longitudinal inclination of the elements and the height of the powered roof support. The measuring system allows for determining the parameters of the powered roof support's operation in the mining wall. The following paper presents an example of the use of MEMS technology in the measuring system sensors, as well as the stages of real-life research on adapting the powered roof support to the measuring system.

PL

Stosowanie innowacyjnych technologii w procesie produkcji węgla kamiennego jest nieodzownym elementem budowania przedsiębiorstwa na miarę współczesnych czasów. Tempo zachodzących zmian środowiskowych i społecznych powoduje potrzebę ciągłego doskonalenia procesu produkcyjnego, którego najważniejszym elementem są maszyny i urządzenia. Wymagają one stałego monitorowania ich parametrów pracy w celu zapewnienia ciągłości produkcyjnej oraz bezpieczeństwa. Propozycją rozwiązania tego problemu jest układ pomiarowy rejestrujący parametry pracy obudowy zmechanizowanej, wykorzystujący technologię MEMS do pomiaru zmian nachylenia poprzecznego i podłużnego elementów oraz wysokości obudowy. Praca układu pozwala określić parametry pracy zmechanizowanej obudowy w ścianie wydobywczej. W artykule przedstawiono przykład wykorzystania technologii MEMS w czujnikach układu pomiarowego oraz etapy badań zrealizowanych w celu przystosowania obudowy zmechanizowanej do wdrożenia przedstawionego rozwiązania w warunkach rzeczywistych.

13

Study of Compensation Room Impacts on the Massіf Stability and Mined Ore Mass Quality

Stupnik Mykola, Fedko Mykhaylo, Hryshchenko Mykhaylo, Kalinichenko Olena, Kalinichenko Vsevolod

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2023

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no. 1

129--135

EN

The paper presents the study and a functional analysis of requirements of the world metallurgical industry to the quality of underground iron ores at underground mines of Ukraine. There are found dependencies of the impact of the shape and parameters of compensation spaces on their stability and broken ore quality indicators. It is proved that a vertical trapezoidal compensation room possesses the highest stability and is stable within the range of all the considered depths, even in ores with hardness of 3–5 points. Less atabiity is demonstrated by a vertical compensation room of a vaulted shape with minor falls in the abutment of the room vault in ores with hardness of 3–5 points at the depth of 2000 m, and a tent-shaped one where falls of varying intensity occur in the lower part of inclined exposures of the tent in ores with hardness of 3–5 points at the depth of 1750 m or more. The horizontal compensation room is of the lowest stability; falls occur in ores with hardness of 3–5 points at the depth of 1400 m, and at the depths of 1750–2000 m it remains stable only in harder ores. It is established that the use of compensation rooms of high stability makes it possible to achieve their maximum volume, increase the amount of pure ore extracted, reduce its dilution, enhance the quality of the mined ore mass and concequently increase its price and competitiveness of marketable products.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia studium i analizę funkcjonalną wymagań światowego przemysłu metalurgicznego co do jakości rud żelaza w podziemnych kopalniach Ukrainy. Stwierdzono zależności wpływu kształtu i parametrów przestrzeni kompensacyjnych na ich stateczność i wskaźniki jakości rudy. Udowodniono, że komora wyrównawcza w kształcie trapezu pionowego charakteryzuje się największą stabilnością i jest stabilna w zakresie wszystkich rozważanych głębokości, nawet w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów. Mniejszą stateczność wykazuje komora kompensacji pionowej o kształcie sklepionym z niewielkimi spadkami w przyczółku sklepienia komory w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów na głębokości 2000 m. Komora z opadami o rożnym natężeniu występuje w dolnej części nachylonych odsłonięć namiotu w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów na głębokości 1750 m lub większej. Pomieszczenie kompensacji poziomej ma najmniejszą stateczność; spadki występują w rudach o twardości 3–5 punktów na głębokości 1400 m, a na głębokościach 1750–2000 m pozostają stabilne tylko w rudach twardszych. Stwierdzono, że zastosowanie komór kompensacyjnych o dużej stabilności umożliwia osiągnięcie ich maksymalnej objętości, zwiększenie ilości wydobywanej czystej rudy, zmniejszenie jej rozrzedzenia, poprawę jakości wydobywanej masy rudy, a co za tym idzie, wzrost jej ceny i konkurencyjności rynkowej.

14

Using elastic wave velocity anomaly to predict rockburst hazard in coal mines

Zhou Kunyou, Małkowski Piotr, Dou Linming, Yang Ke, Chai Yanjiang

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 68, no. 1

141--164

EN

For the prevention and control of rockburst in underground coal mines, a detailed assessment of a rockburst hazard area is crucial. In this study, the dependence between stress and elastic wave velocity of axially-loaded coal and rock samples was tested in a laboratory. The results show that P-wave velocity in coal and rock is positively related to axial stress and can be expressed by a power function. The relationship showed that high stress and a potential rockburst area in coal mines can be determined by the elastic wave velocity anomaly assessment with passive seismic velocity tomography. The principle and implementation procedure of passive seismic velocity tomography for elastic wave velocity were introduced, and the assessment model of rockburst hazard using elastic wave velocity anomaly was built. A case study of a deep longwall panel affected by rockbursts was introduced to demonstrate the effectiveness of tomography. The rockburst prediction results by passive velocity tomography closely match the dynamic phenomenon in the field, which indicates the feasibility of elastic wave velocity anomaly for rockburst hazard prediction in coal mines.

15

On the merits of modified sublevel caving mining method – a case study

Adams Kenneth K., Chen Tuo, Sainoki Atsushi, Mitri Hani S.

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 68, no. 4

543--569

EN

Sublevel caving (SLC) mining method has several features that make it one of the preferred methods for ore extraction due to its high productivity and early access to ore recovery. However, there are some major challenges associated with the SLC method such as ground surface subsidence, high unplanned ore dilution, and the potential for air blast. To remedy these shortcomings, a recent approach has been to modify the SLC method by introducing rockfill into the void atop the production zone to provide continued support for the host rock and prevent it from caving. This paper discusses in detail the merits of the Modified SLC or MSLC. In comparison with other long-hole stoping methods that are predominantly practiced in metal mines, the MSLC method boasts several advantages. Early production achieved from the topmost level helps reduce the payback period. Productivity is enhanced due to multilevel mining without the use of sill pillars. The cost of backfilling is significantly reduced as there is no need for the construction of costly backfill plants. Continuous stoping is achieved without delays as mining and backfilling take place concurrently from separate mining horizons. A significant reduction in underground development costs is achieved as fewer slot raises and crosscuts are required for stope preparation. These merits of the Modified SLC method in steeply dipping orebodies are discussed by way of reference to real-life mine case studies. Dilution issues are addressed, and the benefits of top-down mining are explained. Typical mine design, ventilation, materials handling, and mining schedules are presented. Geomechanics issues associated with different in-situ stress environments are discussed and illustrated with simplified mine-wide 3D numerical modeling study.

16

Computer-aided selection of the stabilising system parameters of the mobile transport and assembly manipulator in mining excavations

Krauze Krzysztof, Klempka Ryszard, Mucha Kamil, Wydro Tomasz

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 68, no. 1

3--18

EN

Shifting masses in a confined space in the company of other machines and devices, which limits the manoeuvring and transport area, poses a significant problem in every field of industry, especially with underground mining. The works involved in transporting and manoeuvring masses in underground workings are challenging and are most often performed using various auxiliary machines or manually. Hence the need arose to develop a device carrying out activities related to the shifting of masses with the assumed maximum value. The device was created as a result of cooperation between FAMA sp. z o.o. and the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Poland. The mining modular transport and assembly unit (MZT-M) enables assembling and transporting various masses, especially the elements of the roadway support in the face. The primary function of this device is its movement in the excavation along with the transported mass and delivering it to a specific place. Therefore, an important issue is to ensure the module’s stability in different phases of its operation (lifting, transport, manoeuvring, feeding, lowering) due to the limited space in the excavation. That is why an analytical model and specialised software were created to determine the design parameters of the device as a function of its operating phases, especially the counterweight’s mass. As previously mentioned, an analytical model (physical, mathematical) with equations and applications written in Microsoft Visual Studio and Matlab was used for this purpose. It is beneficial at the design or construction changes stage. Calculation results are documented in the form of numerical summaries and graphs.

17

Impact of longwall mining on slope stability – A case study

Nguyen Phu Minh Vuong

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2022

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Vol. 44, nr 4

282--295

EN

In recent decades, many open pit (OP) mines have either already made the decision or are at the planning stage to change their mining activity from OP to underground (UG) to remain competitive. Technically, before the OP ends its operation, both OP and UG mining will have to be operated simultaneously for a certain period of time. It is well known that UG operation causes subsidence, discontinuous deformations, and changes in hydrogeological conditions. In case of UG operation located below the OP mine, slope deformation can be expected as a result of subsidence induced by UG exploitation. This paper presents a numerical analysis of slope stability under the influence of the longwall mining operation at the Cao Son OP mine in Vietnam. All calculation variants were performed using the Finite Difference Method code, FLAC. In order to evaluate slope stability of the OP slope, various geometry configurations showing advances of both OP and UG extractions were examined. Based on the outcomes, assessments on OP slope are presented, and then, practical actions regarding the location and direction of UG extraction are recommended, with an aim to minimize the impact of underground mining on OP slope.

18

Porównanie stosowania kolejek podwieszonych o napędzie akumulatorowym z kolejkami spalinowymi w podziemnych kopalniach węgla kamiennego

Szlązak Nikodem, Korzec Marek

Przegląd Górniczy

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2022

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T. 78, nr 4

36--44

PL

Transport materiałów oraz załogi stanowi ważne ogniwo w procesie produkcyjnym w każdym podziemnym zakładzie górniczym. Pogarszające się warunki klimatyczne związane głównie ze zwiększającą się głębokością eksploatacji oraz obecnością maszyn zmuszają do poszukiwania rozwiązań poprawiających sytuację. Istotnym czynnikiem pogarszającym warunki pracy są także substancje szkodliwe wydzielające się wraz ze spalinami z pracujących silników zasilanych olejem napędowym. W celu utrzymania stężeń gazów na odpowiednim poziomie bardzo często trzeba doprowadzić do miejsc ich pracy powietrze w ilości przekraczającej inne wymagania. Sposobem na rozwiązanie tych problemów może być zastąpienie kolejek podwieszonych spalinowych nowymi rozwiązaniami o napędzie elektrycznym, zasilanymi akumulatorowo. W artykule przeprowadzono analizę spalin kolejek pracujących w kopalni węgla kamiennego oraz określono wymagane strumienie powietrza pozwalające na utrzymanie dopuszczalnych stężeń czynników szkodliwych. Przeprowadzono także analizę porównawczą warunków klimatycznych w drążonym wyrobisku chodnikowym, uwzględniając funkcjonowanie wyrobiska z pracą kolejki spalinowej oraz pracą kolejki elektrycznej. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła wskazać przyrosty ciepła w wyrobisku spowodowane pracą obu rozwiązań kolejek. Na podstawie wykonanych analiz stwierdzono, że stosowanie kolejek elektrycznych może w istotny sposób przyczynić się do poprawy warunków pracy w wyrobiskach.

EN

Materials and mine staff transportation is necessary during production process in underground mines. Worsening climatic conditions, related to the mining depth and the usage of machines, force us to look for solutions to improve the situation. Another essential factor connected with underground working conditions is harmful substances and exhaust fumes emitted from Diesel engines. For maintaining the gas concentration at the appropriate level it is necessary to supply air in quantities exceeding other requirements. Possible way to solve the problems is replacing suspended monorails powered by internal combustion engines with new solutions of electrically battery-powered monorails. In the article were performed the analyzes of the exhaust gas parameters from monorail locomotives operating in a hard coal mine and determines the required airflow to maintain permissible concentrations of harmful gases. I was also done a comparative analysis of climatic conditions in the development heading, considering the roadway’s functioning with and without using Diesel or electric monorail. The obtained results showed that using electric monorails could significantly improve working conditions.

19

Use of InSAR in Linear Discontinuous Ground Deformation Generation analysis: case study of a mine in Poland

Apanowicz Bartosz

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2022

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Vol. 21, iss. 1

45--53

EN

Linear Discontinuous Ground Deformations are defined as fissures and steps, as well as structural forms composed of them. They occur on the surface as a result of underground mining. Knowledge of LDGDs has been acquired through field observations which are subsequently described in the scientific publication. Records of LDGDs are made by using the classic surveying method. The paper reviews the created LDGDs in the years 2015-2019 in one of the mines of the USCB. The analysis covers the velocity of subsidence as a result of underground mining and the values of horizontal strains determined according to the Knothe-Budryk theory. The InSAR satellite technique was used to measure the subsidence. The subsidence was determined using the small baseline method - SBAS. The combination of the theoretical Knothe-Budryk model with the large-scale capabilities of InSAR may provide valuable material for a better understanding of the genesis of LDGD creation and their prediction.

20

The use of microalgal sourced biodiesel to help underground mines transition to battery electric vehicles

Laamanen Corey A., Moreau Kyle, Desjardins Sabrina M., McLean Shannon H., Scott John A.

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2022

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Vol. 21, iss. 1

2--14

EN

The use of fossil fuel sourced diesel underground has various associated health and environmental hazards, and additional energy demand and costs associated with necessary ventilation. One way to reduce these impacts is by utilizing a biodiesel-blend, which generates lower levels of harmful emissions from underground equipment and can be produced regionally, reducing the impact of transportation. Furthermore, this would help allow use of existing machinery during transition towards more widespread electrification underground. Therefore, the concept of an integrated supply and use chain within the mining industry is examined based on biodiesel from acidophilic photosynthetic microalgae cultivated using CO 2 in smelter off-gas. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to compare the environmental impacts of production, transportation, and end-use of fossil fuel sourced diesel to biodiesel-blended fuel across four underground metal ore mine sites (Canada, Poland, Zambia, and Australia). The outcomes from assessing four key environmental impact potentials (global warming, eutrophication, acidification and human toxicity) demonstrate the advantages of using biodiesel-blends. The integration of biodiesel resulted in changes of -22.5 to +22.8% (global warming), -6.1 to +27.3% (eutrophication), -18.9 to +26.3% (acidification), and -21.0 to -3.6% (human toxicity). The results showed reduction across all potentials for two mines and reduction in human toxicity potential for all sites.